1984 Edition

Agriculture

animal husbandry, especially dairying, predominates; forestry important secondary occupation for rural population; main crops — cereals, sugar beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient; shortages — food and fodder grains

Western Europe's foremost producer; main products — beef, dairy products, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; self-sufficient for most temperate zone foodstuffs; food shortages — fats and oils, tropical produce

Aid

donor — bilateral economic aid commitments (ODA), $436 million (1970-81)

donor — bilateral economic aid commitments (ODA and OOF), $36 billion ( 1 970-8 1 )

Airfields

162 total, 159 usable; 44 with permanent-surface runways; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1, 220-2,439 m

Area

337,113 km2; 58% forest; 34% other; 8% arable

Branches

legislative authority rests jointly with President and unicameral legislature (Eduskunta); executive power vested in President and exercised through coalition Cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme court, four superior courts, 193 lower courts

Army, Navy, Air Force

presidentially appointed Prime Minister heads Council of Ministers, which is formally responsible to National Assembly; bicameral legislature — National Assembly (491 members), Senate (304 members) — restricted to a delaying action; judiciary independent in principle

Budget

(1982) expenditures $14.2 billion, revenues $12.5 billion

(proposed for 1984) expenditures 937.8 billion francs, revenues 815.5 billion francs, deficit 122.3 billion francs

Capital

Helsinki

Paris

Civil air

39 major transport

Coastline

1,126 km (approx.) excludes islands and coastal indentations People

3,427 km (includes Corsica, 644 km) People

Communists

28,000 registered members; an additional 45,000 persons belong to Peoples' Democratic League

600,000 claimed; Communist voters, 4 million in 1981 elections

Crude steel

2.4 million metric tons produced (1982), 500 kg per capita Finland (continued) France

21.3 million metric tons produced (1981), 432 kg per capita

Elections

parliamentary, every four years (last in 1983); presidential, every six years (President Koivisto elected in January 1982) Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party, Kalevi Sorsa; Center Party, Paavo Vayrynen; People's Democratic League (Communist front), Kalevi Kivisto; Conservative Party, Illka Suominen; Liberal Party, Arne Berner; Swedish Peoples Party, Par Stenback; Rural Party, Pekka Vennamo; Finnish Communist Party, Jouko Kajanoja; Finnish Christian League, Esko Almgren; Constitutional Right Party, Georg Ehrnrooth; League for Citizen Power, Kaarlo Pitsinki

National Assembly — every five years, last election June 1981, direct universal suffrage, two ballots; Senate — indirect collegiate system for nine years, renewable by one-third every three years, last election September 1983; President, direct, universal suffrage every seven years, two ballots, last election May 1981 Political parties and leaders: majority coalition— Socialist Party (PS), Lionel Jospin; Communist Party (PCF), Georges Marchais; Left Radical Movement (MRG), Jean-Michel Baylet; right opposition — Rally for the Republic (RPR, formerly UDR), Jacques Chirac; Union for French Democracy (federation of PR, CDS, and RAD), Jean Lecanuet; Republicans (PR), Francois Leotard; Center for Social Democrats (CDS), Pieire Mehaignerie; Radical (RAD), Andre Rossinot

Electric power

1 1,800,000 kW capacity (1983); 42.439 billion kWh produced (1983), 8,750 kWh per capita

82,926,000 kW capacity (1983); 285.759 billion kWh produced (1983), 5,235 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

Finn, Swede, Lapp, Gypsy, Tatar

Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, and Basque minorities

Exports

$13.1 billion (f.o.b., 1982); timber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery, iron and steel, clothing and footwear

$91.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982); principal items — machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, agricultural products, iron and steel products, textiles and clothing, chemicals

Fiscal year

calendar year Communications

Fishing

catch 130,700 metric tons (1979)

catch 713,530 metric tons (1982); exports (includes shellfish, etc.) $221 million, imports $632 million (1982)

GDP

$542 billion (1982), $9,996 per capita; 64.6% private consumption, 20.9% investment (including government), 16.4% government consumption; 1981 real growth rate, 1.6%; average annual growth rate (1972-81), 2.7%

GNP

$49.1 billion (1982), $10,124 per capita; 55.5% consumption, 20.7% investment, 23.4% government; 0.5% net exports of goods and services; 1982 growth rate 2.5% (1975 prices)

Government leader

Francois MITTERRAND, President

Government leaders

Dr. Mauno KOIVISTO, President; Kalevi SORSA, Prime Minister

Highways

about 74,960 km total in national classified network, including 31,000 km paved (bituminous, concrete, bituminoustreated surface) and 42,552 km unpaved (stabilized gravel, gravel, earth); additional 29,440 km of private (state subsidized) roads

Imports

$13.4 billion (c.i.f., 1982); foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics

$107.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982); principal items — crude petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel products, foodstuffs, agricultural products

Inland waterways

6,675 km total (including Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km suitable for steamers

Labor force

2.530 million; 24.6% mining and manufacturing; 24.3% services; 18.3% commerce; 12.3% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 7.2% construction; 7.1% transportation and communications; 6.2% unemployed (1982 average)

23.4 million (1981); 54% services, 30% industry, 8% agriculture; 8.5% unemployed

Land boundaries

2,534 km Water

2,888 km Water

Language

93.5% Finnish, 6.3% Swedish (both official); small Lappand Russianspeaking minorities

French (100% of population); rapidly declining regional patois — Provencal, Breton, Germanic, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish

Legal system

civil law system based on Swedish law; constitution adopted 1919; Supreme Court may request legislation interpreting or modifying laws; legal education at Universities of Helsinki and Turku; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

civil law system with indigenous concepts; new constitution adopted 1958, amended concerning election of President in 1962; judicial review of administrative but not legislative acts; legal education at over 25 schools of law

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

4 nm; fishing 12 nm; Aland Islands, 3 nm

12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)

Literacy

almost 100%

99%

Major industries

include metal manufacturing and shipbuilding, forestry and wood processing (pulp, paper), copper refining foodstuffs, textiles and clothing

steel, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemicals, food processing, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics

Major trade partners

(1982) exports 34.9% EC (9.1% FRG; 10.8% UK), 26.7% USSR, 12.0% Sweden, 3.2% US

(1982) imports — 47% EC, 16% petroleum exporting countries, 8% US, 3% Japan, 2% USSR, 2% other Communist countries; exports — 47% EC, 11% petroleum exporting countries, 5% US, 2% USSR, 1.5% other Communist countries, 1% Japan

Member of

ADB, CEMA (special cooperation agreement), DAC, EC (free trade agreement), EFTA (associate), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB — Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy

ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Whaling Commission, NATO (signatory), OAS (observer), OECD, South Pacific Commission, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy

Military budget

proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $851 million; about 6.3% of proposed central government budget At/antic Ocetn Land 551,695 kmz; 35% cultivated; 26% meadow and pasture; 25% forest; 14% waste, urban, or other

Military manpower

males 15-49, 1,313,000; 1,109,000 fit for military service; 35,000 reach military age (17) annually

Monetary conversion rate

5.868 Finnmark (Fim)=US$l (February 1984)

8.40 French francs=US$l (4 January 1984)

National holiday

Independence Day, 6 December

National Day, 14 July

Nationality

noun — Finn(s); adjective — Finnish

noun — Frenchman (men); adjective — French

Official name

Republic of Finland

French Republic

Organized labor

80% of labor force Government

approximately 20% of labor force Government

Other political or pressure groups

Communist-controlled labor union (Confederation Generale du Travail) nearly 2.4 million members (claimed); Socialist-leaning labor union (Confederation Francaise Democratique du Travail— CFDT) about 800,000 members est; independent labor union (Force Ouvriere) about 1,000,000 members est.; independent white collar union (Confederation Generale des Cadres) 340,000 members (claimed); National Council of French Employers (Conseil National du Patronat Francais — CNPF or Patronat)

Pipelines

natural gas, 161 km

Political subdivisions

12 provinces, 443 communes, 78 towns

96 metropolitan departments, 21 regional economic districts

Population

4,873,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 0.5%

54,872,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 0.4%

Ports

1 1 major, 34 minor

Railroads

6,071 km total; Finnish State Railways (VR) operate a total 6,043 km 1.524meter gauge, 477 km multiple track, and 608 km electrified; 22 km 0.750-meter gauge and 6 km 1.524-meter gauge are privately owned

Religion

97% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.2% Greek Orthodox, 1.8% other

90% Roman Catholic, 2% Protestant, 1% Jewish, 1% Muslim (North African workers), 6% unaffiliated

Shortages

fossil fuels; industrial raw materials, except wood, and iron ore

crude oil, natural gas, textile fibers, most nonferrous ores, coking coal, fats and oils

Suffrage

universal, 18 years and over; not compulsory

universal over age 18; not compulsory

Telecommunications

good telecom service from cable and radio-relay network; 2.37 million telephones (49.6 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 90 FM, and 181 TV stations; 3 submarine cables Defense Forces

Type

republic

republic, with President having wide powers

Voting strength

(1983 parliamentary election) 26% Social Democratic, 22.1% Conservative, 17.6% Center-Liberal, 14.0% People's Democratic League, 9.7% Finnish Rural, 4.9% Swedish Peoples, 3.0% Christian League, 1.5% Greens, 0.4% Constitutional Peoples, 0.1% League for Citizen Power

(first ballot, 1981 election) diverse left, Socialist 36.12%; RPR, 20.8%; UDF, 19.2%; Communist, 16.17%; Left Radical 1.39%; diverse right, 2.8%; diverse left, 2.05%; other 1.47%