2020 Edition

Background

Ukraine was the center of the first eastern Slavic state, Kyivan Rus, which was the largest and most powerful state in Europe during the 10th and 11th centuries. Weakened by internecine quarrels and Mongol invasions, Kyivan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and eventually into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The cultural and religious legacy of Kyivan Rus laid the foundation for Ukrainian nationalism. A new Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, was established during the mid-17th century after an uprising against the Poles. Despite continuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to remain autonomous for well over 100 years. During the latter part of the 18th century, the Russian Empire absorbed most Ukrainian territory. After czarist Russia collapsed in 1917, Ukraine -- which has long been known as the region's "bread basket" for its agricultural production -- achieved a short-lived period of independence (1917-20), but the country was reconquered and endured a Soviet rule that engineered two famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over eight million died. In World War II, German and Soviet armies were responsible for seven to eight million more deaths. In 1986, a sudden power surge during a reactor-systems test at Ukraine's Chernobyl power station triggered the worst nuclear disaster in history, releasing massive amounts of radioactive material. Although Ukraine overwhelmingly voted for independence in 1991 as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) dissolved, democracy and prosperity remained elusive, with the legacy of state control, patronage politics, and endemic corruption stalling efforts at economic reform, privatization, and civil liberties. In 2004 and 2005, a mass protest dubbed the "Orange Revolution" forced the authorities to overturn a presidential election and allow a new internationally monitored vote that swept into power a reformist slate under Viktor YUSHCHENKO. Rival Viktor YANUKOVYCH became prime minister in 2006 and was elected president in 2010. In 2012, Ukraine held legislative elections that Western observers widely criticized as corrupt. In 2013, YANUKOVYCH backtracked on a trade and cooperation agreement with the EU -- in favor of closer economic ties with Russia -- and then used force against protestors who supported the agreement, leading to a three-month protestor occupation of Kyiv's central square. The government's use of violence to break up the protest camp in 2014 led to multiple deaths, international condemnation, a failed political deal, and the president's abrupt departure for Russia. Pro-West President Petro POROSHENKO took office later that year; Volodymyr ZELENSKYY succeeded him in 2019. Shortly after YANUKOVYCH's departure in 2014, Russian President Vladimir PUTIN ordered the invasion of Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula. In response, the UN passed a resolution confirming Ukraine's sovereignty and independence. In mid-2014, Russia began an armed conflict in two of Ukraine's eastern provinces. International efforts to end the conflict failed, and by 2022, more than 14,000 civilians were killed or wounded. On 24 February 2022, Russia escalated the conflict by invading the country on several fronts, in what has become the largest conventional military attack on a sovereign state in Europe since World War II. Russia made substantial gains in the early weeks of the invasion but underestimated Ukrainian resolve and combat capabilities. Despite Ukrainian resistance, Russia has laid claim to four Ukrainian oblasts -- Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia -- although none is fully under Russian control. The international community has not recognized the annexations. The invasion has also created Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II, with over six million Ukrainian refugees recorded globally. It remains one of the two largest displacement crises worldwide (the other is the conflict in Syria). President ZELENSKYY has focused on boosting Ukrainian identity to unite the country behind the goals of ending the war through reclaiming territory and advancing Ukraine’s candidacy for EU membership. 

Area

land

579,330 sq km

total

603,550 sq km

water

24,220 sq km

Area - comparative

almost four times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Texas

Climate

temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; warm summers across the greater part of the country, hot in the south

Coastline

2,782 km

Elevation

highest point

Hora Hoverla 2,061 m

lowest point

Black Sea 0 m

mean elevation

175 m

Geographic coordinates

49 00 N, 32 00 E

Geography - note

strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second-largest country in Europe after Russia

Irrigated land

1,000 sq km (2022)

Land boundaries

border countries

Belarus 1,111 km; Hungary 128 km; Moldova 1,202 km; Poland 498 km; Romania 601 km; Russia 1,944 km, Slovakia 97 km

total

5,581 km

Land use

agricultural land

71.3% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 56.8% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 1.5% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 13% (2023 est.)

forest

17.3% (2023 est.)

other

10.4% (2023 est.)

Location

Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland, Belarus, Romania, and Moldova in the west and Russia in the east

Major rivers (by length in km)

Dunay (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km; Dnipro (Dnieper) river mouth (shared with Russia [s] and Belarus) - 2,287 km; Dnister (Dniester) river source and mouth (shared with Moldova) - 1,411 km; Vistula (shared with Poland [s/m] and Belarus) - 1,213 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage

(Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km), Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)

Map references

AsiaEurope

Maritime claims

continental shelf

200 m or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

occasional floods; occasional droughts

Natural resources

iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber, arable land

Population distribution

densest settlement in the eastern (Donbas) and western regions; notable concentrations in and around major urban areas of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Donets'k, Dnipropetrovs'k, and Odesa

Terrain

mostly fertile plains (steppes) and plateaus, with mountains found only in the west (the Carpathians) or in the extreme south of the Crimean Peninsula

Age structure

0-14 years

12.3% (male 2,278,116/female 2,122,500)

15-64 years

67.8% (male 12,784,928/female 11,376,460)

65 years and over

19.9% (2024 est.) (male 2,447,105/female 4,652,717)

Alcohol consumption per capita

beer

2.44 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0.05 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

2.88 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

5.69 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

0.32 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

6.24 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Death rate

17.61 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

29.4 (2024 est.)

potential support ratio

3.4 (2024 est.)

total dependency ratio

47.6 (2024 est.)

youth dependency ratio

18.2 (2024 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 93.6% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 90.8% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 6.4% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 9.2% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP)

5.1% of GDP (2021 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

12.7% national budget (2021 est.)

Ethnic groups

Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan 0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian 0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.59 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

8% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

10.6% of national budget (2021 est.)

Hospital bed density

6.3 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate

female

7.6 deaths/1,000 live births

male

9.7 deaths/1,000 live births

total

8.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Languages

Ukrainian (official) 67.5%, Russian (regional language) 29.6%, other (includes Crimean Tatar, Moldovan/Romanian, and Hungarian) 2.9% (2001 est.)

major-language sample(s)

Свiтова Книга Фактiв – найкраще джерело базової інформації. (Ukrainian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

75.8 years

male

65.4 years

total population

70.5 years (2024 est.)

Literacy

female

100% (2021)

male

100%

total population

100%

Major urban areas - population

3.017 million KYIV (capital), 1.421 million Kharkiv, 1.008 million Odesa, 942,000 Dnipropetrovsk, 888,000 Donetsk (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

15 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Median age

female

49.2 years

male

41.4 years

total

44.6 years (2025 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

26.2 years (2019 est.)

Nationality

adjective

Ukrainian

noun

Ukrainian(s)

Net migration rate

35.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

24.1% (2016)

Physician density

3.53 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Population

female

18,151,677

male

17,510,149

total

35,661,826 (2024 est.)

Population growth rate

2.42% (2025 est.)

Religions

Orthodox (includes the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU), Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC), and the Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP)), Ukrainian Greek Catholic, Roman Catholic, Protestant, Muslim, Jewish (2013 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 100% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

14 years (2021 est.)

male

13 years (2021 est.)

total

13 years (2021 est.)

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.07 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1.12 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.53 male(s)/female

at birth

1.06 male(s)/female

total population

0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

female

8% (2025 est.)

male

35.5% (2025 est.)

total

20.4% (2025 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.22 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

-0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

70.1% of total population (2023)

Administrative divisions

24 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtonomna respublika), and 2 municipalities** (mista, singular - misto) with oblast status; Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Chernivtsi, Crimea or Avtonomna Respublika Krym* (Simferopol), Dnipropetrovsk (Dnipro), Donetsk, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kharkiv, Kherson, Khmelnytskyi, Kirovohrad (Kropyvnytskyi), Kyiv**, Kyiv, Luhansk, Lviv, Mykolaiv, Odesa, Poltava, Rivne, Sevastopol**, Sumy, Ternopil, Vinnytsia, Volyn (Lutsk), Zakarpattia (Uzhhorod), Zaporizhzhia, Zhytomyr

Capital

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology

the origin of the name is unclear; traditionally, the name comes from a Prince Kiy, who is said to have founded the city in the 9th century

geographic coordinates

50 26 N, 30 31 E

name

Kyiv (Kiev is the transliteration from Russian)

time difference

UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Ukraine

dual citizenship recognized

no

residency requirement for naturalization

5 years

Constitution

amendment process

proposed by the president of Ukraine or by at least one third of the Supreme Council members; adoption requires simple majority vote by the Council and at least two-thirds majority vote in its next regular session; adoption of proposals relating to general constitutional principles, elections, and amendment procedures requires two-thirds majority vote by the Council and approval in a referendum; constitutional articles on personal rights and freedoms, national independence, and territorial integrity cannot be amended

history

several previous; latest adopted and ratified 28 June 1996

Country name

conventional long form

none

conventional short form

Ukraine

etymology

the name derives from the Old East Slavic or Old Russian word ukraina, meaning "borderland," which was used to describe the area on medieval Russia's border at the time of the Tatar invasion in the 13th century 

former

Ukrainian National Republic, Ukrainian State, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

local long form

none

local short form

Ukraina

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Ambassador Julie S. DAVIS (since 5 May 2025)

email address and website

kyivacs@state.gov https://ua.usembassy.gov/

embassy

4 A. I. Igor Sikorsky Street, 04112 Kyiv

FAX

[380] (44) 521-5544

mailing address

5850 Kyiv Place, Washington, DC 20521-5850

telephone

[380] (44) 521-5000

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

3350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007

chief of mission

Ambassador Olha STEFANISHYNA (since 19 September 2025)

consulate(s) general

Chicago, New York, San Francisco

email address and website

emb_us@mfa.gov.ua https://usa.mfa.gov.ua/en

FAX

[1] (202) 333-0817

telephone

[1] (202) 349-2963

Executive branch

cabinet

Cabinet of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, approved by the Verkhovna Rada

chief of state

President Volodymyr ZELENSKYY (since 20 May 2019)

election results

2019: Volodymyr ZELENSKYY elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Volodymyr ZELENSKYY (Servant of the People) 30.2%, Petro POROSHENKO (BPP-Solidarity) 15.6%, Yuliya TYMOSHENKO (Fatherland) 13.4%, Yuriy BOYKO (Opposition Platform-For Life) 11.7%, 35 other candidates 29.1%; percent of vote in the second round - Volodymyr ZELENSKYY 73.2%, Petro POROSHENKO 24.5%, other 2.3%; Denys SHMYHAL (independent) elected prime minister; Verkhovna Rada vote - 291-59 2014: Petro POROSHENKO elected president in first round; percent of vote - Petro POROSHENKO (independent) 54.5%, Yuliya TYMOSHENKO (Fatherland) 12.9%, Oleh LYASHKO (Radical Party) 8.4%, other 24.2%; Volodymyr HROYSMAN (BPP) elected prime minister; Verkhovna Rada vote - 257-50

election/appointment process

president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister selected by the Verkhovna Rada

expected date of next election

scheduled for March/April 2024, but not held because Ukraine has been under martial law since February 2022

head of government

Prime Minister Yulia SVYRYDENKO (since 17 July 2025)

most recent election date

31 March and 21 April 2019

Flag

description: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and yellow meaning: the colors date back to medieval heraldry, but they are sometimes said to represent grain fields under a blue sky

Government type

semi-presidential republic

Independence

24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier dates: ca. 982 (VOLODYMYR I consolidates Kyivan Rus); 1199 (Principality (later Kingdom) of Ruthenia formed); 1648 (establishment of the Cossack Hetmanate); 22 January 1918 (from Soviet Russia)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

Australia Group, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CICA (observer), CIS (participating member, has not signed the 1993 CIS charter), EAEC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Court of Ukraine or SCU (consists of 100 judges, organized into civil, criminal, commercial and administrative chambers, and a grand chamber); Constitutional Court (consists of 18 justices); High Anti-Corruption Court (consists of 39 judges, including 12 in the Appeals Chamber)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court judges recommended by the High Qualification Commission of Judges (a 16-member state body responsible for judicial candidate testing and assessment and judicial administration), submitted to the High Council of Justice, a 21-member independent body of judicial officials; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 65; High Anti-Corruption Court judges are selected by the same process, with one addition – a majority of a combined High Qualification Commission of Judges and a 6-member Public Council of International Experts must vote in favor of potential judges in order to recommend their nomination to the High Council of Justice; Constitutional Court justices appointed - 6 each by the president, the Congress of Judges, and the Verkhovna Rada; judges serve 9-year nonrenewable terms

subordinate courts

Courts of Appeal; district courts

Legal system

civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

Legislative branch

electoral system

mixed system

expected date of next election

May 2025

legislative structure

unicameral

legislature name

Parliament (Verkhovna Rada)

most recent election date

7/21/2019

number of seats

450 (all directly elected)

parties elected and seats per party

Servant of the People (254); Opposition Platform - For Life (43); Fatherland (26); European Solidarity (25); Independents (46); Other (30)

percentage of women in chamber

21.2%

scope of elections

full renewal

term in office

5 years

National anthem(s)

history

music adopted 1991, lyrics adopted 2003; current version of the anthem is the first verse of CHUBYNSKYI's poem, plus the chorus

lyrics/music

Paul CHUBYNSKYI/Mikhail VERBYTSKYI

title

"Shche ne vmerla Ukraina" (Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished)

National color(s)

blue, yellow

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

Kyiv: Saint Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (c); Lviv Historic Center (c); Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans, Chernivtsi (c); Ancient City of Tauric Chersonese, Sevastopol (c); Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians (n); Struve Geodetic Arc (c); The Historic Centre of Odesa (c)

total World Heritage Sites

8 (7 cultural, 1 natural)

National holiday

Independence Day, 24 August (1991)

National symbol(s)

tryzub (trident), sunflower

Political parties

European Solidarity or YeS Fatherland or VOB Holos Servant of the People or SN

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

maize, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, milk, barley, soybeans, rapeseed, tomatoes (2023)

Average household expenditures

on alcohol and tobacco

6.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on food

41.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Budget

expenditures

$121.657 billion (2023 est.)

revenues

$86.185 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2022

$7.976 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

-$9.564 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2024

-$13.749 billion (2024 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 2023

$90.003 billion (2023 est.)

Economic overview

lower-middle-income, non-EU, Eastern European economy; key wheat and corn exporter; gradual recovery after 30% GDP contraction at start of war; damage to infrastructure and agriculture balanced by consumer and business resilience in western Ukraine; international aid has stabilized foreign exchange reserves, allowing managed currency float; continued progress on anti-corruption reforms

Exchange rates

Currency

hryvnia (UAH) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

26.958 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

27.286 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

32.342 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

36.574 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

40.152 (2024 est.)

Exports

Exports 2022

$57.517 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$51.28 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2024

$56.114 billion (2024 est.)

Exports - commodities

corn, seed oils, wheat, iron ore, soybeans (2023)

Exports - partners

Poland 12%, Romania 9%, Turkey 7%, China 6%, Spain 6% (2023)

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

29.4% (2024 est.)

government consumption

37.9% (2024 est.)

household consumption

62.4% (2024 est.)

imports of goods and services

-48.3% (2024 est.)

investment in fixed capital

18.9% (2024 est.)

investment in inventories

-0.3% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

7.1% (2024 est.)

industry

19% (2024 est.)

services

60.6% (2024 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$190.741 billion (2024 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020

25.6 (2020 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

21.7% (2020 est.)

lowest 10%

4.3% (2020 est.)

Imports

Imports 2022

$83.254 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$89.159 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2024

$92.025 billion (2024 est.)

Imports - commodities

refined petroleum, cars, natural gas, packaged medicine, plastic products (2023)

Imports - partners

China 16%, Poland 14%, Germany 8%, Turkey 6%, USA 4% (2023)

Industrial production growth rate

4.1% (2024 est.)

Industries

industrial machinery, ferrous and nonferrous metals, automotive and aircraft components, electronics, chemicals, textiles, mining, construction

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

20.2% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

12.8% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

6.5% (2024 est.)

Labor force

20.539 million (2021 est.)

Population below poverty line

1.6% (2020 est.)

Public debt

Public debt 2020

58.7% of GDP (2020 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$531.796 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$561.23 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$577.583 billion (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2022

-28.8% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

5.5% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

2.9% (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita

Real GDP per capita 2022

$13,800 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$15,900 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$16,300 (2024 est.)

Remittances

Remittances 2022

10.4% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

8.3% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2024

6.3% of GDP (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$28.506 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$40.51 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$43.781 billion (2024 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

17.5% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2019

8.2% (2019 est.)

Unemployment rate 2020

9.5% (2020 est.)

Unemployment rate 2021

9.9% (2021 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

20.4% (2021 est.)

male

18.1% (2021 est.)

total

19.1% (2021 est.)

Coal

consumption

25.012 million metric tons (2023 est.)

exports

32,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

imports

5.442 million metric tons (2023 est.)

production

19.603 million metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves

34.375 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity

consumption

89.402 billion kWh (2023 est.)

exports

6.1 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports

3.28 billion kWh (2023 est.)

installed generating capacity

60.297 million kW (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

10.347 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Electricity generation sources

biomass and waste

1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

fossil fuels

32.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity

9.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

nuclear

50.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar

4.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

wind

1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

57.856 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Natural gas

consumption

19.705 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

exports

95.994 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

imports

2.028 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

production

17.681 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

proven reserves

1.104 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Nuclear energy

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors

13.11GW (2025 est.)

Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down

4 (2025)

Number of nuclear reactors under construction

2 (2025)

Number of operational nuclear reactors

15 (2025)

Percent of total electricity production

55% (2023 est.)

Petroleum

crude oil estimated reserves

395 million barrels (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption

192,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

total petroleum production

3,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

20 (2023 est.)

total

8.07 million (2023 est.)

Broadcast media

media landscape dominated by oligarch-owned news outlets; United News created for 24-hour news about the war with Russia, a joint effort from the Ukrainian public broadcaster and top commercial TV channels; Ukraine Radio's Suspilne and privately owned Radio NV are the national talk radio networks (2021)

Internet country code

.ua

Internet users

percent of population

82% (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

4 (2023 est.)

total subscriptions

1.434 million (2023 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

135 (2021 est.)

total subscriptions

50.3 million (2023 est.)

Airports

152 (2025)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

UR

Heliports

44 (2025)

Merchant marine

by type

container ship 1, general cargo 83, oil tanker 14, other 312

total

410 (2023)

Ports

key ports

Berdyansk, Dnipro-Buzkyy, Feodosiya, Illichivsk, Kerch, Kherson, Mariupol, Mykolayiv, Odesa, Sevastopol, Yuzhnyy

large

3

medium

0

ports with oil terminals

8

small

8

total ports

26 (2024)

very small

15

Railways

broad gauge

21,684 km (2014) 1.524-m gauge (9,250 km electrified)

standard gauge

49 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (49 km electrified)

total

21,733 km (2014)

Military - note

the primary focus of the Ukrainian Armed Forces (UAF) is defense against Russian aggression; in February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in what is the largest conflict in Europe since the end of World War II in 1945; as of 2025, the front line of the fighting stretched about 1,000 kilometers (some 600 miles) north and south in eastern and southern Ukraine; Russia’s forces have also launched missile and armed drone strikes throughout Ukraine, hitting critical infrastructure, including power, water, and heating facilities, as well as other civilian targets; Russia first invaded Ukraine in 2014, occupying Ukraine’s province of Crimea and backing separatist forces in the Donbas region with arms, equipment, and training, as well as military personnel, although Moscow denied their presence prior to 2022; the UAF has received outside military assistance since the Russian invasion, including equipment and training, chiefly from Europe and the US Ukraine has a relationship with NATO dating back to the early 1990s, when Ukraine joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (1991) and the Partnership for Peace program (1994); the relationship intensified in the wake of the 2014 Russia-Ukraine conflict and Russian seizure of Crimea to include NATO support for Ukrainian military capabilities development and capacity-building; NATO and individual NATO countries further increased support to the Ukrainian military following Russia’s 2022 invasion (2025)

Military and security forces

Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU; Zbroyni Syly Ukrayiny or ZSU): Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air Forces, Air Assault Forces, Marine Corps, Special Operations Forces, Unmanned Systems Forces, Territorial Defense Forces (Reserves) Ministry of Internal Affairs: National Guard of Ukraine, State Border Guard Service of Ukraine (includes Maritime Border Guard or Sea Guard), National Police of Ukraine (2025)

Military and security service personnel strengths

estimated 850,000-1 million active Defense Forces (2025)

Military deployments

note: prior to the Russian invasion in 2022, Ukraine had committed about 500 troops to the Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine joint military brigade (LITPOLUKRBRIG), which was established in 2014; the brigade is headquartered in Poland and is comprised of an international staff, three battalions, and specialized units; units affiliated with the multinational brigade remain within the structures of the armed forces of their respective countries until the brigade is activated for participation in an international operation

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

prior to the full-scale Russian invasion in February 2022, the Ukrainian military was equipped largely with Russian-origin and Soviet-era weapons systems; since the invasion, it has received considerable quantities of weapons, including Soviet-era and more modern Western systems, from European countries and the US; Ukraine also has a growing inventory of domestically produced armaments (2025)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2017

3.1% of GDP (2017 est.)

Military Expenditures 2018

3.1% of GDP (2018 est.)

Military Expenditures 2019

3.4% of GDP (2019 est.)

Military Expenditures 2020

4.4% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

4% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; 25 years of age for conscription for men; 18-24 months service obligation (2025)

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs

3,665,165 (2024 est.)

refugees

2,876 (2024 est.)

stateless persons

10,910 (2024 est.)

Key space-program milestones

1995 - first domestically produced remote sensing (RS) satellite (Sich-1) launched on Ukrainian Tsyklon-3 rocket 1997 - first Ukrainian astronaut in space on US Space Shuttle 1999 - first launch of Dnipro-1, a domestically produced satellite launch vehicle (SLV) 2008 - first launch of Zenit-3SLB, a domestically produced SLV  2014 - launched first domestically produced microsatellite (PolyITAN-1) 2020 - signed US-led Artemis Accords for space and lunar exploration 2021 - first successful launch of joint Ukrainian-US commercial light SLV (Alpha) 2022 - domestically produced RS microsatellite (Sich 2-30) launched by US 2024 - first Ukrainian woman to suborbital space on US commercial spacecraft

Space agency/agencies

State Space Agency of Ukraine (SSAU; established 1992 as the National Space Agency of Ukraine or NSAU and renamed in 2010) (2025)

Space program overview

the country inherited a large, well-developed space program when it gained independence in 1991, taking over all the former Soviet defense/space industry that was located on its territory; the modern program includes the production of satellite/space launch vehicles (SLVs)/rocket carriers, satellites, and related components; prior to the Russian invasion in 2022, the country was producing more than 100 SLVs, SLV stages, or SLV engines annually; has worked with numerous foreign space agencies and industries, including those of Brazil, Canada, China, Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia (curtailed after 2014), Turkey, and the US, as well as the ESA, the EU, and their member states (particularly Italy and Poland); has about 20 state-run space industries; in 2019, the Ukrainian Parliament began allowing private companies to engage in space activities (2025)

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

45.512 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas

36.847 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

24.488 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

total emissions

106.847 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Environmental issues

air and water pollution; land degradation; solid waste management; biodiversity loss; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast from 1986 nuclear accident in Chornobyl'

International environmental agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds

Methane emissions

agriculture

341.6 kt (2019-2021 est.)

energy

1,003.4 kt (2022-2024 est.)

other

70.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)

waste

409.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Particulate matter emissions

15.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Total renewable water resources

175.28 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

1.031 billion cubic meters (2022)

industrial

2.188 billion cubic meters (2022)

municipal

1.66 billion cubic meters (2022)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

15.242 million tons (2024 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

4.5% (2022 est.)