2019 Edition

Background

Popes in their secular role ruled portions of the Italian peninsula for more than a thousand years until the mid-19th century, when many of the Papal States were seized by the newly united Kingdom of Italy. In 1870, the pope's holdings were further circumscribed when Rome itself was annexed. Disputes between a series of "prisoner" popes and Italy were resolved in 1929 by three Lateran Treaties, which established the independent state of Vatican City and granted Roman Catholicism special status in Italy. In 1984, a concordat between the Holy See and Italy modified certain of the earlier treaty provisions, including the primacy of Roman Catholicism as the Italian state religion. Present concerns of the Holy See include religious freedom, threats against minority Christian communities in Africa and the Middle East, the plight of refugees and migrants, sexual misconduct by clergy, international development, interreligious dialogue and reconciliation, and the application of church doctrine in an era of rapid change and globalization. About 1.3 billion people worldwide profess Catholicism - the world's largest Christian faith.

Area

Land

0.44 sq km

Total

0.44 sq km

Water

0 sq km

Area Comparative

about 0.7 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC

Climate

temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

Highest Point

Vatican Gardens (Vatican Hill) 78 m

Lowest Point

Saint Peter's Square 19 m

Environment Current Issues

some air pollution from the surrounding city of Rome

Environment International Agreements

Party To

Ozone Layer Protection

Signed But Not Ratified

Air Pollution, Environmental Modification

Geographic Coordinates

41 54 N, 12 27 E

Geography Note

landlocked; an enclave in Rome, Italy; world's smallest state; beyond the territorial boundary of Vatican City, the Lateran Treaty of 1929 grants the Holy See extraterritorial authority over 23 sites in Rome and five outside of Rome, including the Pontifical Palace at Castel Gandolfo (the Pope's summer residence)

Land Boundaries

Border Countries

Italy 3.4 km

Total

3.4 km

Land Use

Agricultural Land

0% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Arable Land

0% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Permanent Crops

0% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Permanent Pasture

0% (2011 est.)

Forest

0% (2011 est.)

Other

100% (2011 est.)

Location

Southern Europe, an enclave of Rome (Italy)

Map References

Europe

Maritime Claims

none (landlocked)

Natural Hazards

occasional earthquakes

Natural Resources

none

Terrain

urban; low hill

Ethnic Groups

Italian, Swiss, Argentinian, and other nationalities from around the world (2017)

Languages

Italian, Latin, French, various other languages

Major Urban Areas Population

1,000 VATICAN CITY (capital) (2018)

Nationality

Adjective

none

Noun

none

Population

1,000 (2017 est.)

Population Growth Rate

0% (2014 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic

Urbanization

Rate Of Urbanization

-0.05% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Urban Population

100% of total population (2019)

Administrative Divisions

none

Capital

Daylight Saving Time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Geographic Coordinates

41 54 N, 12 27 E

Name

Vatican City

Time Difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

Citizenship By Birth

no

Citizenship By Descent Only

no

Dual Citizenship Recognized

no

Residency Requirement For Naturalization

not applicable

Constitution

Amendments

note - although the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State makes no mention of amendments, Article Four (drafting laws), states that this legislative responsibility resides with the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State; draft legislation is submitted through the Secretariat of State and considered by the pope (2016)

History

previous 1929, 1963; latest adopted 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (Fundamental Law of Vatican City State); note - in October 2013, Pope Francis instituted a 9-member Council of Cardinal Advisors to reform the administrative apparatus of the Holy See (Roman Curia) to include writing a new constitution

Country Name

Conventional Long Form

The Holy See (Vatican City State)

Conventional Short Form

Holy See (Vatican City)

Etymology

"holy" comes from the Greek word "hera" meaning "sacred"; "see" comes from the Latin word "sedes" meaning "seat," and refers to the episcopal chair; the term "Vatican" derives from the hill Mons Vaticanus on which the Vatican is located and which comes from the Latin "vaticinari" (to prophesy), referring to the fortune tellers and soothsayers who frequented the area in Roman times

Local Long Form

La Santa Sede (Stato della Citta del Vaticano)

Local Short Form

Santa Sede (Citta del Vaticano)

Diplomatic Representation From The Us

Chief Of Mission

Ambassador Callista GINGRICH (since 22 December 2017)

Embassy

American Embassy to the Holy See, Via Sallustiana, 49, 00187 Rome, Italy

Fax

[39] (06) 4674-3412

Mailing Address

Unit 5660, Box 66, DPO AE 09624-0066

Telephone

[39] (06) 4674-1

Diplomatic Representation In The Us

Chancery

3339 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

Chief Of Mission

Apostolic Nuncio Archbishop Christophe PIERRE (since 27 June 2016)

Fax

[1] (202) 337-4036

Telephone

[1] (202) 333-7121

Executive Branch

Cabinet

Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City appointed by the pope

Chief Of State

Pope FRANCIS (since 13 March 2013)

Election Results

Jorge Mario BERGOGLIO, former Archbishop of Buenos Aires, elected Pope FRANCIS

Elections Appointments

pope elected by the College of Cardinals, usually for life or until voluntary resignation; election last held on 13 March 2013 (next to be held after the death or resignation of the current pope); Secretary of State appointed by the pope

Head Of Government

Secretary of State Cardinal Pietro PAROLIN (since 15 October 2013); note - Head of Government of Vatican City is President Cardinal Giuseppe BERTELLO (since 1 October 2011)

Flag Description

two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the arms of the Holy See, consisting of the crossed keys of Saint Peter surmounted by the three-tiered papal tiara, centered in the white band; the yellow color represents the pope's spiritual power, the white his worldly power

Government Type

ecclesiastical elective monarchy; self-described as an "absolute monarchy"

Independence

11 February 1929; note - the three treaties signed with Italy on 11 February 1929 acknowledged, among other things, the full sovereignty of the Holy See and established its territorial extent; however, the origin of the Papal States, which over centuries varied considerably in extent, may be traced back to A.D. 754

International Law Organization Participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International Organization Participation

CE (observer), IAEA, Interpol, IOM, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Schengen Convention (de facto member), SICA (observer), UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNHCR, Union Latina (observer), UNWTO (observer), UPU, WIPO, WTO (observer)

Judicial Branch

Highest Courts

Supreme Court or Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura (consists of the cardinal prefect, who serves as ex-officio president of the court, and 2 other cardinals of the Prefect Signatura); note - judicial duties were established by the Motu Proprio, papal directive, of Pope PIUS XII on 1 May 1946; most Vatican City criminal matters are handled by the Republic of Italy courts

Judge Selection And Term Of Office

cardinal prefect appointed by the pope; the other 2 cardinals of the court appointed by the cardinal prefect on a yearly basis

Subordinate Courts

Appellate Court of Vatican City; Tribunal of Vatican City

Legal System

religious legal system based on canon (religious) law

Legislative Branch

Description

unicameral Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State or Pontificia Commissione per lo Stato della Citta del Vaticano (7 seats; members appointed by the pope to serve 5-year terms)

Election Results

composition - men 7, women 0

Elections

last held on 11 July 2018

National Anthem

Lyrics Music

Raffaello LAVAGNA/Charles-Francois GOUNOD

Name

"Inno e Marcia Pontificale" (Hymn and Pontifical March); often called The Pontifical Hymn

National Holiday

Election Day of Pope FRANCIS, 13 March (2013)

National Symbol S

crossed keys beneath a papal tiara; national colors: yellow, white

Political Parties And Leaders

none

Suffrage

election of the pope is limited to cardinals less than 80 years old

Budget

Expenditures

348 million (2013)

Revenues

315 million (2013)

Economy Overview

The Holy See is supported financially by a variety of sources, including investments, real estate income, and donations from Catholic individuals, dioceses, and institutions; these help fund the Roman Curia (Vatican bureaucracy), diplomatic missions, and media outlets. Moreover, an annual collection taken up in dioceses and from direct donations go to a non-budgetary fund, known as Peter's Pence, which is used directly by the pope for charity, disaster relief, and aid to churches in developing nations.The separate Vatican City State budget includes the Vatican museums and post office and is supported financially by the sale of stamps, coins, medals, and tourist mementos as well as fees for admission to museums and publication sales. Revenues increased between 2010 and 2011 because of expanded operating hours and a growing number of visitors. However, the Holy See did not escape the financial difficulties experienced by other European countries; in 2012, it started a spending review to determine where to cut costs to reverse its 2011 budget deficit of $20 million. The Holy See generated a modest surplus in 2012 before recording a $32 million deficit in 2013, driven primarily by the decreasing value of gold. The incomes and living standards of lay workers are comparable to those of counterparts who work in the city of Rome so most public expenditures go to wages and other personnel costs;. In February 2014, Pope FRANCIS created the Secretariat of the Economy to oversee financial and administrative operations of the Holy See, part of a broader campaign to reform the Holy See’s finances.

Exchange Rates

2013

0.7634

2014

0.885

2015

0.9214

2016

0.903

2017

0.885

Currency

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Fiscal Year

calendar year

GDP Purchasing Power Parity

NA

Industries

printing; production of coins, medals, postage stamps; mosaics, staff uniforms; worldwide banking and financial activities

Labor Force

4,822 (2016)

Labor Force By Occupation

note: essentially services with a small amount of industry; nearly all dignitaries, priests, nuns, guards, and the approximately 3,000 lay workers live outside the Vatican

Broadcast Media

the Vatican Television Center (CTV) transmits live broadcasts of the Pope's Sunday and Wednesday audiences, as well as the Pope's public celebrations; CTV also produces documentaries; Vatican Radio is the Holy See's official broadcasting service broadcasting via shortwave, AM and FM frequencies, and via satellite and Internet connections

Communications Note

the Vatican Apostolic Library is one of the world's oldest libraries, formally established in 1475, but actually much older; it holds a significant collection of historic texts including 1.1 million printed books and 75,000 codices (manuscript books with handwritten contents); it serves as a research library for history, law, philosophy, science, and theology; the library's collections have been described as "the world's greatest treasure house of the writings at the core of Western tradition"

Internet Country Code

.va

Telephone System

Domestic

connected via fiber-optic cable to Telecom Italia network (2018)

General Assessment

automatic digital exchange (2018)

International

country code - 39; uses Italian system

Military And Security Forces

Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps (Corpo della Guardia Svizzera Pontificia); The Gendarmerie Corps of Vatican City is a police force that helps augment the Pontifical Swiss Guard during the Pope’s appearances, as well as providing general security, traffic direction, and investigative duties for the Vatican City State (2019)

Military Note

defense is the responsibility of Italy

Military Service Age And Obligation

Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps (Corpo della Guardia Svizzera Pontificia): 19-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; must be Roman Catholic, a single male, and a Swiss citizen, with a secondary education (2019)

Disputes International

none