Serbia

In 1918, the Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes formed a kingdom known after 1929 as Yugoslavia. The monarchy remained in power until 1945, when the communist Partisans headed by Josip Broz (aka TITO) took control of the newly created Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). After TITO died in 1980, communism in Yugoslavia gradually gave way to resurgent nationalism. In 1989, Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia, and his calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in 1992, and MILOSEVIC led military campaigns to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia." These actions ultimately failed, and international intervention led to the signing of the Dayton Accords in 1995. In 1998, an ethnic Albanian insurgency in the formerly autonomous Serbian province of Kosovo resulted in a brutal Serbian counterinsurgency campaign. Serbia rejected a proposed international settlement, and NATO responded with a bombing campaign that forced Serbian forces to withdraw from Kosovo in June 1999. In 2003, the FRY became the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, a loose federation of the two republics. In 2006, Montenegro seceded and declared itself an independent nation.  In 2008, Kosovo also declared independence -- an action Serbia still refuses to recognize. In 2013, Serbia and Kosovo signed the first agreement of principles governing the normalization of relations between the two countries. Additional agreements were reached in 2015 and 2023, but implementation remains incomplete. Serbia has been an official candidate for EU membership since 2012, and President Aleksandar VUCIC has promoted the ambitious goal of Serbia joining the EU by 2025.

land

77,474 sq km

total

77,474 sq km

water

0 sq km

slightly smaller than South Carolina

in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)

0 km (landlocked)

highest point

Midzor 2,169 m

lowest point

Danube and Timok Rivers 35 m

mean elevation

442 m

44 00 N, 21 00 E

landlocked; controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East

520 sq km (2020)

border countries

Bosnia and Herzegovina 345 km; Bulgaria 344 km; Croatia 314 km; Hungary 164 km; Kosovo 366 km; North Macedonia 101 km; Montenegro 157 km; Romania 531 km

total

2,322 km

agricultural land

57.9% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 37.7% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 3.4% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 16.8% (2018 est.)

forest

31.6% (2018 est.)

other

10.5% (2018 est.)

Southeastern Europe, between Macedonia and Hungary

Dunav (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Europe

none (landlocked)

destructive earthquakes

oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, chromite, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, arable land

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills

0-14 years

14.4% (male 492,963/female 463,995)

15-64 years

65.6% (male 2,198,591/female 2,168,113)

65 years and over

20% (2024 est.) (male 551,197/female 777,353)

beer

3.24 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

2.37 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

7.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

1.62 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

8.8 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

women married by age 15

1.2%

women married by age 18

5.5% (2019 est.)

1% (2019)

62.3% (2019)

8.7% of GDP (2020)

60.8% (2023 est.)

14.9 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

elderly dependency ratio

31.9

note

note: data include Kosovo

potential support ratio

3.1 (2021 est.)

total dependency ratio

53.8

youth dependency ratio

21.9

improved: rural

rural: 99.4% of population

improved: total

total: 99.5% of population

improved: urban

urban: 99.7% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 0.6% of population

unimproved: total

total: 0.5% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0.3% of population

3.6% of GDP (2019 est.)

Serb 83.3%, Hungarian 3.5%, Romani 2.1%, Bosniak 2%, other 5.7%, undeclared or unknown 3.4% (2011 est.)

note

note: most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Serbia's population

0.71 (2024 est.)

5.6 beds/1,000 population (2017)

female

3.9 deaths/1,000 live births

male

5.1 deaths/1,000 live births

total

4.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

Languages

Serbian (official) 88.1%, Hungarian 3.4%, Bosnian 1.9%, Romani 1.4%, other 3.4%, undeclared or unknown 1.8% (2011 est.)

major-language sample(s)

Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

note

note: Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, and Ruthenian (Rusyn) are official in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina; most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census

female

78.1 years

male

72.7 years

total population

75.3 years (2024 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

99.1% (2019)

male

99.9%

total population

99.5%

1.408 million BELGRADE (capital) (2023)

10 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

female

45.4 years

male

42.4 years

total

43.9 years (2024 est.)

28.2 years (2020 est.)

note

note: data does not cover Kosovo or Metohija

adjective

Serbian

noun

Serb(s)

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

21.5% (2016)

3.11 physicians/1,000 population (2016)

female

3,409,461 (2024 est.)

male

3,242,751

total

6,652,212

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

-0.61% (2024 est.)

Orthodox 84.6%, Catholic 5%, Muslim 3.1%, Protestant 1%, atheist 1.1%, other 0.8% (includes agnostics, other Christians, Eastern, Jewish), undeclared or unknown 4.5% (2011 est.)

note

note: most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census

improved: rural

rural: 95.7% of population

improved: total

total: 97.9% of population

improved: urban

urban: 99.6% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 4.3% of population

unimproved: total

total: 2.1% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0.4% of population

female

15 years (2021)

male

14 years

total

14 years

0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.71 male(s)/female

at birth

1.06 male(s)/female

total population

0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

female

39.1% (2020 est.)

male

40.5% (2020 est.)

total

39.8% (2020 est.)

1.46 children born/woman (2024 est.)

note

note: data include Kosovo

rate of urbanization

0.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

57.1% of total population (2023)

117 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina) and 28 cities (gradovi, singular - grad) municipalities: Ada*, Aleksandrovac, Aleksinac, Alibunar*, Apatin*, Arandelovac, Arilje, Babusnica, Bac*, Backa Palanka*, Backa Topola*, Backi Petrovac*, Bajina Basta, Batocina, Becej*, Bela Crkva*, Bela Palanka, Beocin*, Blace, Bogatic, Bojnik, Boljevac, Bosilegrad, Brus, Bujanovac, Cajetina, Cicevac, Coka*, Crna Trava, Cuprija, Despotovac, Dimitrov, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Golubac, Gornji Milanovac, Indija*, Irig*, Ivanjica, Kanjiza*, Kladovo, Knic, Knjazevac, Koceljeva, Kosjeric, Kovacica*, Kovin*, Krupanj, Kucevo, Kula*, Kursumlija, Lajkovac, Lapovo, Lebane, Ljig, Ljubovija, Lucani, Majdanpek, Mali Idos*, Mali Zvornik, Malo Crnice, Medveda, Merosina, Mionica, Negotin, Nova Crnja*, Nova Varos, Novi Becej*, Novi Knezevac*, Odzaci*, Opovo*, Osecina, Paracin, Pecinci*, Petrovac na Mlavi, Plandiste*, Pozega, Presevo, Priboj, Prijepolje, Raca, Raska, Razanj, Rekovac, Ruma*, Secanj*, Senta*, Sid*, Sjenica, Smederevska Palanka, Sokobanja, Srbobran*, Sremski Karlovci*, Stara Pazova*, Surdulica, Svilajnac, Svrljig, Temerin*, Titel*, Topola, Trgoviste, Trstenik, Tutin, Ub, Varvarin, Velika Plana, Veliko Gradiste, Vladicin Han, Vladimirci, Vlasotince, Vrbas*, Vrnjacka Banja, Zabalj*, Zabari, Zagubica, Zitiste*, Zitorada cities: Beograd (Belgrade), Bor, Cacak, Jagodina, Kikinda*, Kragujevac, Kraljevo, Krusevac, Leskovac, Loznica, Nis, Novi Pazar, Novi Sad*, Pancevo*, Pirot, Pozarevac, Prokuplje, Sabac, Smederevo, Sombor*, Sremska Mitrovica*, Subotica*, Uzice, Valjevo, Vranje, Vrsac*, Zajecar, Zrenjanin*

note

note: the northern 37 municipalities and 8 cities - about 28% of Serbia's area - compose the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina and are indicated with *

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology

the Serbian "Beograd" means "white fortress" or "white city" and dates back to the 9th century; the name derives from the white fortress wall that once enclosed the city

geographic coordinates

44 50 N, 20 30 E

name

Belgrade (Beograd)

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Serbia

dual citizenship recognized

yes

residency requirement for naturalization

3 years

amendments

proposed by at least one third of deputies in the National Assembly, by the president of the republic, by the government, or by petition of at least 150,000 voters; passage of proposals and draft amendments each requires at least two-thirds majority vote in the Assembly; amendments to constitutional articles including the preamble, constitutional principles, and human and minority rights and freedoms also require passage by simple majority vote in a referendum

history

many previous; latest adopted 30 September 2006, approved by referendum 28-29 October 2006, effective 8 November 2006

conventional long form

Republic of Serbia

conventional short form

Serbia

etymology

the origin of the name is uncertain, but seems to be related to the name of the West Slavic Sorbs who reside in the Lusatian region in present-day eastern Germany; by tradition, the Serbs migrated from that region to the Balkans in about the 6th century A.D.

former

People's Republic of Serbia, Socialist Republic of Serbia

local long form

Republika Srbija

local short form

Srbija

chief of mission

Ambassador Christopher R. HILL (since 1 April 2022)

email address and website

belgradeacs@state.govhttps://rs.usembassy.gov/

embassy

92 Bulevar kneza Aleksandra Karadjordjevica, 11040 Belgrade

FAX

[381] (11) 706-4481

mailing address

5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070

telephone

[381] (11) 706-4000

chancery

1333 16th Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20036

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Vladimir MARIC (since 30 April 2024)

consulate(s) general

Chicago, New York

email address and website

info@serbiaembusa.orghttp://www.washington.mfa.gov.rs/

FAX

[1] (202) 332-3933

telephone

[1] (202) 507-8654

cabinet

Cabinet elected by the National Assembly

chief of state

President Aleksandar VUCIC (since 31 May 2017)

election results

2022: Aleksandar VUCIC reelected in first round; percent of vote - Aleksandar VUCIC (SNS) 60%, Zdravko PONOS (US) 18.9%, Milos JOVANOVIC (NADA) 6.1%, Bosko OBRADOVIC (Dveri-POKS) 4.5%, Milica DJURDJEVIC STAMENKOVSKI (SSZ) 4.3%, other 6.2%2017: Aleksandar VUCIC elected president in first round; percent of vote - Aleksandar VUCIC (SNS) 55.1%, Sasa JANKOVIC (independent) 16.4%, Luka MAKSIMOVIC (independent) 9.4%, Vuk JEREMIC (independent) 5.7%, Vojislav SESELJ (SRS) 4.5%, other 7.3%, invalid/blank 1.6%; Prime Minister Ana BRNABIC reelected by the National Assembly on 5 October 2020; National Assembly vote - NA

elections/appointments

president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 17 December 2023 (next to be held in 2028); prime minister elected by the National Assembly

head of government

Prime Minister Milos Vucevic (since 2 May 2024)

three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white - the Pan-Slav colors representing freedom and revolutionary ideals; charged with the coat of arms of Serbia shifted slightly to the hoist side; the principal field of the coat of arms represents the Serbian state and displays a white two-headed eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle represents the Serbian nation, and is divided into four quarters by a white cross; interpretations vary as to the meaning and origin of the white, curved symbols resembling firesteels (fire strikers) or Cyrillic "C's" in each quarter; a royal crown surmounts the coat of arms

note

note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia

parliamentary republic

5 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 1217 (Serbian Kingdom established); 16 April 1346 (Serbian Empire established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Serbian independence); 1 December 1918 (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) established)

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

note

note: Serbia is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership

highest court(s)

Supreme Court of Cassation (consists of 36 judges, including the court president); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges, including the court president and vice president)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court justices proposed by the High Judicial Council (HJC), an 11-member independent body consisting of  8 judges elected by the National Assembly and 3 ex-officio members; justices appointed by the National Assembly; Constitutional Court judges elected - 5 each by the National Assembly, the president, and the Supreme Court of Cassation; initial appointment of Supreme Court judges by the HJC is 3 years and beyond that period tenure is permanent; Constitutional Court judges elected for 9-year terms

subordinate courts

basic courts, higher courts, appellate courts; courts of special jurisdiction include the Administrative Court, commercial courts, and misdemeanor courts

civil law system

description

unicameral National Assembly or Narodna Skupstina (250 seats; members directly elected by party list proportional representation vote in a single nationwide constituency to serve 4-year terms)

election results

percent of vote by party/coalition - Serbia Must Stop 48%, SPN 24.4%, SPS-JS-ZS 6.7%, NADA 5.2%, MI-GIN 4.8%, Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians 1.7%, SPP-DSHV 0.8%, SDAS 0.6%, Political Battle of the Albanians Continues 0.4%, RS-NKPJ 0.3%, other 7.1%; seats by party/coalition - Serbia Must Stop 128, SPN 65, SPS-JS-ZS 18, NADA 13, MI-GIN 13, Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians 6, SPP-DSHV 3, SDAS 2, Political Battle of the Albanians Continues 1, RS-NKPJ 1; composition - men 155, women 95; percentage of women 38%

elections

last held on 17 December 2023 (next to be held in 2027)

lyrics/music

Jovan DORDEVIC/Davorin JENKO

name

"Boze pravde" (God of Justice)

note

note: adopted 1904; song originally written as part of a play in 1872 and has been used as an anthem by the Serbian people throughout the 20th and 21st centuries

selected World Heritage Site locales

Stari Ras and Sopoćani; Studenica Monastery; Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius; Stećci Medieval Tombstone Graveyards

total World Heritage Sites

4 (all cultural)

Statehood Day, 15 February (1835), the day the first constitution of the country was adopted

white double-headed eagle; national colors: red, blue, white

Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM or VMSZ Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina or DSHV Democratic Party or DS Ecological Uprising or EU Green - Left Front or ZLF Greens of Serbia or ZS Justice and Reconciliation Party or SPP (formerly Bosniak Democratic Union of Sandzak or BDZS)Movement for Reversal or PZP Movement for the Restoration of the Kingdom of Serbia or POKS Movement of Free Citizens or PSG Movement of Socialists or PS National Democratic Alternative or NADA (electoral coalition includes NDSS and POKS)New Communist Party of Yugoslavia or NKPJ New Democratic Party of Serbia or NDSS or New DSS  (formerly Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS)New Face of Serbia or NLS Party of Democratic Action of the Sandzak or SDAS Party of Freedom and Justice or SSP Party of United Pensioners, Farmers, and Proletarians of Serbia – Solidarity and Justice or PUPS - Solidarity and Justice (formerly Party of United Pensioners of Serbia or PUPS)People's Movement of Serbia or NPS People's Movement of Serbs from Kosovo and Metohija or Fatherland People's Peasant Party or NSS Political Battle of the Albanians Continues Russian Party or RS Serbia Against Violence or SPN (electoral coalition includes DS, SSP, ZLF, Zajedno, NPS, PSG, EU, PZP, USS Sloga, NLS, Fatherland)Serbia Must Not Stop (electoral coalitions includes SNS, SDPS, PUPS, PSS, SNP, SPO, PS, NSS, USS)Serbian People's Party or SNP Serbian Progressive Party or SNS Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO Social Democratic Party of Serbia or SDPS Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS Strength of Serbia or PSS Together or ZAJEDNO United Peasant Party or USS United Serbia or JS United Trade Unions of Serbia "Sloga" or USS Sloga We - The Voice from the People or MI-GIN 

18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal

maize, wheat, sugar beets, milk, sunflower seeds, potatoes, plums, apples, barley, soybeans (2022)

note

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

on alcohol and tobacco

8.4% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

on food

22.9% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

expenditures

$23.693 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

revenues

$26.077 billion (2022 est.)

Fitch rating

BB+ (2019)

Moody's rating

Ba3 (2017)

note

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

Standard & Poors rating

BB+ (2019)

Current account balance 2021

-$2.654 billion (2021 est.)

Current account balance 2022

-$4.457 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

-$1.954 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

upper middle-income Balkan economy; current EU accession candidate; hit by COVID-19; pursuing green growth development; manageable public debt; new anticorruption efforts; falling unemployment; historic Russian relations; energy import-dependent

Currency

Serbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2019

105.25 (2019 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

103.163 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

99.396 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

111.662 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

108.403 (2023 est.)

Exports 2021

$34.035 billion (2021 est.)

Exports 2022

$39.905 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$44.343 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

insulated wire, copper ore, plastic products, electricity, rubber tires (2022)

note

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Germany 13%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 7%, Italy 7%, Hungary 6%, Romania 4% (2022)

note

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

exports of goods and services

59.9% (2023 est.)

government consumption

15.9% (2023 est.)

household consumption

67.3% (2023 est.)

imports of goods and services

-64.4% (2023 est.)

investment in fixed capital

22.7% (2023 est.)

investment in inventories

-1.3% (2023 est.)

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

agriculture

5.2% (2023 est.)

industry

26.4% (2023 est.)

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

services

51.2% (2023 est.)

$75.187 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021

33.1 (2021 est.)

note

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

highest 10%

25.9% (2021 est.)

lowest 10%

2.5% (2021 est.)

note

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Imports 2021

$39.476 billion (2021 est.)

Imports 2022

$47.395 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$48.216 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

electricity, crude petroleum, natural gas, plastic products, packaged medicine (2022)

note

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Germany 11%, China 8%, Hungary 8%, Russia 7%, Italy 6% (2022)

note

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

3.62% (2023 est.)

note

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

automobiles, base metals, furniture, food processing, machinery, chemicals, sugar, tires, clothes, pharmaceuticals

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021

4.09% (2021 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

11.98% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

12.37% (2023 est.)

note

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

3.333 million (2023 est.)

note

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

21.2% (2020 est.)

note

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Public debt 2017

62.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

note

note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021

$154.28 billion (2021 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$158.214 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$162.213 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2021

7.73% (2021 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2022

2.55% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

2.53% (2023 est.)

note

note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2021

$22,600 (2021 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2022

$23,700 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$24,500 (2023 est.)

note

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2021

7.29% of GDP (2021 est.)

Remittances 2022

8.97% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

7.68% of GDP (2023 est.)

note

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021

$18.617 billion (2021 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$20.68 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$27.569 billion (2023 est.)

25.11% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

note

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

note

note: % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2021

10.06% (2021 est.)

Unemployment rate 2022

8.68% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

8.68% (2023 est.)

female

26.1% (2023 est.)

male

23.2% (2023 est.)

note

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

total

24.3% (2023 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke

27.399 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from consumed natural gas

5.474 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

10.06 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

total emissions

42.933 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

consumption

38.297 million metric tons (2022 est.)

exports

9,000 metric tons (2022 est.)

imports

1.641 million metric tons (2022 est.)

production

35.129 million metric tons (2022 est.)

proven reserves

7.514 billion metric tons (2022 est.)

consumption

30.678 billion kWh (2022 est.)

exports

5.613 billion kWh (2022 est.)

imports

8.236 billion kWh (2022 est.)

installed generating capacity

8.075 million kW (2022 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

4.494 billion kWh (2022 est.)

electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

biomass and waste

0.8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

fossil fuels

68.8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

hydroelectricity

27.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

wind

2.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Total energy consumption per capita 2022

89.037 million Btu/person (2022 est.)

consumption

2.939 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

imports

2.652 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

production

353.376 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

proven reserves

48.139 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves

77.5 million barrels (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption

82,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)

total petroleum production

13,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

25 (2020 est.)

total

1,730,496 (2020 est.)

.rs

percent of population

81% (2021 est.)

total

5.589 million (2021 est.)

domestic

fixed-line over 37 per 100 and mobile-cellular is 124 per 100 persons (2021)

general assessment

Serbia’s telecom industry has been liberalized in line with the principles of the EU’s regulatory framework for communications, focused on encouraging competition in telecom products and services, and ensuring universal access; considerable network investment has been undertaken in Serbia by incumbent and alternative operators in recent years, despite economic difficulties; this has helped to stimulate internet usage, which has also been bolstered by improved affordability as prices are reduced through competition; the pandemic has stimulated consumer take up of services, particularly mobile data; the government’s various initiatives to improve rural broadband availability have also been supported by European development loans; Serbia’s high mobile services, partly the result of multiple SIM card use, has weighed on revenue growth in recent years, placing further pressure on operators to develop business models which encourage consumer use of mobile data services also in response to the continued substitution of fixed-line for mobile voice calls; the regulator has yet to auction 5G-suitable frequencies, though operators are already investing in their networks in preparation for this next growth frontier; during 2021 the regulator resumed the process towards a 5G spectrum auction, which had been delayed owing to the onset of the covid-19 pandemic (2022)

international

country code - 381

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

37 (2021 est.)

total subscriptions

2.539 million (2022 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

124 (2021 est.)

total subscriptions

8.621 million (2022 est.)

43 (2024)

YU

8 (2024)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

17.71 million (2018) mt-km

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

2,262,703 (2018)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

43

number of registered air carriers

4 (2020)

1,936 km gas, 413 km oil

total

3,333 km (2020) 1,274 km electrified

total

45,022 km (2022)

587 km (2009) (primarily on the Danube and Sava Rivers)

the Serbian military is responsible for defense and deterrence against external threats, supporting international peacekeeping operations, and providing support to civil authorities for internal security; specific threat concerns of the military include extremism, separatism, and deepening international recognition of Kosovo; Serbia has cooperated with NATO since 2006, when it joined the Partnership for Peace program, and the military trains with NATO countries, particularly other Balkan states; Serbia has participated in EU peacekeeping missions, as well as missions under the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the UN; it also maintains close security ties with Russia and has a growing security relationship with Chinathe modern Serbian military was established in 2006 but traces its origins back through World War II, World War I, the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, and the Bulgarian-Serb War of 1885 to the First (1804-1813) and Second (1815-1817) Uprisings against the Ottoman Empire (2024)

Serbian Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije, VS): Army (aka Land Forces; includes Riverine Component, consisting of a naval flotilla on the Danube), Air and Air Defense Forces, Serbian GuardSerbian Ministry of Internal Affairs: General Police Directorate (2024)

note

note: the Serbian Guard is a brigade-sized unit that is directly subordinate to the Serbian Armed Forces Chief of General Staff; its duties include safeguarding key defense facilities and rendering military honors to top foreign, state, and military officials 

approximately 25,000 active-duty troops (15,000 Land Forces; 5,000 Air/Air Defense; 5,000 other); approximately 3,000 Gendarmerie (2023)

180 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2024)

the military's inventory consists of a mix of domestically produced, Russian/Soviet-era, and Yugoslav equipment and weapons systems; in recent years, it has purchased some weapons systems from China, such as anti-aircraft missiles and armed aerial drones (2024)

Military Expenditures 2019

2.2% of GDP (2019 est.)

Military Expenditures 2020

2% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

2.2% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

2.2% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

2.4% of GDP (2023 est.)

18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription abolished in 2011 (2024)

note

note: as of 2024, women made up about 11% of the military's full-time personnel

drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of of large quantities of cocaine destined for European markets

IDPs

196,066 (most are Kosovar Serbs, some are Roma, Ashkalis, and Egyptian (RAE); some RAE IDPs are unregistered) (2022)

note

note: 1,045,323 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-March 2024)

refugees (country of origin)

17,334 (Croatia), 7,997 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (mid-year 2022)

stateless persons

2,594 (includes stateless persons in Kosovo) (2022)

tier rating

Tier 2 Watch List — the government has devoted sufficient resources to a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute significant efforts to meet the minimum standards; therefore, Serbia was granted a waiver per the Trafficking Victims Protection Act from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 and remained on Tier 2 Watch List for the third consecutive year; for more details, go to:  https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/serbia/

carbon dioxide emissions

45.22 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions

11.96 megatons (2020 est.)

particulate matter emissions

21.74 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)

air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube; inadequate management of domestic, industrial, and hazardous waste

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

global geoparks and regional networks

Djerdap (2023)

total global geoparks and regional networks

1

agricultural land

57.9% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 37.7% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 3.4% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 16.8% (2018 est.)

forest

31.6% (2018 est.)

other

10.5% (2018 est.)

Dunav (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

0.25% of GDP (2018 est.)

0.38% of GDP (2018 est.)

162.2 billion cubic meters (2020 est.) (note - includes Kosovo)

agricultural

660 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial

3.99 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

municipal

680 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

note

note: data include Kosovo

rate of urbanization

0.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

57.1% of total population (2023)

municipal solid waste generated annually

1.84 million tons (2015 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually

13,984 tons (2015 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

0.8% (2015 est.)