2000 Edition

Background

Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint independent state, but this entity has not been formally recognized as a state by the US. The US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its continuation. In 1999, massive expulsions by Serbs of ethnic Albanians living in the autonomous republic of Kosovo provoked an international response, including the bombing of Serbia and the stationing of NATO and Russian peacekeepers in Kosovo.

Area

land

102,136 sq km (Serbia 88,412 sq km; Montenegro 13,724 sq km)

total

102,350 sq km (Serbia 88,412 sq km; Montenegro 13,938 sq km)

water

214 sq km (Serbia 0 sq km; Montenegro 214 sq km)

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Kentucky (Serbia is slightly larger than Maine; Montenegro is slightly smaller than Connecticut)

Climate

in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland

Coastline

199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)

Elevation extremes

highest point

Daravica 2,656 m

lowest point

Adriatic Sea 0 m

Environment - current issues

pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube

Environment - international agreements

party to

none of the selected agreements signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates

44 00 N, 21 00 E

Geography - note

controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast

Irrigated land

NA sq km

Land boundaries

border countries

Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia, 215 km with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km (with Serbia), Croatia (north) 241 km (with Serbia), Croatia (south) 25 km (with Montenegro), Hungary 151 km (with Serbia), The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 221 km (with Serbia), Romania 476 km (with Serbia)

note

the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km

total

2,246 km

Land use

arable land

NA%

forests and woodland

NA%

other

NA%

permanent crops

NA%

permanent pastures

NA%

Location

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

NA

Natural hazards

destructive earthquakes

Natural resources

oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome, hydro power

Terrain

extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast

Age structure

0-14 years: Serbia - 19.95% (male 1,028,355; female 963,366); Montenegro - 22.05% (male 77,582; female 72,395) 15-64 years: Serbia - 65.22% (male 3,187,746; female 3,322,425); Montenegro - 66.16% (male 222,095; female 227,923) 65 years and over: Serbia - 14.83% (male 638,204; female 841,833); Montenegro - 11.79% (male 32,400; female 47,763) (2000 est.)

Birth rate

Serbia - 12.20 births/1,000 population; Montenegro - 14.9 births/1,000 population (2000 est.)

Death rate

Serbia - 11.08 deaths/1,000 population; Montenegro - 7.9 deaths/1,000 population (2000 est.)

Ethnic groups

Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%, Yugoslav 3.4%, Hungarian 3.3%, other 9.2% (1991)

Infant mortality rate

Serbia - 20.13 deaths/1,000 live births; Montenegro - 10.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2000 est.)

Languages

Serbian 95%, Albanian 5%

Life expectancy at birth

female

Serbia - 75.72 years; Montenegro - 79.82 years (2000 est.)

male

Serbia - 69.31 years; Montenegro - 71.45 years

total population

Serbia - 72.39 years; Montenegro - 75.46 years

Literacy

definition

NA

female

NA%

male

NA%

total population

NA%

Nationality

adjective

Serbian; Montenegrin

noun

Serb(s); Montenegrin(s)

Net migration rate

Serbia - 6.26 migrants/1,000 population; Montenegro - -29.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2000 est.)

Population

10,662,087 (Serbia - 9,981,929; Montenegro - 680,158)

note

all data dealing with population is subject to considerable error because of the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic cleansing (July 2000 est.)

Population growth rate

Serbia - 0.739%; Montenegro - -12.22% (2000 est.)

Religions

Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%

Sex ratio

at birth

Serbia - 1.08 male(s)/female; Montenegro - 1.09 male(s)/female under 15 years: Serbia - 1.07 male(s)/female; Montenegro - 1.07 male(s)/female 15-64 years: Serbia - 0.96 male(s)/female; Montenegro - 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: Serbia - 0.76 male(s)/female; Montenegro - 0.68 male(s)/female

total population

Serbia - 0.95 male(s)/female; Montenegro - 0.95 male(s)/female (2000 est.)

Total fertility rate

Serbia - 1.70 children born/woman; Montenegro - 1.96 children born/woman (2000 est.)

Administrative divisions

2 republics (republike, singular - republika); and 2 nominally autonomous provinces* (autonomn pokrajine, singular - autonomna pokrajina); Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*

Capital

Belgrade (Serbia), Podgorica (Montenegro)

Constitution

27 April 1992

Country name

conventional long form

none

conventional short form

Serbia and Montenegro

local long form

none

local short form

Srbija-Crna Gora

note

Serbia and Montenegro has self-proclaimed itself the "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" (FRY) but the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its continuation

Data code

Serbia - SR; Montenegro - MW

Diplomatic representation from the US

at present, the US has no diplomatic representation in Serbia and Montenegro; the US office in Pristina, Kosovo, was opened in 1999; its members are not accredited to a foreign government

Diplomatic representation in the US

the Embassy of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ceased operations 25 March 1999

Executive branch

cabinet

Federal Executive Council

chief of state

President Slobodan MILOSEVIC (since 23 July 1997); note - Milan MILUTINOVIC is president of Serbia (since 21 December 1997); Milo DJUKANOVIC is president of Montenegro (since 21 December 1997)

election results

Slobodan MILOSEVIC elected president; percent of legislative vote - Slobodan MILOSEVIC 90%

elections

president elected by the Federal Assembly for a four-year term; election last held 23 July 1997 (next to be held NA 2001); prime minister appointed by the president

head of government

Prime Minister Momir BULATOVIC (since 20 May 1998); Deputy Prime Ministers Nikola SAINOVIC (since 15 September 1995), Jovan ZEBIC (since 9 April 1998), and Vladan KUTLESIC (since 20 March 1997), Danilo VUKSANOVIC (since 20 May 1998), Tomislav NIKOLIC (since 12 August 1999), Maja Gojkovic (since 12 August 1999)

Government type

republic

Independence

11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or FRY formed as self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or SFRY)

International organization participation

ICFTU, IHO, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, UNHCR

Judicial branch

Federal Court or Savezni Sud, judges are elected by the Federal Assembly for nine-year terms; Constitutional Court, judges are elected by the Federal Assembly for nine-year terms

Legal system

based on civil law system

Legislative branch

bicameral Federal Assembly or Savezna Skupstina consists of the Chamber of Republics or Vece Republika (40 seats - 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin; members distributed on the basis of party representation in the republican assemblies to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Citizens or Vece Gradjana (138 seats - 108 Serbian with half elected by constituency majorities and half by proportional representation, 30 Montenegrin with six elected by constituency and 24 proportionally; members serve four-year terms)

election results

Chamber of Republics - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; note - seats are filled on a proportional basis to reflect the composition of the legislatures of the republics of Montenegro and Serbia; note - since 1998 Serbia has effectively barred Montenegro from its constitutional right to delegate deputies to the Chamber of Republics; Chamber of Citizens - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - SPS/JUL/ND 64, Zajedno coalition 22, DPS 20, SRS 16, NS 8, SVM 3, other 5; note - Zajedno coalition included SPO, DS, GSS

elections

Chamber of Republics - last held 24 December 1996 (next to be held NA 2000); Chamber of Citizens - last held 3 November 1996 (next to be held NA 2000)

National holiday

St. Vitus Day, 28 June

Political parties and leaders

Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM ; Civic Alliance of Serbia or GSS [Goran SVILANOVIC, chairman]; Democratic Alliance of Kosovo or LDK [Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA, president]; Democratic Alliance of Vojvodina Croats or DSHV [Bela TONKOVIC]; Democratic Community of Vojvodina Hungarians or DZVM ; Democratic League of Albanians ; Democratic Party or DS ; Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS ; Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro or DPS ; League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina or LSV ; Liberal Alliance of Montenegro ; New Democracy or ND ; Parliamentary Party of Kosovo or PPK ; Party for the Democratic Progress of Kosovo or PPDK ; Party of Democratic Action or SDA [Dr. Sulejman UGLJANIN]; People's Party of Montenegro or NS ; Reformist Democratic Party of Vojvodina or RDSV ; Serbian Radical Party or SRS ; Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO ; Serbian Socialist Party or SPS (former Communist Party) ; Social Democratic Party of Montenegro or SDP ; Socialist People's Party of Montenegro or SNP ; Yugoslav United Left or JUL

Political pressure groups and leaders

National Movement for the Liberation of Kosovo or LKCK ; The People's Movement for Kosovo or LPK

Suffrage

16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Agriculture - products

cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives; cattle, sheep, goats

Budget

expenditures

$NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

revenues

$NA

Currency

1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras; Montenegro made the German deutsche mark (1 deutsche mark (DM) = 100 pfennige) legal tender alongside the Yugoslav dinar (1999)

Debt - external

$14.1 billion (1999 est.)

Economic aid - recipient

$NA

Economy - overview

The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation in 1991 has been followed by highly destructive warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. Output in Serbia and Montenegro dropped by half in 1992-93. Like the other former Yugoslav republics, it had depended on its sister republics for large amounts of energy and manufactures. Wide differences in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology among the republics accentuated this interdependence, as did the communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia is the continuation in office of a government that is primarily interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform. Hyperinflation ended with the establishment of a new currency unit in June 1993; prices were relatively stable from 1995 through 1997, but inflationary pressures resurged in 1998. Reliable statistics continue to be hard to come by, and the GDP estimate is extremely rough. The economic boom anticipated by the government after the suspension of UN sanctions in December 1995 has failed to materialize. Government mismanagement of the economy is largely to blame, but the damage to Serbia's infrastructure and industry by the NATO bombing during the war in Kosovo have added to problems. Also, sanctions continue to isolate Belgrade from international financial institutions; an investment ban and asset freeze imposed in 1998 and the oil embargo imposed during the NATO bombing remain in place.

Electricity - consumption

36.141 billion kWh (1998)

Electricity - exports

20 million kWh (1998)

Electricity - imports

40 million kWh (1998)

Electricity - production

38.84 billion kWh (1998)

Electricity - production by source

fossil fuel

67.88%

hydro

32.12%

nuclear

0%

other

0% (1998)

Exchange rates

Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - official rate: 10.0 (December 1998), 5.85 (December 1997), 5.02 (September 1996), 1.5 (early 1995); black market rate: 14.5 (December 1998), 8.9 (December 1997), 2 to 3 (early 1995)

Exports

$1.5 billion (1999)

Exports - commodities

manufactured goods, food and live animals, raw materials

Exports - partners

Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italy, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Germany (1998)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP

purchasing power parity - $20.6 billion (1999 est.)

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture

20%

industry

50%

services

30% (1998 est.)

GDP - per capita

purchasing power parity - $1,800 (1999 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

-20% (1999 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Imports

$3.3 billion (1999)

Imports - commodities

machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials

Imports - partners

Germany, Italy, Russia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (1998)

Industrial production growth rate

-22% (1999 est.)

Industries

machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; tanks and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery); metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium); mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone); consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances); electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

42% (1999 est.)

Labor force

1.6 million (1999 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Population below poverty line

NA%

Unemployment rate

30% (1999 est.)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

6 (1999)

Radio broadcast stations

AM 113, FM 194, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios

3.15 million (1997)

Telephone system

domestic

NA

international

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Telephones - main lines in use

2.017 million (1995)

Telephones - mobile cellular

38,552 (1999)

Television broadcast stations

more than 771 (including 86 strong stations and 685 low-power stations, plus 20 repeaters in the principal networks; also numerous local or private stations in Serbia and Vojvodina) (1997)

Televisions

2.75 million (1997)

Airports

48 (Serbia 43, Montenegro 5) (1999 est.)

Airports - with paved runways

total

19 (Serbia 16, Montenegro 3) over 3,047 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0) 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 (Serbia 3, Montenegro 2) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 (Serbia 4, Montenegro 1) 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0) under 914 m: 5 (Serbia 5, Montenegro 0) (1999 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total

29 (Serbia 27, Montenegro 2) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0) 914 to 1,523 m: 13 (Serbia 12, Montenegro 1) under 914 m: 14 (Serbia 13, Montenegro 1) (1999 est.)

Heliports

2 (1999 est.)

Highways

note

because of the 1999 Kosovo conflict, many road bridges were destroyed; since the end of the conflict in June 1999, Serbia has had a rapid reconstruction program to either reconstruct bridges or build by-pass routes

paved

28,822 km (including 560 km of expressways)

total

48,603 km

unpaved

19,781 km (1998 est.)

Pipelines

crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas 2,110 km

Ports and harbors

Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat, Zelenika

Railways

note

during to the 1999 Kosovo conflict, the Serbian rail system suffered significant damage due to bridge destruction; many rail bridges have been rebuilt, but the bridge over the Danube at Novi Sad was still down in early 2000; however, a by-pass is available; Montenegrin rail lines remain intact

standard gauge

4,095 km 1.435-m gauge (1,377 km partially electrified since 1992)

total

4,095 km

Waterways

587 km; Danube River runs through Serbia connecting Europe with the Black Sea; in early 2000 the river was obstructed at Novi Sad due to a pontoon bridge; a canal system in north Serbia is available to by-pass damage, however, lock size is limited (1999)

Military branches

Army (including ground forces with border troops, naval forces, air and air defense forces)

Military expenditures - dollar figure

$911 million (FY99)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP

6.5% (FY99)

Military manpower - availability

males age 15-49: 2,603,224 (Serbia - 2,424,990; Montenegro - 178,234) (2000 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service

males age 15-49: 2,089,191 (Serbia - 1,945,422; Montenegro - 143,769) (2000 est.)

Military manpower - military age

Serbia - 19 years of age; Montenegro - 19 years of age

Military manpower - reaching military age annually

males

82,553 (Serbia - 76,856; Montenegro - 5,697) (2000 est.)

Disputes - international

disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina over Serbian populated areas; Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian republic; Serbia and Montenegro is disputing Croatia's claim to the Prevlaka Peninsula in southern Croatia because it controls the entrance to Boka Kotorska in Montenegro; Prevlaka is currently under observation by the UN military observer mission in Prevlaka (UNMOP); the border commission formed by The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia and Montenegro in April 1996 to resolve differences in delineation of their border has made no progress so far

Illicit drugs

transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route

SEYCHELLES