1983 Edition

Agriculture

rice, corn, barley, wheat, potatoes, fruit

food imported; some dates, alfalfa, vegetables, fruit, tobacco raised

mixed farming predominates; main products — wheat, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, livestock, dairy products; 62% self-sufficient (1982); dependent on imports for more than half of consumption of refined sugar, butter, oils and fats, and bacon and ham

Aid

donor — bilateral economic aid committed (ODA and OOF) (1970-81), $15.5 billion Budget (national and local government): FY84 (proj.) revenues, 180 billion pounds; expenditures, 188 billion pounds; deficit, including nationalized industries, 8 billion pounds

Airfields

2 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanentsurface runways 1,220-2,439 m

48 total, 31 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways over 3,659 m, 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Branches

The Bermuda Regiment Land 46,620 km2; 70% forest; 15% agricultural; 15% desert, waste, urban

appointed ministers and indirectly elected National Assembly consisting of village elders, monastic representatives, and all district and senior government administrators

Royal Bhutan Army

Army, Navy, Air Force

legislative authority resides in Parliament (House of Lords, House of Commons); executive authority lies with collectively responsible Cabinet led by Prime Minister; House of Lords is supreme judicial authority and highest court of appeal

Budget

total receipts $48.5 million, expenditures $50.9 million (FY82/83 est.)

(1982 est.) current expenditures $8.6 billion, development $2.4 billion, revenue $10.2 billion

Capital

Thimphu Bolivia

London

Civil air

no major transport aircraft

4 major transport aircraft

Coastline

12,429 km People

Communists

no overt Communist presence

15,961

Crude steel

13.7 million metric tons produced (1982); 244 kg per capita (1982); 25.4 million tons capacity (1981)

Elections

popular elections on village level held every three years

at discretion of Prime Minister, but must be held before expiration of a five-year electoral mandate; last election 9 June 1983 Political parties and leaders: Conservative, Margaret Thatcher; Labor, Neil Kinnock; Liberal, David Steel; Social Democratic, David Owen; Communist, Gordon McLennan; Scottish National, Gordon Wilson; Plaid Cymru, Dafydd Wigley; Official Unionist, James Molyneaux; Democratic Unionist, Ian Paisley; Social Democratic and Labor, John Hume; Sinn Fein, Gerry Adams

Electric power

15,680 kW capacity (1983); 9 million kWh produced (1983), 7 kWh per capita

4,474,900 kW capacity (1983); 12.346 billion kWh produced (1983), 8,985 kWh per capita

86,015,000 kW capacity (1983); 275.343 billion kWh produced (1983), 4,910 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

60% Bhote, 25% ethnic Nepalese, 15% indigenous or migrant tribes

30% Quechua, 25% Aymara, 25-30% mixed, 5-15% European

81.5% English, 9.6% Scottish, 2.4% Irish, 1.9% Welsh, 1.8% Ulster, 0.8% other; West Indian, Indian, Pakistani over 2%

Exports

$20.2 million (FY81/82); agricultural and forestry products, coal

$18.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982 est.); $14.5 billion in crude oil, $3.7 billion consisting mostly of gas, reexports, dried fish, dates

$96.5 billion (f.o.b., 1982); machinery, transport equipment, petroleum, manufactured goods, chemicals, foodstuffs

Fiscal year

1 April-31 March Communications

calendar year Communications

1 April-31 March Communications

Fishing

catch 727,500 metric tons (1981); imports $707 million (1982), exports $283 million (1982)

Freight carried

not available, very light traffic

GDP

$131 million (FY81/82), $109 per capita; 9.4% growth in FY81/82

$30 billion (1982 est), $30,000 per capita

GNP

$482.7 billion (1982), $8,620 per capita; 60.6% consumption, 15.3% investment, 21.8% government; —0.4% stockbuilding, — 2.2% net foreign balance, real growth -4.2% (1982)

Government leader

Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK, King

ELIZABETH II, Queen (Chief of State); Margaret THATCHER, Prime Minister (Head of Government)

Highways

1,304 km total; 418 km surfaced, 515 km improved, 371 km unimproved earth

1,085 km total; 885 km bituminous, 200 km gravel and graded earth

Imports

(from India) $50.8 million (FY81/82); textiles, cereals, vehicles, fuels, machinery

$8.1 billion (f.o.b., 1982 est.); food, consumer, and capital goods

$99.0 billion (c.i.f., 1982); machinery, foodstuffs, petroleum, manufactured goods, chemicals, crude materials

Labor force

95% agriculture, 1% industry and commerce (1983); massive lack of skilled labor Government

1.7 million (1983); 47% agriculture, 23% services, 19% industry and commerce, 11% government

(1982) 26.08 million; 54.4% industry and commerce, 29.9% services, 7.6% self-employed, 6.6% government, 1.5% agriculture; 12.5% unemployed (early 1984)

Land boundaries

about 870 km People

6,083 km People

360 km Water

Language

Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects— most widely spoken dialect is Dzongkha (official); Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects

Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara (all official)

English, Welsh (about 26% of population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)

Legal system

based on Indian law and English common law; in 1964 the monarch assumed full power — no constitution existed beforehand; a Supreme Court hears appeals from district administrators; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influences; no judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

3 nm (fishing 200 nm)

Literacy

5%

est. 75%

99%

Major industries

cement, chemical products, mining, distilling, food processing, handicrafts

machinery and transport equipment, metals, food processing, paper and paper products, textiles, chemicals, clothing

Major trade partner

India

Major trade partners

Japan, EC, US

44.4% EC, 12.6% US, 12.5% FRG, 10.3% Commonwealth, 8.4% France; 2.1% Communist (September 1983)

Member of

ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IMF, NAM, UNESCO, UPU, UN, WHO Economy

ADB, CENTO, Colombo Plan, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ELDO, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB— Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC — International Whaling Commission, IWC — International Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $1.9 billion; 37% of central government budget Atlantic Ocean Land 243,977 km2; 50% meadow and pasture, 30% arable, 12% waste or urban, 7% forest, 1% inland water

Military manpower

males 15-49, 350,000; 188,000 fit for military service; about 17,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 547,000; 379,000 fit for military service

Monetary conversion rate

both ngultrums and Indian rupees are legal tender; 10.224 ngultrums= 10.224 Indian rupees=US$l (October 1983)

3.679 UAE dirhams=US$l (February 1984)

.7062 pounds sterling=US$l (February 1984)

National holiday

17 December

celebration of birthday of the Queen, 16 June

Nationality

noun — Bhutanese (sing., pi.); adjective — Bhutanese

noun — Bolivian(s); adjective — Bolivian

noun — Briton(s), British (collective pi.); adjective — British

Official name

Kingdom of Bhutan

Republic of Bolivia

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Organized labor

150,000-200,000, concentrated in mining, industry, construction, and transportation Government

40% of labor force Government

Other political or pressure groups

Buddhist clergy

Trades Union Congress, Confederation of British Industry, National Farmers' Union, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament

Pipelines

830 km crude oil; 370 km natural gas, including natural gas liquids

Political parties

no legal parties

Political subdivisions

4 regions(east, central, west, south), further divided into 17 districts

650 parliamentary constituencies

Population

1,417,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.2%

6,037,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.6%

56,023,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 0.0%

Ports

4 major, 18 minor

Railroads

none

Great Britain— 17,249 km total; British Railways (BR) operates 17,230 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (3,718 km electrified, 12,591 km double or multiple track), and 19 km 0.597-meter gauge; several. additional small standard gauge and narrow gauge lines are privately owned; Northern Ireland Railways (NIR) operates 332 km 1.600-meter gauge, 190 km double track

Religion

75% Lamaistic Buddhism, 25% Buddhist-influenced Hinduism

95% Roman Catholic; active Protestant minority, especially Methodist

27.0 million Anglican, 5.3 million Roman Catholic, 2.0 million Presbyterian, 760,000 Methodist, 450,000 Jewish (registered)

Suffrage

each family has one vote

universal over age 18

Supply

dependent on India Land 1,098,160 km2; 45% urban, desert, waste, or other; 40% forest; 11% pasture and meadow; 2% cultivated and fallow; 2% inland water

Telecommunications

facilities inadequate; 1,300 telephones (0.1 per 100 pop!.); 11,000 est. radio sets; no TV sets; 20 AM stations and no TV stations Defense Forces

adequate system of radio relay and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu Dhabi and Dubai; 208,900 telephones (20.0 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 3 FM, and 9 TV stations; 3 INTELSAT stations with 1 Atlantic and 2 Indian Ocean antennas; plan submarine cables to India and Pakistan Defense Forces

Type

monarchy; special treaty relationship with India

republic

constitutional monarchy

Voting strength

(1983 election) House of Commons — Conservative, 397 seats (42.4%); Labor, 209 seats (27.6%); Social DemocraticLiberal Alliance, 23 seats (17 Liberal, 6 SDP) (25.4%); Scottish National Party, 2seats; Plaid Cymru (Welsh Nationalist), 2 sedts; Official Unionist (Northern Ireland), 1 1 seats; Democratic Unionist (Northern Ireland), 3 seats; Ulster Popular Unionist (Northern Ireland), 1 seat; Social Democratic and Labor (Northern Ireland), 1 seat; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland), 1 seat