2020 Edition

Background

Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the Ottoman Empire by reformer and national hero Mustafa KEMAL, known as Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." One-party rule ended in 1950, and periods of instability and military coups have since fractured the multiparty democracy, in 1960, 1971, 1980, 1997, and 2016.  Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and NATO in 1952. In 1963, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community; it began accession talks with the EU in 2005. Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which only Turkey recognizes. The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), a US-designated terrorist organization, began a separatist insurgency in Turkey in 1984, and the struggle has long dominated the attention of Turkish security forces. In 2013, the Turkish Government and the PKK conducted negotiations aimed at ending the violence, but intense fighting resumed in 2015.  The Turkish Government conducted a referendum in 2017 in which voters approved constitutional amendments changing Turkey from a parliamentary to a presidential system. 

Area

land

769,632 sq km

total

783,562 sq km

water

13,930 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly larger than Texas

Climate

temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior

Coastline

7,200 km

Elevation

highest point

Mount Ararat 5,137 m

lowest point

Mediterranean Sea 0 m

mean elevation

1,132 m

Geographic coordinates

39 00 N, 35 00 E

Geography - note

strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link the Black and Aegean Seas; the 3% of Turkish territory north of the Straits lies in Europe and goes by the names of European Turkey, Eastern Thrace, or Turkish Thrace; the 97% of the country in Asia is referred to as Anatolia; Istanbul, which straddles the Bosporus, is the only metropolis in the world located on two continents; Mount Ararat, reputed to be the landing place of Noah's ark, is in the far-eastern part of the country

Irrigated land

52,150 sq km (2022)

Land boundaries

border countries

Armenia 311 km; Azerbaijan 17 km; Bulgaria 223 km; Georgia 273 km; Greece 192 km; Iran 534 km; Iraq 367 km; Syria 899 km

total

2,816 km

Land use

agricultural land

50.1% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 26.3% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 4.8% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 19% (2023 est.)

forest

29.3% (2023 est.)

other

20.5% (2023 est.)

Location

Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s)

Lake Beysehir - 650 sq km; Lake Egridir - 520 sq km

salt water lake(s)

Lake Van - 3,740 sq km; Lake Tuz - 1,640 sq km;

Major rivers (by length in km)

Euphrates river source (shared with Syria, Iran, and Iraq [m]) - 3,596 km; Tigris river source (shared with Syria, Iran, and Iraq [m]) - 1,950 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Indian Ocean drainage

(Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)

Map references

Middle East

Maritime claims

exclusive economic zone

in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed on with the former USSR

territorial sea

6 nm in the Aegean Sea

Natural hazards

severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van; landslides; flooding volcanism: limited volcanic activity; the three historically active volcanoes (Ararat, Nemrut Dagi, and Tendurek Dagi) have not erupted since the 19th century or earlier

Natural resources

coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower

Population distribution

the most densely populated area is found around the Bosporus in the northwest, where 20% of the population lives in Istanbul; with the exception of Ankara, urban centers remain small and scattered throughout the interior of Anatolia; an overall pattern of peripheral development exists, particularly along the Aegean Sea coast in the west, and the Tigris and Euphrates River systems in the southeast

Terrain

high central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several mountain ranges

Age structure

0-14 years

21.7% (male 9,358,711/female 8,933,673)

15-64 years

68.6% (male 29,219,389/female 28,494,315)

65 years and over

9.6% (2024 est.) (male 3,669,330/female 4,444,113)

Alcohol consumption per capita

beer

0.67 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

0.35 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

1.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

13.56 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Child marriage

women married by age 15

2% (2018)

women married by age 18

14.7% (2018)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

1.5% (2018 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

59.6% (2021 est.)

Death rate

6.19 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

14.6 (2025 est.)

potential support ratio

6.9 (2025 est.)

total dependency ratio

45.7 (2025 est.)

youth dependency ratio

31.2 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 96% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 97% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 97.3% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 4% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 3% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 2.7% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP)

3.1% of GDP (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

11.3% national budget (2022 est.)

Ethnic groups

Turkish 70-75%, Kurdish 19%, other minorities 6-11% (2016 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.92 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

4.6% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

10% of national budget (2022 est.)

Hospital bed density

3 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate

female

16.7 deaths/1,000 live births

male

19.9 deaths/1,000 live births

total

17.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Languages

Turkish (official), Kurdish, other minority languages

major-language sample(s)

The World Factbook, temel bilgi edinmek için vazgeçilmez bir kaynak. (Turkish) ڕاستییەکانی جیهان، باشترین سەرچاوەیە بۆ زانیارییە بنەڕەتییەکان (Kurdish) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

79.2 years

male

74.4 years

total population

76.7 years (2024 est.)

Literacy

female

95.3% (2021 est.)

male

99.3% (2021 est.)

total population

97.3% (2021 est.)

Major urban areas - population

15.848 million Istanbul, 5.397 million ANKARA (capital), 3.088 million Izmir, 2.086 million Bursa, 1.836 million Adana, 1.805 million Gaziantep (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

15 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Median age

female

34.6 years

male

33.4 years

total

34.4 years (2025 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

26.6 years (2020 est.)

Nationality

adjective

Turkish

noun

Turk(s)

Net migration rate

-1.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

32.1% (2016)

Physician density

2.24 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Population

female

42,136,308

male

42,489,277

total

84,625,585 (2025 est.)

Population growth rate

0.59% (2025 est.)

Religions

Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 98.7% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 99.6% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 99.8% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 1.3% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 0.4% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0.2% of population (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

20 years (2022 est.)

male

20 years (2022 est.)

total

20 years (2022 est.)

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.83 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

female

20.1% (2025 est.)

male

40.1% (2025 est.)

total

30.1% (2025 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.88 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

1.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

77.5% of total population (2023)

Administrative divisions

81 provinces (iller, singular - ili); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir (Smyrna), Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon (Trebizond), Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak

Capital

etymology

the name probably derives from the Indo-European root word ang, meaning "bend" and relating to the settlement's original location in a winding gorge; the city was referred to as Angora by the 13th century; the name was officially modified to Ankara in 1923 when the Republic of Turkey was founded

geographic coordinates

39 56 N, 32 52 E

name

Ankara

time difference

UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Turkey

dual citizenship recognized

yes, but requires prior permission from the government

residency requirement for naturalization

5 years

Constitution

amendment process

proposed by written consent of at least one third of Grand National Assembly (GNA) of Turkey (TBMM) members; adoption of draft amendments requires two debates in plenary TBMM session and three-fifths majority vote of all GNA members; the president of the republic can request TBMM reconsideration of the amendment and, if readopted by two-thirds majority TBMM vote, the president may submit the amendment to a referendum; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote

history

several previous; latest ratified 9 November 1982

Country name

conventional long form

Republic of Turkey

conventional short form

Turkey

etymology

the name means "Land of the Turks"

local long form

Turkey Cumhuriyeti

local short form

Turkey

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Thomas J. BARRACK (since 14 May 2025)

consulate(s)

Adana

consulate(s) general

Istanbul

email address and website

Ankara-ACS@state.gov https://tr.usembassy.gov/

embassy

1480 Sokak No. 1, Cukurambar Mahallesi, 06530 Cankaya, Ankara

FAX

[90] (312) 467-0019

mailing address

7000 Ankara Place, Washington, DC 20512-7000

telephone

[90] (312) 294-0000

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Sedat ÖNAL (since 17 June 2024)

consulate(s) general

Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco

email address and website

embassy.washingtondc@mfa.gov.tr T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı - Turkish Embassy In Washington, D.C. (mfa.gov.tr)

FAX

[1] (202) 612-6744

telephone

[1] (202) 612-6700

Executive branch

cabinet

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

chief of state

President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 28 August 2014)

election results

2023: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in second round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.2%, Kemal KILICDAROGLU (CHP) 47.8% 2018: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in first round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, other 1.1%

election/appointment process

president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term)

expected date of next election

2028

head of government

President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 9 July 2018)

most recent election date

14 May 2023, with a runoff on 28 May 2023

Flag

description: red with a vertical white crescent moon and five-pointed white star centered just outside the crescent's opening meaning: the flag colors and designs closely resemble the Ottoman Empire's flag; the crescent moon and star serve as insignia for Turkic peoples; according to one interpretation, the flag represents the reflection of the moon and a star in a pool of blood of Turkish warriors

Government type

presidential republic

Independence

29 October 1923 (republic proclaimed, succeeding the Ottoman Empire)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CPLP (associate observer), D-8, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (candidate country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SCO (dialogue member), SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Constitutional Court or Anayasa Mahkemesi (consists of the president, 2 vice presidents, and 12 judges); Court of Cassation (consists of about 390 judges and is organized into civil and penal chambers); Council of State (organized into 15 divisions -- 14 judicial and 1 consultative -- each with a division head and at least 5 members)

judge selection and term of office

Constitutional Court members - 3 appointed by the Grand National Assembly and 12 by the president of the republic; court president and 2 deputy court presidents appointed from among its members for 4-year terms; judges serve 12-year, nonrenewable terms with mandatory retirement at age 65; Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Board of Judges and Prosecutors, a 13-member body of judicial officials; Court of Cassation judges serve until retirement at age 65; Council of State members appointed by the Board and by the president of the republic; members serve renewable, 4-year terms

subordinate courts

regional appeals courts; basic (first instance) courts; peace courts; aggravated crime courts; specialized courts, including administrative and audit

Legal system

civil law system based on various European systems, notably the Swiss civil code

Legislative branch

electoral system

proportional representation

expected date of next election

May 2028

legislative structure

unicameral

legislature name

Grand National Assembly of Türkiye (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (T.B.M.M))

most recent election date

5/14/2023

number of seats

600 (all directly elected)

parties elected and seats per party

Justice and Development Party (Ak Party) (267); Republican People's Party (CHP) (130); Green and the Left Party of the Future (YSGP) (57); Nationalist Action Party (MHP) (50); Good Party (İyi Party) (44); Other (52)

percentage of women in chamber

19.9%

scope of elections

full renewal

term in office

5 years

National anthem(s)

history

lyrics adopted 1921, music adopted 1932; the anthem's original music was adopted in 1924

lyrics/music

Mehmet Akif ERSOY/Zeki UNGOR

title

"Istiklal Marsi" (The March of Independence)

National color(s)

red, white

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

Archaeological Site of Troy (c); Ephesus (c); Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape (c); Hierapolis-Pamukkale (m); Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia (m); Göbekli Tepe (c); Historic Areas of Istanbul (c); Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex (c); Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük (c); Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire (c); Gordion (c); Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği (c); Hattusha: the Hittite Capital (c); Nemrut Dağ (c);  Xanthos-Letoon (c); City of Safranbolu (c); Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape (c); Archaeological Site of Ani (c); Aphrodisias (c); Arslantepe Mound (c); Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia (c); Turkmenistan (c); Sardis and the Lydian Tumuli of Bin Tepe (c)

total World Heritage Sites

22 (20 cultural, 2 mixed)

National holiday

Republic Day, 29 October (1923)

National symbol(s)

vertical crescent moon with adjacent five-pointed star

Political parties

Democracy and Progress Party or DEVA Democrat Party or DP Democratic Regions Party or DBP Felicity Party (Saadet Party) or SP Free Cause Party or HUDA PAR Future Party (Gelecek Partisi) or GP Good Party or IYI Grand Unity Party or BBP  Justice and Development Party or AKP  Labor and Freedom Alliance (electoral alliance includes YSGP, HDP, TIP) Nationalist Movement Party or MHP  New Welfare Party or YRP  Party of Greens and the Left Future or YSGP  People's Alliance (electoral alliance includes AKP, BBP, MHP, YRP) Peoples' Democratic Party or HDP Republican People's Party or CHP  Workers' Party of Turkey or TIP

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

sugar beets, wheat, milk, tomatoes, barley, maize, potatoes, apples, grapes, watermelons (2023)

Average household expenditures

on alcohol and tobacco

2.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on food

22.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Budget

expenditures

$382.998 billion (2023 est.)

revenues

$330.21 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2022

-$46.283 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

-$39.877 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2024

-$9.973 billion (2024 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 2023

$149.654 billion (2023 est.)

Economic overview

upper-middle-income, diversified Middle Eastern economy; industrializing economy that maintains large agricultural base; key energy, tourism, and construction sectors; high inflation, interest rates, and foreign debt pose risk to financial stability

Exchange rates

Currency

Turkish liras (TRY) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

7.009 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

8.85 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

16.549 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

23.739 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

32.806 (2024 est.)

Exports

Exports 2022

$346.602 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$357.588 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2024

$372.756 billion (2024 est.)

Exports - commodities

garments, cars, gold, refined petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories (2023)

Exports - partners

Germany 9%, USA 6%, UK 6%, UAE 5%, Iraq 5% (2023)

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

28% (2024 est.)

government consumption

14.7% (2024 est.)

household consumption

59.4% (2024 est.)

imports of goods and services

-27.8% (2024 est.)

investment in fixed capital

31% (2024 est.)

investment in inventories

-5.5% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

5.6% (2024 est.)

industry

25.9% (2024 est.)

services

56.8% (2024 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$1.323 trillion (2024 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022

44.5 (2022 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

35.2% (2022 est.)

lowest 10%

2.1% (2022 est.)

Imports

Imports 2022

$383.7 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$386.602 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2024

$367.022 billion (2024 est.)

Imports - commodities

gold, refined petroleum, cars, plastics, natural gas (2023)

Imports - partners

China 13%, Russia 9%, Germany 9%, Switzerland 6%, USA 5% (2023)

Industrial production growth rate

2.2% (2024 est.)

Industries

textiles, food processing, automobiles, electronics, mining (coal, chromate, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

72.3% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

53.9% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

58.5% (2024 est.)

Labor force

36.081 million (2024 est.)

Population below poverty line

13.9% (2022 est.)

Public debt

Public debt 2023

33.1% of GDP (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$2.783 trillion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$2.925 trillion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$3.018 trillion (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2022

5.5% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

5.1% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

3.2% (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita

Real GDP per capita 2022

$32,700 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$34,300 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$35,300 (2024 est.)

Remittances

Remittances 2022

0.1% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

0.1% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2024

0.1% of GDP (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$128.735 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$140.868 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$154.774 billion (2024 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

18.5% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2022

10.5% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

9.4% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

8.5% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

21.2% (2024 est.)

male

12.4% (2024 est.)

total

15.6% (2024 est.)

Coal

consumption

124.183 million metric tons (2023 est.)

exports

685,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

imports

41.119 million metric tons (2023 est.)

production

82.534 million metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves

10.975 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity

consumption

285.177 billion kWh (2023 est.)

exports

1.993 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports

5.892 billion kWh (2023 est.)

installed generating capacity

106.281 million kW (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

28.964 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Electricity generation sources

biomass and waste

2.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

fossil fuels

57.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

geothermal

2.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity

19.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar

6.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

wind

10.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

70.521 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Natural gas

consumption

50.211 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

exports

896.281 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports

50.484 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

production

807.281 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

proven reserves

3.794 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Nuclear energy

Number of nuclear reactors under construction

4 (2025)

Petroleum

crude oil estimated reserves

366 million barrels (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption

1.107 million bbl/day (2024 est.)

total petroleum production

83,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

22 (2023 est.)

total

19.6 million (2023 est.)

Broadcast media

Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) operates multiple TV and radio networks and stations; multiple privately owned national TV stations and 567 private regional and local TV stations; multi-channel cable TV available; 1,007 private radio stations (2019)

Internet country code

.tr

Internet users

percent of population

87% (2024 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

11 (2023 est.)

total subscriptions

9.926 million (2023 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

108 (2024 est.)

total subscriptions

94.3 million (2024 est.)

Airports

116 (2025)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

TC

Heliports

240 (2025)

Merchant marine

by type

bulk carrier 43, container ship 43, general cargo 223, oil tanker 134, other 727

total

1,170 (2023)

Ports

key ports

Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Izmir, Mersin, Nemrut Limani Bay, Samsun

large

3

medium

3

ports with oil terminals

28

small

6

total ports

54 (2024)

very small

42

Railways

standard gauge

11,497 km (2018) 1.435-m gauge (1.435 km high speed train)

total

11,497 km (2018)

Military - note

the responsibilities of the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) include protecting the country's territory and sovereignty, participating in international peacekeeping operations, fulfilling Türkiye’s military commitments to NATO, providing disaster/humanitarian relief and assistance to domestic law enforcement if requested by civil authorities, and supporting the country's overall national security interests; it also has overall responsibility for the security of Türkiye’s borders Türkiye is active in international peacekeeping and other military/security operations under NATO and the UN, as well as under bilateral agreements with some countries, such as Azerbaijan, Libya, Somalia, and Qatar; Türkiye has been a member of NATO since 1952 and hosts the headquarters for a NATO Land Command and a Rapid Deployment Corps, multiple airbases for NATO and US aircraft, NATO air/missile defense systems, and training centers; the TAF is the second-largest military in NATO behind the US the military traces its history back to 200 B.C., although the modern TAF was formed following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the conclusion of the Turkish War of Independence (1919-1923); the TAF traditionally has been viewed as the “guardian” of Turkish politics, but its political role was diminished after the failed 2016 coup attempt; the military has a stake in Türkiye's economy through a holding company that is involved in the automotive, defense, energy, finance, and logistics sectors, as well as iron and steel production (2025)

Military and security forces

Turkish Armed Forces (TAF; Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri, TSK): Turkish Land Forces (Türk Kara Kuvvetleri), Turkish Naval Forces (Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri; includes naval air and naval infantry), Turkish Air Forces (Türk Hava Kuvvetleri) Ministry of Interior: Gendarmerie General Command (aka Gendarmerie of the Turkish Republic), Turkish Coast Guard Command, General Directorate of Security (National Police) (2025)

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 495,000 active military personnel; approximately 150,000 Gendarmerie (2025)

Military deployments

approximately 250 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR); approximately 30,000 Cyprus; 730 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); Turkiye also has several thousand military personnel deployed to other countries under bilateral agreements, including Azerbaijan, Libya, Qatar, and Somalia  (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military's inventory is comprised of domestically produced and mostly European (such as Germany, Italy, and Spain) or US armaments; other suppliers have included Russia and South Korea; Türkiye's defense industry produces a range of weapons systems for both export and internal use, including armored vehicles, naval vessels, and unmanned aerial vehicles/drones; some of its domestically produced armaments are produced jointly with foreign partners or based on imported weapons systems and produced under license (2025)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2021

1.6% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

1.4% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2024

2.1% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military Expenditures 2025

2.3% of GDP (2025 est.)

Military service age and obligation

military service is compulsory for Turkish men 20-41 for a period of 6-12 months; men and women may volunteer (2025)

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs

538,105 (2024 est.)

refugees

3,094,818 (2024 est.)

stateless persons

420 (2024 est.)

Key space-program milestones

1994 - first commercial communications satellite built jointly with and launched by France 2003 - first domestically built experimental remote sensing (RS) satellite (BILSAT) launched by Russia 2018 - launched first domestically produced solid-fuel sounding rocket to an altitude of 135 km (84 mi)   2024 - first Turkish astronaut in space on the International Space Station; first domestically produced communications satellite launched by US 2025 - successfully launched 2-stage hybrid rocket more than 200 km (124 mi) in altitude

Space agency/agencies

Turkish Space Agency (TUA; established 2018) (2025)

Space launch site(s)

rocket test launch site on the Black Sea in Sinop Province; constructing a rocket launch facility in Somalia (2025)

Space program overview

has an ambitious national space program with a focus on satellites, satellite components, satellite launch capabilities, software development, ground station technologies, and building up the country’s space industries; manufactures and operates remote sensing and telecommunications satellites; in recent years has initiated a satellite/space launch vehicle (SLV) program with the goal of independently placing satellites into orbit and a probe on the Moon; works with more than 25 foreign space agencies and corporations, including those of Azerbaijan, China, France, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia, South Korea, Ukraine, and the US, as well as the ESA; has state-owned rocket and satellite development companies, including some under the Ministry of Defense; has a growing private space-industry sector, and the Turkish Government has pledged to increase the country's share of the global space market (2025)

Terrorist group(s)

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU); Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)/Qods Force; Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK); al-Qa'ida; Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C)

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

155.26 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas

96.703 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

147.211 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

total emissions

399.173 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Environmental issues

water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; land degradation; conservation of biodiversity

Geoparks

global geoparks and regional networks

Kula-Salihli (2023)

total global geoparks and regional networks

1

International environmental agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Environmental Modification

Particulate matter emissions

23.1 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Total renewable water resources

211.6 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

56.127 billion cubic meters (2022)

industrial

1.297 billion cubic meters (2022)

municipal

7.144 billion cubic meters (2022)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

35.374 million tons (2024 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

32% (2022 est.)