2013 Edition

Background

Western Sahara is a disputed territory on the northwest coast of Africa bordered by Morocco, Mauritania, and Algeria. After Spain withdrew from its former colony of Spanish Sahara in 1976, Morocco annexed the northern two-thirds of Western Sahara and claimed the rest of the territory in 1979, following Mauritania's withdrawal. A guerrilla war with the Polisario Front contesting Morocco's sovereignty ended in a 1991 cease-fire and the establishment of a UN peacekeeping operation. As part of this effort, the UN sought to offer a choice to the peoples of the Western Sahara between independence (favored by the Polisario Front) or integration into Morocco. A proposed referendum never took place due to lack of agreement on voter eligibility. The 2,700 km- (1,700 mi-) long defensive sand berm, built by the Moroccans from 1980 to 1987 and running the length of the territory, continues to separate the opposing forces with Morocco controlling the roughly 80 percent of the territory west of the berm. Ethnic tensions in Western Sahara occasionally erupt into violence requiring a Moroccan security force response.

Area

266,000 sq km 266,000 sq km 0 sq km

total

266,000 sq km

water

0 sq km

Area - comparative

about the size of Colorado

Climate

hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew

Coastline

1,110 km

Elevation extremes

Sebjet Tah -55 m unnamed elevation 805 m

highest point

unnamed elevation 805 m

lowest point

Sebjet Tah -55 m

Environment - current issues

sparse water and lack of arable land

Environment - international agreements

none of the selected agreements

party to

none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates

24 30 N, 13 00 W

Geography - note

the waters off the coast are particularly rich fishing areas

Irrigated land

NA

Land boundaries

2,046 km Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km, Morocco 443 km

border countries

Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km, Morocco 443 km

total

2,046 km

Land use

0.02% 0% 99.98% (2011)

arable land

0.02%

other

99.98% (2011)

permanent crops

0%

Location

Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Mauritania and Morocco

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issue

Natural hazards

hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting visibility

Natural resources

phosphates, iron ore

Terrain

mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces rising to small mountains in south and northeast

Age structure

38.4% (male 104,539/female 102,315) 19.7% (male 53,536/female 52,814) 33.5% (male 88,716/female 91,874) 4.7% (male 11,870/female 13,518) 3.6% (male 8,616/female 11,013) (2013 est.)

0-14 years

38.4% (male 104,539/female 102,315)

15-24 years

19.7% (male 53,536/female 52,814)

25-54 years

33.5% (male 88,716/female 91,874)

55-64 years

4.7% (male 11,870/female 13,518)

65 years and over

3.6% (male 8,616/female 11,013) (2013 est.)

Birth rate

31.18 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Death rate

8.64 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Dependency ratios

41.2 % 37.5 % 3.7 % 27 (2013)

elderly dependency ratio

3.7 %

potential support ratio

27 (2013)

total dependency ratio

41.2 %

youth dependency ratio

37.5 %

Education expenditures

NA

Ethnic groups

Arab, Berber

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths

NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

NA

Infant mortality rate

57.5 deaths/1,000 live births 62.51 deaths/1,000 live births 52.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

female

52.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

total

57.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic

Life expectancy at birth

61.9 years 59.65 years 64.23 years (2013 est.)

female

64.23 years (2013 est.)

total population

61.9 years

Literacy

NA

Major urban areas - population

Laayoune 237,000 (2011)

Median age

20.6 years 20.2 years 21.1 years (2013 est.)

female

21.1 years (2013 est.)

male

20.2 years

total

20.6 years

Nationality

Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s) Sahrawi, Sahrawian, Sahraouian

adjective

Sahrawi, Sahrawian, Sahraouian

noun

Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s)

Population

538,811 (July 2013 est.) estimate is based on projections by age, sex, fertility, mortality, and migration; fertility and mortality are based on data from neighboring countries (July 2013 est.)

Population growth rate

2.96% (2013 est.)

Religions

Muslim

Sex ratio

1.04 male(s)/female 1.02 male(s)/female 1.01 male(s)/female 0.96 male(s)/female 0.88 male(s)/female 0.78 male(s)/female 0.98 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

0-14 years

1.02 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.01 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.96 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.88 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.78 male(s)/female

at birth

1.04 male(s)/female

total population

0.98 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Total fertility rate

4.15 children born/woman (2013 est.)

Urbanization

82% of total population (2011) 3.49% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

3.49% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

82% of total population (2011)

Administrative divisions

none (territory west of the berm under de facto Moroccan control)

Capital

none UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) +1hr, begins last Sunday in April; ends last Sunday in September

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in April; ends last Sunday in September

time difference

UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Country name

none Western Sahara Rio de Oro, Saguia el Hamra, Spanish Sahara

conventional long form

none

conventional short form

Western Sahara

former

Rio de Oro, Saguia el Hamra, Spanish Sahara

Diplomatic representation from the US

none

Diplomatic representation in the US

none

Executive branch

none

Government type

legal status of territory and issue of sovereignty unresolved; territory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally proclaimed a government-in-exile, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), near Tindouf, Algeria, led by President Mohamed ABDELAZIZ

International organization participation

AU, CAN (observer), WFTU (NGOs)

Political pressure groups and leaders

none

Suffrage

none; (residents of Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara participate in Moroccan elections)

Agriculture - products

fruits and vegetables (grown in the few oases); camels, sheep, goats (kept by nomads); fish

Budget

$NA $NA

expenditures

$NA

revenues

$NA

Debt - external

$NA

Economy - overview

Western Sahara has a small market-based economy whose main industries are fishing, phosphate mining, and pastoral nomadism. The territory's arid desert climate makes sedentary agriculture difficult, and Western Sahara imports much of its food. The Moroccan Government administers Western Sahara's economy and is a key source of employment, infrastructure development, and social spending in the territory. Western Sahara''s unresolved legal status makes the exploitation of its natural resources a contentious issue between Morocco and the Polisario. Morocco and the EU in July 2006 signed a four-year agreement allowing European vessels to fish off the coast of Morocco, including the disputed waters off the coast of Western Sahara, but this agreement was terminated in 2011. Oil has never been found in Western Sahara in commercially significant quantities, but Morocco and the Polisario have quarreled over who has the right to authorize and benefit from oil exploration in the territory. Western Sahara''s main long-term economic challenge is the development of a more diverse set of industries capable of providing greater employment and income to the territory.

Exchange rates

Moroccan dirhams (MAD) per US dollar - 8.6 (2012) 8.07 (2011) 8.42 (2010) 8.06 (2009) 7.53 (2008)

Exports

$NA

Exports - commodities

phosphates 62%

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

NA% NA% 40% (2007 est.)

agriculture

NA%

industry

NA%

services

40% (2007 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$2,500 (2007 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

NA%

GDP (official exchange rate)

$NA

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$906.5 million (2007 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

NA% NA%

highest 10%

NA%

lowest 10%

NA%

Imports

$NA

Imports - commodities

fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs

Industrial production growth rate

NA%

Industries

phosphate mining, handicrafts

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

NA%

Labor force

144,000 (2010 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

50% 50% (2005 est.)

agriculture

50%

industry and services

50% (2005 est.)

Population below poverty line

NA%

Unemployment rate

NA%

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

316,700 Mt (2011 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2013 es)

Electricity - consumption

83.7 million kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

100% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

58,000 kW (2010 est.)

Electricity - production

90 million kWh (2010 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2013 es)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

1,948 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

1,702 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Broadcast media

Morocco's state-owned broadcaster, Radio-Television Marocaine (RTM), operates a radio service from Laayoune and relays TV service; a Polisario-backed radio station also broadcasts (2008)

Internet country code

.eh

Telephone system

sparse and limited system NA country code - 212; tied into Morocco's system by microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and satellite; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) linked to Rabat, Morocco (2008)

domestic

NA

general assessment

sparse and limited system

international

country code - 212; tied into Morocco's system by microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and satellite; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) linked to Rabat, Morocco (2008)

Airports

6 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

3 (2013)

2,438 to 3,047 m

3 (2013)

total

3

Airports - with unpaved runways

1 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

1

914 to 1,523 m

1

total

3

Ports and terminals

Ad Dakhla, Laayoune (El Aaiun)

Manpower fit for military service

79,489 87,362 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

87,362 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

79,489

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

5,523 5,429 (2010 est.)

female

5,429 (2010 est.)

male

5,523

Disputes - international

many neighboring states reject Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; several states have extended diplomatic relations to the "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" represented by the Polisario Front in exile in Algeria, while others recognize Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara; most of the approximately 90,000 Sahrawi refugees have been sheltered in camps in Tindouf, Algeria since the 1980s