2022 Edition

Background

South Sudan, which gained independence from Sudan on 9 July 2011, is the world’s newest country. Home to a diverse array of mainly Nilotic ethnolinguistic groups that settled in the territory in the 15th through 19th centuries, South Sudanese society is heavily dependent on seasonal fluctuations in precipitation and seasonal migration. The land comprising modern-day South Sudan was conquered first by Egypt and later ruled jointly by Egyptian-British colonial administrators in the late 19th century. Christian missionaries propagated the spread of English and Christianity, rather than Arabic and Islam, leading to significant cultural differences between the northern and southern parts of Sudan. When Sudan gained its independence in 1956, the Southern region received assurances that it would participate fully in the political system. However, the Arab government in Khartoum reneged on its promises, prompting two periods of civil war (1955-1972 and 1983-2005) in which as many as 2.5 million people died - mostly civilians - due largely to starvation and drought. The Second Sudanese civil war was one of the deadliest since WWII and left Southern Sudanese society devastated by humanitarian crises and economic deterioration. Peace talks resulted in a US-backed Comprehensive Peace Agreement, signed in January 2005, which granted the South a six-year period of autonomy followed by a referendum on final status. The result of this referendum, held in January 2011, was a vote of 98% in favor of secession.Since independence, South Sudan has struggled to form a viable governing system and has been plagued by widespread corruption, political conflict, and communal violence. In December 2013, conflict erupted between forces loyal to President Salva KIIR, a Dinka, and forces loyal to Vice President Riek MACHAR, a Nuer. The conflict quickly spread throughout the country and unfolded along ethnic lines, killing tens of thousands and creating a dire humanitarian crisis, with millions of South Sudanese displaced and food insecure. KIIR and MACHAR signed a peace agreement in August 2015 that created a Transitional Government of National Unity in April 2016. However, in July 2016, renewed fighting broke out in Juba between KIIR and MACHAR’s forces, plunging the country back into conflict and drawing in additional armed opposition groups, including those in the southern Equatoria region that had largely stayed out of the first round of civil war. A "revitalized" peace agreement was signed in September 2018, which mostly ended the fighting. The government and most armed opposition groups agreed that they would form a unified national army, create a transitional government by May 2019, and prepare for elections in December 2022. Subsequent extensions pushed elections to late 2023, and the transitional government was formed in February 2020, when MACHAR returned to Juba as first vice president. Since 2020, implementation of the peace agreement has been stalled as the parties wrangle over power-sharing arrangements, contributing to an uptick in communal violence and the country’s worst food security crisis since independence, with 7 of 11 million South Sudanese citizens in need of humanitarian assistance.

Area

land

NA

total

644,329 sq km

water

NA

Area - comparative

more than four times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Texas

Climate

hot with seasonal rainfall influenced by the annual shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone; rainfall heaviest in upland areas of the south and diminishes to the north

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

highest point

Kinyeti 3,187 m

lowest point

White Nile 381 m

Geographic coordinates

8 00 N, 30 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; The Sudd is a vast swamp in the north central region of South Sudan, formed by the White Nile, its size is variable but can reach some 15% of the country's total area during the rainy season; it is one of the world's largest wetlands

Irrigated land

1,000 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

border countries

Central African Republic 1,055 km; Democratic Republic of the Congo 714 km; Ethiopia 1,299 km; Kenya 317 km; Sudan 2,158 km; Uganda 475 km

note

note: South Sudan-Sudan boundary represents 1 January 1956 alignment; final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei Area pending negotiations between South Sudan and Sudan

total

6,018 km

Land use

agricultural land

45% (2018)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 4.4% (2018)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 40.7% (2018)

forest

11.3% (2018)

other

43.5% (2018)

Location

East-Central Africa; south of Sudan, north of Uganda and Kenya, west of Ethiopia

Major rivers (by length in km)

Nile (shared with Rwanda [s], Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan, and Egypt [m]) - 6,650 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural resources

hydropower, fertile agricultural land, gold, diamonds, petroleum, hardwoods, limestone, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver

Population distribution

clusters found in urban areas, particularly in the western interior and around the White Nile as shown in this population distribution map

Terrain

plains in the north and center rise to southern highlands along the border with Uganda and Kenya; the White Nile, flowing north out of the uplands of Central Africa, is the major geographic feature of the country; The Sudd (a name derived from floating vegetation that hinders navigation) is a large swampy area of more than 100,000 sq km fed by the waters of the White Nile that dominates the center of the country

Age structure

0-14 years

41.58% (male 2,238,534/female 2,152,685)

15-24 years

21.28% (male 1,153,108/female 1,094,568)

25-54 years

30.67% (male 1,662,409/female 1,577,062)

55-64 years

3.93% (male 228,875/female 186,571)

65 years and over

2.53% (male 153,502/female 113,930) (2020 est.)

Birth rate

37.69 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

NA

Contraceptive prevalence rate

NA

Current health expenditure

6% of GDP (2019)

Death rate

9.52 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Demographic profile

South Sudan, independent from Sudan since July 2011 after decades of civil war, is one of the world’s poorest countries and ranks among the lowest in many socioeconomic categories. Problems are exacerbated by ongoing tensions with Sudan over oil revenues and land borders, fighting between government forces and rebel groups, and inter-communal violence. Most of the population lives off of farming, while smaller numbers rely on animal husbandry; more than 80% of the populace lives in rural areas. The maternal mortality rate is among the world’s highest for a variety of reasons, including a shortage of health care workers, facilities, and supplies; poor roads and a lack of transport; and cultural beliefs that prevent women from seeking obstetric care. Most women marry and start having children early, giving birth at home with the assistance of traditional birth attendants, who are unable to handle complications.Educational attainment is extremely poor due to the lack of schools, qualified teachers, and materials. Less than a third of the population is literate (the rate is even lower among women), and half live below the poverty line. Teachers and students are also struggling with the switch from Arabic to English as the language of instruction. Many adults missed out on schooling because of warfare and displacement.Almost 2 million South Sudanese have sought refuge in neighboring countries since the current conflict began in December 2013. Another 1.96 million South Sudanese are internally displaced as of August 2017. Despite South Sudan’s instability and lack of infrastructure and social services, more than 240,000 people have fled to South Sudan to escape fighting in Sudan.

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

6.1

potential support ratio

18.4 (2021 est.)

total dependency ratio

80.8

youth dependency ratio

74.7

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 75.8% of population

improved: total

total: 78.4% of population

improved: urban

urban: 88.7% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 24.2% of population

unimproved: total

total: 21.6% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 11.3% of population

Education expenditures

1.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

Ethnic groups

Dinka (Jieng) approximately 35-40%, Nuer (Naath) approximately 15%, Shilluk (Chollo), Azande, Bari, Kakwa, Kuku, Murle, Mandari, Didinga, Ndogo, Bviri, Lndi, Anuak, Bongo, Lango, Dungotona, Acholi, Baka, Fertit (2011 est.)

note

note: Figures are estimations due to population changes during South Sudan's civil war and the lack of updated demographic studies

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

2.1% (2021 est.)

Infant mortality rate

female

57 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)

male

69.06 deaths/1,000 live births

total

63.18 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Languages

English (official), Arabic (includes Juba and Sudanese variants), ethnic languages include Dinka, Nuer, Bari, Zande, Shilluk

major-language sample(s)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)

Life expectancy at birth

female

60.97 years (2022 est.)

male

57.43 years

total population

59.16 years

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

28.9% (2018)

male

40.3%

total population

34.5%

Major infectious diseases

animal contact diseases

rabies

degree of risk

very high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever

note

note: on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; South Sudan is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine

respiratory diseases

meningococcal meningitis

vectorborne diseases

malaria, dengue fever, Trypanosomiasis-Gambiense (African sleeping sickness)

water contact diseases

schistosomiasis

Major urban areas - population

459,000 JUBA (capital) (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

1,150 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Median age

female

18.3 years (2020 est.)

male

18.9 years

total

18.6 years

Nationality

adjective

South Sudanese

noun

South Sudanese (singular and plural)

Net migration rate

20.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

6.6% (2014)

Population

11,544,905 (2022 est.)

Population distribution

clusters found in urban areas, particularly in the western interior and around the White Nile as shown in this population distribution map

Population growth rate

4.91% (2022 est.)

Religions

Christian 60.5%, folk religion 32.9%, Muslim 6.2%, other <1%, unaffiliated <1% (2020 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 15.5% of population

improved: total

total: 24.6% of population

improved: urban

urban: 60.6% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 84.5% of population

unimproved: total

total: 75.4% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 39.4% of population

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.03 male(s)/female

25-54 years

1.04 male(s)/female

55-64 years

1.19 male(s)/female

65 years and over

1.28 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

1.05 male(s)/female (2022 est.)

Total fertility rate

5.32 children born/woman (2022 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

4.12% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

21.2% of total population (2023)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

37.4% (2017 est.)

male

39.5%

total

38.6%

Administrative divisions

10 states; Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria, Jonglei, Lakes, Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Unity, Upper Nile, Warrap, Western Bahr el Ghazal, Western Equatoria; note - in 2015, the creation of 28 new states was announced and in 2017 four additional states; following the February 2020 peace agreement, the country was reportedly again reorganized into the 10 original states, plus 2 administrative areas, Pibor and Ruweng, and 1 special administrative status area, Abyei (which is disputed between South Sudan and Sudan); this latest administrative revision has not yet been vetted by the US Board on Geographic Names

Capital

etymology

the name derives from Djouba, another name for the Bari people of South Sudan

geographic coordinates

04 51 N, 31 37 E

name

Juba

time difference

UTC+2 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of South Sudan

dual citizenship recognized

yes

residency requirement for naturalization

10 years

Constitution

amendments

proposed by the National Legislature or by the president of the republic; passage requires submission of the proposal to the Legislature at least one month prior to consideration, approval by at least two-thirds majority vote in both houses of the Legislature, and assent of the president; amended 2013, 2015, 2018

history

previous 2005 (preindependence); latest signed 7 July 2011, effective 9 July 2011 (Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011); note - new constitution pending establishment under the 2018 peace agreement

Country name

conventional long form

Republic of South Sudan

conventional short form

South Sudan

etymology

self-descriptive name from the country's former position within Sudan prior to independence; the name "Sudan" derives from the Arabic "bilad-as-sudan" meaning "Land of the Black [peoples]"

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires William FLENS (since 4 June 2022)

email address and website

ACSJuba@state.govhttps://ss.usembassy.gov/

embassy

Kololo Road adjacent to the EU's compound, Juba

mailing address

4420 Juba Place, Washington DC  20521-4420

telephone

[211] 912-105-188

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

1015 31st Street NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20007

chief of mission

Ambassador Philip Jada NATANA (since 17 September 2018)

email address and website

info.ssdembassy@gmail.comhttps://www.southsudanembassyusa.org/

FAX

[1] (202) 644-9910

telephone

[1] (202) 600-2238

Executive branch

cabinet

National Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Transitional National Legislative Assembly

chief of state

President Salva KIIR Mayardit (since 9 July 2011); Vice Presidents TABAN Deng Gai, Riek MACHAR Teny Dhurgon, James Wani IGGA, Rebecca Nyandeng Chol GARANG de Mabior, Hussein ABDELBAGI Ayii (since 22 February 2020); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government; TABAN served as First Vice President from 23 July 2016 to February 2020

election results

2010: Salva KIIR Mayardit elected leader of then-Southern Sudan in 2010; percent of vote - Salva KIIR Mayardit (SPLM) 93%, Lam AKOL (SPLM-DC) 7%

elections/appointments

president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 11-15 April 2010 (next election scheduled for 2015 but postponed to 2018, then 2021, and again to 2023)

head of government

President Salva KIIR Mayardit (since 9 July 2011); Vice Presidents TABAN Deng Gai, Riek MACHAR Teny Dhurgon, James Wani IGGA, Rebecca Nyandeng Chol GARANG de Mabior, Hussein ABDELBAGI Ayii (since 22 February 2020); note - TABAN served as First Vice President from 23 July 2016 to February 2020

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side contains a gold, five-pointed star; black represents the people of South Sudan, red the blood shed in the struggle for freedom, green the verdant land, and blue the waters of the Nile; the gold star represents the unity of the states making up South Sudan

note

note: resembles the flag of Kenya; one of only two national flags to display six colors as part of its primary design, the other is South Africa's

Government type

presidential republic

Independence

9 July 2011 (from Sudan)

International organization participation

AU, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOM, IPU, ITU, MIGA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WMO

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Court of South Sudan - pending formation (will likely consist of a chief and deputy chief justices as well as 9 other justices)

judge selection and term of office

justices will be appointed by the president upon proposal of the pending Judicial Service Council, likely consisting of a 9-member judicial and administrative body; justice tenure to be set by the National Legislature

subordinate courts

national level - Courts of Appeal; High Courts; County Courts; state level - High Courts; County Courts; customary courts; other specialized courts and tribunals

Legislative branch

description

bicameral National Legislature consists of:Council of States, pending establishment as stipulated by the 2018 peace dealTransitional National Legislative Assembly (TNLA), established on 4 August 2016, in accordance with the August 2015 Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan; note - originally 400 seats; the TNLA was expanded to 550 members from 400 and reestablished in May 2020 under the 2018 peace agreement

election results

Council of States - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - SPLM 20, unknown 30; composition - men 44, women 6, percent of women 12%National Legislative Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - SPLM 251, DCP 10, independent 6, unknown 133; composition - men 291, women 109, percent of women 27.3%; note - total National Legislature percent of women 25.6%

elections

Council of States - pending establishment as stipulated by the 2018 peace dealTransitional National Legislative Assembly - 550 members; percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - 332 SPLM, 128 SPLM-IO, 90 other political parties; composition - NA

National anthem

lyrics/music

collective of 49 poets/Juba University students and teachers

name

"South Sudan Oyee!" (Hooray!)

note

note: adopted 2011; anthem selected in a national contest

National holiday

Independence Day, 9 July (2011)

National symbol(s)

African fish eagle; national colors: red, green, blue, yellow, black, white

Political parties and leaders

Democratic Change or DCDemocratic Forum or DFLabour Party or LPSS [Federico Awi VUNI]South Sudan Opposition Alliance or SSOA [Hussein ABDELBAGI Ayii]Sudan African National Union or SANU [Toby MADOUT]Sudan People's Liberation Movement or SPLM [Salva KIIR Mayardit]Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-In Opposition or SPLM-IO [Riek MACHAR Teny Dhurgon]United Democratic Salvation Front or UDSF    United South Sudan African Party or USSAP [Louis Pasquale ALEU, Secretary]United South Sudan Party or USSP [Paulino LUKUDU Obede]     note: only parties with seats in the Transitional National Legislative Assembly included

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

milk, sorghum, vegetables, cassava, goat milk, fruit, beef, sesame seed, sheep milk, mutton

Budget

expenditures

298.6 million (FY2017/18 est.)

revenues

259.6 million (FY2017/18 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-1.3% (of GDP) (FY2017/18 est.)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2016

$39 million (2016 est.)

Current account balance 2017

-$154 million (2017 est.)

Economic overview

Industry and infrastructure in landlocked South Sudan are severely underdeveloped and poverty is widespread, following several decades of civil war with Sudan. Continued fighting within the new nation is disrupting what remains of the economy. The vast majority of the population is dependent on subsistence agriculture and humanitarian assistance. Property rights are insecure and price signals are weak, because markets are not well-organized.   South Sudan has little infrastructure – about 10,000 kilometers of roads, but just 2% of them paved. Electricity is produced mostly by costly diesel generators, and indoor plumbing and potable water are scarce, so less than 2% of the population has access to electricity. About 90% of consumed goods, capital, and services are imported from neighboring countries – mainly Uganda, Kenya and Sudan. Chinese investment plays a growing role in the infrastructure and energy sectors.   Nevertheless, South Sudan does have abundant natural resources. South Sudan holds one of the richest agricultural areas in Africa, with fertile soils and abundant water supplies. Currently the region supports 10-20 million head of cattle. At independence in 2011, South Sudan produced nearly three-fourths of former Sudan's total oil output of nearly a half million barrels per day. The Government of South Sudan relies on oil for the vast majority of its budget revenues, although oil production has fallen sharply since independence. South Sudan is one of the most oil-dependent countries in the world, with 98% of the government’s annual operating budget and 80% of its gross domestic product (GDP) derived from oil. Oil is exported through a pipeline that runs to refineries and shipping facilities at Port Sudan on the Red Sea. The economy of South Sudan will remain linked to Sudan for some time, given the existing oil infrastructure. The outbreak of conflict in December 2013, combined with falling crude oil production and prices, meant that GDP fell significantly between 2014 and 2017. Since the second half of 2017 oil production has risen, and is currently about 130,000 barrels per day.   Poverty and food insecurity has risen due to displacement of people caused by the conflict. With famine spreading, 66% of the population in South Sudan is living on less than about $2 a day, up from 50.6% in 2009, according to the World Bank. About 80% of the population lives in rural areas, with agriculture, forestry and fishing providing the livelihood for a majority of the households. Much of rural sector activity is focused on low-input, low-output subsistence agriculture.   South Sudan is burdened by considerable debt because of increased military spending and high levels of government corruption. Economic mismanagement is prevalent. Civil servants, including police and the military, are not paid on time, creating incentives to engage in looting and banditry. South Sudan has received more than $11 billion in foreign aid since 2005, largely from the US, the UK, and the EU. Inflation peaked at over 800% per year in October 2016 but dropped to 118% in 2017. The government has funded its expenditures by borrowing from the central bank and foreign sources, using forward sales of oil as collateral. The central bank’s decision to adopt a managed floating exchange rate regime in December 2015 triggered a 97% depreciation of the currency and spawned a growing black market.   Long-term challenges include rooting out public sector corruption, improving agricultural productivity, alleviating poverty and unemployment, improving fiscal transparency - particularly in regard to oil revenues, taming inflation, improving government revenues, and creating a rules-based business environment.

Exchange rates

Currency

South Sudanese pounds (SSP) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2013

0.7634 (2013 est.)

Exchange rates 2014

0.885 (2014 est.)

Exchange rates 2015

0.9214 (2015 est.)

Exchange rates 2016

0.903 (2016 est.)

Exchange rates 2017

0.885 (2017 est.)

Exports

Exports 2018

$3.09 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports 2019

$3.01 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports - commodities

crude petroleum, gold, forage crops, lumber, insect resins (2019)

Exports - partners

China 88%, United Arab Emirates 5% (2019)

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

64.9% (2011 est.)

government consumption

17.1% (2011 est.)

household consumption

34.9% (2011 est.)

imports of goods and services

-27.2% (2011 est.)

investment in fixed capital

10.4% (2011 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$3.06 billion (2017 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2010

46 (2010 est.)

Imports

Imports 2018

$3.57 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports 2019

$3.07 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports - commodities

cars, delivery trucks, packaged medicines, foodstuffs, clothing and apparel (2019)

Imports - partners

United Arab Emirates 37%, Kenya 18%, China 18% (2019)

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016

379.8% (2016 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017

187.9% (2017 est.)

Population below poverty line

76.4% (2016 est.)

Public debt

Public debt 2016

86.6% of GDP (2016 est.)

Public debt 2017

62.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

note

note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015

$24.52 billion (2015 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2016

$21.1 billion (2016 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2017

$20.01 billion (2017 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2015

-0.2% (2015 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2016

-13.9% (2016 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2017

-5.2% (2017 est.)

Real GDP per capita

note

note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2015

$2,100 (2015 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2016

$1,700 (2016 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2017

$1,600 (2017 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016

$73 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

8.5% (of GDP) (FY2017/18 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

37.4% (2017 est.)

male

39.5%

total

38.6%

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from consumed natural gas

0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

1.778 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

total emissions

1.778 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Coal

consumption

0 metric tons (2020 est.)

exports

0 metric tons (2020 est.)

imports

0 metric tons (2020 est.)

production

0 metric tons (2020 est.)

proven reserves

0 metric tons (2019 est.)

Electricity

consumption

531.66 million kWh (2019 est.)

exports

0 kWh (2019 est.)

imports

0 kWh (2019 est.)

installed generating capacity

121,000 kW (2020 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

26 million kWh (2019 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - rural areas

23.6% (2018)

electrification - total population

28.2% (2018)

electrification - urban areas

46.8% (2018)

Electricity generation sources

biomass and waste

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

fossil fuels

99.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

geothermal

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

hydroelectricity

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

nuclear

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

solar

0.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

tide and wave

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

wind

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2019

2.404 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Natural gas

consumption

0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

exports

0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

imports

0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

production

0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

proven reserves

0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

Petroleum

crude oil and lease condensate exports

126,500 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate imports

0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

refined petroleum consumption

12,900 bbl/day (2019 est.)

total petroleum production

157,100 bbl/day (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

7,160 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total

200 (2019 est.)

Broadcast media

a single TV channel and a radio station are controlled by the government; several community and commercial FM stations are operational, mostly sponsored by outside aid donors; some foreign radio broadcasts are available (2019)

Internet country code

.ss

Internet users

percent of population

7% (2020 est.)

total

783,561 (2020 est.)

Telecommunication systems

domestic

fixed-line less than 1 per 100 subscriptions, mobile-cellular roughly 12 per 100 persons (2020)

general assessment

following a referendum, oil-rich South Sudan seceded from Sudan in 2011 and became an independent nation; having been deprived of investment for decades, it inherited one of the least developed telecom markets in the world; there was once investment activity among mobile network operators who sought to expand their networks in some areas of the country; operators in the telecom sector placed themselves in survival mode and are hoping for a political settlement and a return to some degree of social stability; South Sudan has one of the lowest mobile penetration rates in Africa; growth in the sector in coming years is premised on a resolution to the political crisis and a recovery of the country’s economy; the virtually untapped internet and broadband market also depends to a large extent on the country gaining access to international fiber cables and on a national backbone network being in place; sophisticated infrastructure solutions are needed to reach the 80% of the population that live outside of the main urban centers; some improvement has followed from the cable link in February 2020 which connects Juba directly to the company’s submarine landing station at Mombasa; the cable was South Sudan’s first direct international fiber link, and has helped drive down the price of retail internet services for residential and business customers; a second cable linking to the border with Kenya was completed in December 2021 (2022)

international

country code - 211 (2017)

note

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

20.09 (2019)

total subscriptions

2,221,970 (2019)

Airports

total

89 (2021)

Airports - with paved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

1 (2021)

2,438 to 3,047 m

2

over 3,047 m

1

total

4

Airports - with unpaved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

12

2,438 to 3,047 m

1

914 to 1,523 m

38

total

84

under 914 m

33 (2021)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Z8

Heliports

3 (2021)

National air transport system

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

0 mt-km

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

2

number of registered air carriers

2 (2020)

Railways

note

note: a narrow gauge, single-track railroad between Babonosa (Sudan) and Wau, the only existing rail system, was repaired in 2010 with $250 million in UN funds, but is not currently operational

total

248 km (2018)

Roadways

note

note: most of the road network is unpaved and much of it is in disrepair; the Juba-Nimule highway connecting Juba to the border with Uganda is the main paved road in South Sudan 

paved

300 km (2019)

total

90,200 km (2019)

unpaved

89,900 km (2019)

Waterways

see entry for Sudan

Military - note

the South Sudan People’s Defense Force (SSPDF), formerly the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), was founded as a guerrilla movement against the Sudanese Government in 1983 and participated in the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005); the Juba Declaration that followed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005 unified the SPLA and the South Sudan Defense Forces (SSDF), the second-largest rebel militia remaining from the civil war, under the SPLA name; in 2017, the SPLA was renamed the South Sudan Defense Forces (SSDF) and in September 2018 was renamed again as the SSPDFthe United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) has operated in the country since 2011 with the objectives of consolidating peace and security and helping establish conditions for the successful economic and political development of South Sudan; UNMISS had about 15,000 personnel deployed in the country as of mid-2022United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has operated in the disputed Abyei region along the border between Sudan and South Sudan since 2011; UNISFA's mission includes ensuring security, protecting civilians, strengthening the capacity of the Abyei Police Service, de-mining, monitoring/verifying the redeployment of armed forces from the area, and facilitating the flow of humanitarian aid; as of mid-2022, UNISFA had approximately 2,000 personnel deployed

Military and security forces

South Sudan People’s Defense Force (SSPDF): Ground Force (includes Presidential Guard, aka Tiger Division), Air Force, Air Defense Forces; National (or Necessary) Unified Forces (NUF) (2022)

note

note 1: the NUF are being formed by retraining rebel and pro-government militia fighters into military, police, and other government security forces; in August 2022, South Sudan held the first graduation ceremony for retrained personnelnote 2: numerous irregular forces operate in the country with official knowledge, including militias operated by the National Security Service (an internal security force under the Ministry of National Security) and proxy forces

Military and security service personnel strengths

estimated 150-200,000 active personnel, mostly ground forces with small contingents of air and riverine forces (2022)

note

note: some active SSPDF personnel may be militia; the National/Necessary Unified Forces (NUF) will have about 50-80,000 troops from the SSPDF and armed opposition groups when it is formed; as of August 2022, approximately 20,000 NUF had been trained

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the SSPDF inventory is primarily of Soviet origin; South Sudan has been under a UN arms embargo since 2018 (2022)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2017

2.1% of GDP (2017 est.) (approximately $660 million)

Military Expenditures 2018

3.2% of GDP (2018 est.) (approximately $1.54 billion)

Military Expenditures 2019

3.1% of GDP (2019 est.) (approximately $1.62 billion)

Military Expenditures 2020

2% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

2% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscription only for men; women may volunteer; 12-24 months service (2022)

note

note: in 2019, women made up less than 10% of the active military

Disputes - international

South Sudan- Central African Republic: periodic violent skirmishes persist among related pastoral populations along the border with the Central African Republic over water and grazing rightsSouth Sudan-Democratic Republic of the Congo: none identifiedSouth Sudan-Ethiopia: the unresolved demarcation of the boundary and lack of clear limitation create substantial room for territorial conflict both locally among the border populations and between the two capitals; besides a large number of indigenous farmers, the border region supports refugees and various rebel groups opposed to the governments in Khartoum and Addis Ababa South Sudan-Kenya: the boundary that separates Kenya and South Sudan's sovereignty is unclear in the Ilemi Triangle and has been unclear since British colonial times; Kenya has administered the area since colonial times South Sudan-Sudan: present boundary represents 1 January 1956 alignment, which clearly placed the Kafia Kingi area (adjacent to Central African Republic) within South Sudan as shown on US maps although it is mostly occupied by Sudan; final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; the final sovereignty status of Abyei Area pending negotiations between South Sudan and Sudan; clashes continue in the oil-rich Abyei region; the United Nations interim security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has been deployed since 2011, when South Sudan became independent, Sudan accuses South Sudan of supporting Sudanese rebel groups South Sudan-Uganda: Lord’s Resistance Army operations in western Equatorial State displace and drive out local populations and steal grain stores

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs

2.23 million (alleged coup attempt and ethnic conflict beginning in December 2013; information is lacking on those displaced in earlier years by: fighting in Abyei between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) in May 2011; clashes between the SPLA and dissident militia groups in South Sudan; inter-ethnic conflicts over resources and cattle; attacks from the Lord's Resistance Army; floods and drought) (2022)

refugees (country of origin)

309,849 (Sudan), 19,452 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2022)

stateless persons

10,000 (mid-year 2021)

Trafficking in persons

tier rating

Tier 3 — South Sudan does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so: the government’s efforts include forming and staffing an anti-trafficking inter-ministerial task force, releasing 286 child soldiers, and identifying 19 potential trafficking victims; however, the recruitment of child soldiers by security and law enforcement continues and neither was held criminally responsible; authorities did not investigate or prosecute forced labor or sex trafficking crimes and made no effort to identify and protect trafficking victims; authorities continued to arrest and imprison child sex trafficking victims without screening for indicators of trafficking (2020)

trafficking profile

South Sudan is a source and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; South Sudanese women and girls, particularly those who are internally displaced or from rural areas, are vulnerable to forced labor and sexual exploitation in urban centers; the rising number of street children and child laborers are also exploited for forced labor and prostitution; women and girls from Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, and Democratic Republic of the Congo are trafficked to South Sudan with promises of legitimate jobs and are forced into the sex trade; inter-ethnic abductions continue between some communities in South Sudan; government forces use children to fight and perpetrate violence against other children and civilians, to serve as scouts, escorts, cooks, and cleaners, and to carry heavy loads while on the move

Air pollutants

carbon dioxide emissions

1.73 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions

7.61 megatons (2020 est.)

particulate matter emissions

41.12 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

Climate

hot with seasonal rainfall influenced by the annual shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone; rainfall heaviest in upland areas of the south and diminishes to the north

Environment - current issues

water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; wildlife conservation and loss of biodiversity; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; periodic drought

Environment - international agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Food insecurity

widespread lack of access

due to economic downturn, civil insecurity, lingering impact of floods and prolonged conflict - despite sustained humanitarian assistance, food insecurity still affects large segments of the population, driven by macroeconomic challenges that have resulted in rampant food and non-food inflation, insufficient food supplies due to a stagnant agricultural production, livelihood losses owing to consecutive years with widespread floods and the escalation of organized violence at the sub-national level since 2020; about 7.74 million people, approximately 63% of the total population, were estimated to be severely food insecure during the lean season between April and July 2022 (2022)

Land use

agricultural land

45% (2018)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 4.4% (2018)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 40.7% (2018)

forest

11.3% (2018)

other

43.5% (2018)

Major infectious diseases

animal contact diseases

rabies

degree of risk

very high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever

note

note: on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; South Sudan is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine

respiratory diseases

meningococcal meningitis

vectorborne diseases

malaria, dengue fever, Trypanosomiasis-Gambiense (African sleeping sickness)

water contact diseases

schistosomiasis

Major rivers (by length in km)

Nile (shared with Rwanda [s], Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan, and Egypt [m]) - 6,650 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)

Revenue from forest resources

forest revenues

2.65% of GDP (2015 est.)

Total renewable water resources

49.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

240 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial

225 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

municipal

193 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

4.12% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

21.2% of total population (2023)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

2,680,681 tons (2013 est.)