2013 Edition

Background

The Portuguese began to trade with the island of Timor in the early 16th century and colonized it in mid-century. Skirmishing with the Dutch in the region eventually resulted in an 1859 treaty in which Portugal ceded the western portion of the island. Imperial Japan occupied Portuguese Timor from 1942 to 1945, but Portugal resumed colonial authority after the Japanese defeat in World War II. East Timor declared itself independent from Portugal on 28 November 1975 and was invaded and occupied by Indonesian forces nine days later. It was incorporated into Indonesia in July 1976 as the province of Timor Timur (East Timor). An unsuccessful campaign of pacification followed over the next two decades, during which an estimated 100,000 to 250,000 individuals lost their lives. On 30 August 1999, in a UN-supervised popular referendum, an overwhelming majority of the people of Timor-Leste voted for independence from Indonesia. However, in the next three weeks, anti-independence Timorese militias - organized and supported by the Indonesian military - commenced a large-scale, scorched-earth campaign of retribution. The militias killed approximately 1,400 Timorese and forcibly pushed 300,000 people into western Timor as refugees. Most of the country's infrastructure, including homes, irrigation systems, water supply systems, and schools, and nearly 100% of the country's electrical grid were destroyed. On 20 September 1999, Australian-led peacekeeping troops deployed to the country and brought the violence to an end. On 20 May 2002, Timor-Leste was internationally recognized as an independent state. In 2006, internal tensions threatened the new nation's security when a military strike led to violence and a breakdown of law and order. At Dili's request, an Australian-led International Stabilization Force (ISF) deployed to Timor-Leste, and the UN Security Council established the UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT), which included an authorized police presence of over 1,600 personnel. The ISF and UNMIT restored stability, allowing for presidential and parliamentary elections in 2007 in a largely peaceful atmosphere. In February 2008, a rebel group staged an unsuccessful attack against the president and prime minister. The ringleader was killed in the attack, and most of the rebels surrendered in April 2008. Since the attack, the government has enjoyed one of its longest periods of post-independence stability, including successful 2012 elections for both the parliament and president. In late 2012, the UN Security Council voted to end its peacekeeping mission in Timor-Leste and both the ISF and UNMIT departed the country by the end of the year.

Area

14,874 sq km 14,874 sq km 0 sq km

total

14,874 sq km

water

0 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly larger than Connecticut

Climate

tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons

Coastline

706 km

Elevation extremes

Timor Sea, Savu Sea, and Banda Sea 0 m Foho Tatamailau 2,963 m

highest point

Foho Tatamailau 2,963 m

lowest point

Timor Sea, Savu Sea, and Banda Sea 0 m

Environment - current issues

widespread use of slash and burn agriculture has led to deforestation and soil erosion

Environment - international agreements

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification none of the selected agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates

8 50 S, 125 55 E

Geography - note

Timor comes from the Malay word for "East"; the island of Timor is part of the Malay Archipelago and is the largest and easternmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands

Irrigated land

346.5 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

228 km Indonesia 228 km

border countries

Indonesia 228 km

total

228 km

Land use

10.09% 4.03% 85.88% (2011)

arable land

10.09%

other

85.88% (2011)

permanent crops

4.03%

Location

Southeastern Asia, northwest of Australia in the Lesser Sunda Islands at the eastern end of the Indonesian archipelago; note - Timor-Leste includes the eastern half of the island of Timor, the Oecussi (Ambeno) region on the northwest portion of the island of Timor, and the islands of Pulau Atauro and Pulau Jaco

Map references

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims

12 nm 24 nm 200 nm

contiguous zone

24 nm

exclusive fishing zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

floods and landslides are common; earthquakes; tsunamis; tropical cyclones

Natural resources

gold, petroleum, natural gas, manganese, marble

Terrain

mountainous

Age structure

42.7% (male 257,340/female 243,174) 19.7% (male 116,605/female 114,203) 29.3% (male 166,048/female 177,024) 4.8% (male 28,717/female 27,011) 3.6% (male 20,428/female 21,840) (2013 est.)

0-14 years

42.7% (male 257,340/female 243,174)

15-24 years

19.7% (male 116,605/female 114,203)

25-54 years

29.3% (male 166,048/female 177,024)

55-64 years

4.8% (male 28,717/female 27,011)

65 years and over

3.6% (male 20,428/female 21,840) (2013 est.)

Birth rate

34.85 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Child labor - children ages 5-14

10,510 4 % (2002 est.)

percentage

4 % (2002 est.)

total number

10,510

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

45.3% (2010)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

22.3% (2009/10)

Death rate

6.28 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Dependency ratios

96.3 % 89.9 % 6.4 % 15.5 (2013)

elderly dependency ratio

6.4 %

potential support ratio

15.5 (2013)

total dependency ratio

96.3 %

youth dependency ratio

89.9 %

Drinking water source

urban: 91% of population rural: 60% of population total: 69% of population urban: 9% of population rural: 40% of population total: 31% of population (2010 est.)

rural

40% of population

total

31% of population (2010 est.)

urban

9% of population

Education expenditures

10.1% of GDP (2011)

Ethnic groups

Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan, small Chinese minority

Health expenditures

5.1% of GDP (2011)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths

NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

NA

Hospital bed density

5.9 beds/1,000 population (2010)

Infant mortality rate

40.09 deaths/1,000 live births 43.23 deaths/1,000 live births 36.73 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

female

36.73 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

total

40.09 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Tetum (official), Portuguese (official), Indonesian, English there are about 16 indigenous languages; Tetum, Galole, Mambae, and Kemak are spoken by a significant portion of the population

Life expectancy at birth

67.06 years 65.57 years 68.65 years (2013 est.)

female

68.65 years (2013 est.)

total population

67.06 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 58.3% 63.6% 53% (2010 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

53% (2010 est.)

male

63.6%

total population

58.3%

Major infectious diseases

very high bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever dengue fever and malaria (2013)

degree of risk

very high

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases

dengue fever and malaria (2013)

Major urban areas - population

DILI (capital) 166,000 (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

300 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Median age

18.4 years 17.8 years 19 years (2013 est.)

female

19 years (2013 est.)

male

17.8 years

total

18.4 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

22.1 Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2010 est.)

Nationality

Timorese Timorese

adjective

Timorese

noun

Timorese

Net migration rate

-3.88 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

2.7% (2008)

Physicians density

0.1 physicians/1,000 population (2004)

Population

1,172,390 other estimates range as low as 800,000

Population growth rate

2.47% (2013 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 98%, Muslim 1%, Protestant 1% (2005)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 73% of population rural: 37% of population total: 47% of population urban: 27% of population rural: 63% of population total: 53% of population (2010 est.)

rural

63% of population

total

53% of population (2010 est.)

urban

27% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

12 years (2009)

total

12 years (2009)

Sex ratio

1.07 male(s)/female 1.06 male(s)/female 1.02 male(s)/female 0.94 male(s)/female 1.06 male(s)/female 0.96 male(s)/female 1.01 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.02 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.94 male(s)/female

55-64 years

1.06 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.96 male(s)/female

at birth

1.07 male(s)/female

total population

1.01 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Total fertility rate

5.22 children born/woman (2013 est.)

Urbanization

28.3% of total population (2011) 4.25% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

4.25% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

28.3% of total population (2011)

Administrative divisions

13 administrative districts; Aileu, Ainaro, Baucau, Bobonaro (Maliana), Cova-Lima (Suai), Dili, Ermera (Gleno), Lautem (Los Palos), Liquica, Manatuto, Manufahi (Same), Oecussi (Ambeno), Viqueque administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)

Capital

Dili 8 35 S, 125 36 E UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

geographic coordinates

8 35 S, 125 36 E

name

Dili

time difference

UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

drafted 2001, approved 22 March 2002, entered into force 20 May 2002 (2013)

Country name

Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (pronounced TEE-mor LESS-tay) Timor-Leste Republika Demokratika Timor Lorosa'e [Tetum]; Republica Democratica de Timor-Leste [Portuguese] Timor Lorosa'e [Tetum]; Timor-Leste [Portuguese] East Timor, Portuguese Timor

conventional long form

Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (pronounced TEE-mor LESS-tay)

conventional short form

Timor-Leste

former

East Timor, Portuguese Timor

local long form

Republika Demokratika Timor Lorosa'e [Tetum]; Republica Democratica de Timor-Leste [Portuguese]

local short form

Timor Lorosa'e [Tetum]; Timor-Leste [Portuguese]

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Scott TICKNOR Avenida de Portugal, Praia dos Coqueiros, Dili US Department of State, 8250 Dili Place, Washington, DC 20521-8250 (670) 332-4684 (670) 331-3206

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Scott TICKNOR

embassy

Avenida de Portugal, Praia dos Coqueiros, Dili

FAX

(670) 331-3206

mailing address

US Department of State, 8250 Dili Place, Washington, DC 20521-8250

telephone

(670) 332-4684

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Julio da Costa FREITAS (since 16 July 2013) 4201 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 504,Washington, DC 20008 [1] (202) 966-3202 [1] (202) 966-3205

chancery

4201 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 504,Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Julio da Costa FREITAS (since 16 July 2013)

FAX

[1] (202) 966-3205

telephone

[1] (202) 966-3202

Executive branch

President Taur Matan RUAK (Jose Maria de VASCONCELOS) (since 20 May 2012); note - the president plays a largely symbolic role but is the commander in chief of the military and is able to veto legislation, dissolve parliament, and call national elections Prime Minister Kay Rala Xanana GUSMAO (since 8 August 2007); note - he formerly used the name Jose Alexandre GUSMAO; Vice Prime Minister Fernando "Lasama" de ARAUJO (since 8 August 2012) Council of Ministers the president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); an election was held on 17 March 2012 with a run-off on 16 April 2012; following parliamentary elections, the president appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as the prime minister Taur Matan RUAK elected president in 2012; percent of second-round vote - Taur Matan RUAK 61.2%, Francisco GUTTERES 38.8%

cabinet

Council of Ministers

chief of state

President Taur Matan RUAK (Jose Maria de VASCONCELOS) (since 20 May 2012); note - the president plays a largely symbolic role but is the commander in chief of the military and is able to veto legislation, dissolve parliament, and call national elections

election results

Taur Matan RUAK elected president in 2012; percent of second-round vote - Taur Matan RUAK 61.2%, Francisco GUTTERES 38.8%

elections

the president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); an election was held on 17 March 2012 with a run-off on 16 April 2012; following parliamentary elections, the president appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as the prime minister

head of government

Prime Minister Kay Rala Xanana GUSMAO (since 8 August 2007); note - he formerly used the name Jose Alexandre GUSMAO; Vice Prime Minister Fernando "Lasama" de ARAUJO (since 8 August 2012)

Flag description

red, with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a slightly longer yellow arrowhead that extends to the center of the flag; a white star - pointing to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag - is in the center of the black triangle; yellow denotes the colonialism in Timor-Leste's past; black represents the obscurantism that needs to be overcome; red stands for the national liberation struggle; the white star symbolizes peace and serves as a guiding light

Government type

republic

Independence

28 November 1975 (independence proclaimed from Portugal); note - 20 May 2002 is the official date of international recognition of Timor-Leste's independence

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ACP, ADB, AOSIS, ARF, ASEAN (observer), CPLP, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PIF (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WMO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the court president and NA judges) note - the UN Justice System Programme, launched in 2003 and in 2008, is helping strengthen the country's justice system Supreme Court president appointed by the president of the republic from among the other court judges to serve a 4-year term; other Supreme Court judges appointed - 1 by the Parliament, and the others by the Supreme Council for the Judiciary, a body presided by the Supreme Court president and includes mostly presidential and parliamentary appointees; other Supreme Court judge tenure NA Court of Appeal; district courts; magistrates' courts

highest court(s)

Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the court president and NA judges)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court president appointed by the president of the republic from among the other court judges to serve a 4-year term; other Supreme Court judges appointed - 1 by the Parliament, and the others by the Supreme Council for the Judiciary, a body presided by the Supreme Court president and includes mostly presidential and parliamentary appointees; other Supreme Court judge tenure NA

subordinate courts

Court of Appeal; district courts; magistrates' courts

Legal system

civil law system based on the Portuguese model; note - penal and civil law codes to replace the Indonesian codes were passed by Parliament and promulgated in 2009 and 2011, respectively

Legislative branch

unicameral National Parliament (the number of seats can vary from 52 to 65; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms in a modified proportional representation system) elections were held on 7 July 2012 (next to be held in July 2017) percent of vote by party - CNRT 36%, FRETILIN 30%, PD 10%, Frenti-Mudanca 3%, others 21%; seats by party - CNRT 30, FRETILIN 25, PD 8, Frenti-Mudanca 2

election results

percent of vote by party - CNRT 36%, FRETILIN 30%, PD 10%, Frenti-Mudanca 3%, others 21%; seats by party - CNRT 30, FRETILIN 25, PD 8, Frenti-Mudanca 2

elections

elections were held on 7 July 2012 (next to be held in July 2017)

National anthem

"Patria" (Fatherland) Fransisco Borja DA COSTA/Afonso DE ARAUJO adopted 2002; the song was first used as an anthem when Timor-Leste declared its independence from Portugal in 1975; the lyricist, Fransisco Borja DA COSTA, was killed in the Indonesian invasion just days after independence was declared

lyrics/music

Fransisco Borja DA COSTA/Afonso DE ARAUJO

name

"Patria" (Fatherland)

National holiday

Proclamation of Independence Day, 28 November (1975)

Political parties and leaders

Democratic Party or PD [Fernando "Lasama" de ARAUJO] Frenti-Mudanca [Jose Luis GUTERRES] National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction or CNRT [Kay Rala Xanana GUSMAO] Revolutionary Front of Independent Timor-Leste or FRETILIN [Mari ALKATIRI] (only parties in Parliament are listed)

Political pressure groups and leaders

NA

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

coffee, rice, corn, cassava (manioc), sweet potatoes, soybeans, cabbage, mangoes, bananas, vanilla

Budget

$1.5 billion $1.6 billion (2012 est.)

expenditures

$1.6 billion (2012 est.)

revenues

$1.5 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-1.6% of GDP (2012 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

12.21% (31 December 2012 est.) 11.04% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance

$2.384 billion (2011 est.) $1.161 billion (2007 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

31.9 (2007 est.) 38 (2002 est.)

Economy - overview

Since its 1999 independence, Timor-Leste has faced great challenges in rebuilding its infrastructure, strengthening the civil administration, and generating jobs for young people entering the work force. The development of oil and gas resources in offshore waters has greatly supplemented government revenues. This technology-intensive industry, however, has done little to create jobs for the unemployed in part because there are no production facilities in Timor-Leste. Gas is piped to Australia. In June 2005, the National Parliament unanimously approved the creation of a Petroleum Fund to serve as a repository for all petroleum revenues and to preserve the value of Timor-Leste's petroleum wealth for future generations. The Fund held assets of US$9.3 billion as of December 2011. The economy continues to recover from the mid-2006 outbreak of violence and civil unrest, which disrupted both private and public sector economic activity. Government spending increased markedly from 2009 through 2012, primarily on basic infrastructure, including electricity and roads. Limited experience in procurement and infrastructure building has hampered these projects. The underlying economic policy challenge the country faces remains how best to use oil-and-gas wealth to lift the non-oil economy onto a higher growth path and to reduce poverty. Timor-Leste had a balanced budget in 2012 with government expenditures of $1.7 billion focusing on development of public infrastructure. On the strength of its oil-wealth, the economy has achieved real growth of approximately 10% per year for the last several years, among the highest sustained growth rates in the world.

Exchange rates

the US dollar is used

Exports

$34.1 million (2011 est.) $34.1 million (2011 est.) excludes oil

Exports - commodities

oil, coffee, sandalwood, marble potential for vanilla exports

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

12.1% 20.9% 14.6% 2.8% 79.6% -30% (2012 est.)

exports of goods and services

79.6%

government consumption

20.9%

household consumption

12.1%

imports of goods and services

-30%

investment in fixed capital

14.6%

investment in inventories

2.8%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

2.8% 83.2% 13.9% (2012 est.)

agriculture

2.8%

industry

83.2%

services

13.9% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$20,100 (2012 est.) $19,100 (2011 est.) $17,600 (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

8.3% (2012 est.) 12% (2011 est.) 9.5% (2010 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$6.215 billion non-oil GDP (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$23.19 billion (2012 est.) $21.42 billion (2011 est.) $19.12 billion (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

Household income or consumption by percentage share

4% 27% (2007)

highest 10%

27% (2007)

lowest 10%

4%

Imports

$689 million (2011 est.) $378 million (2010 est.)

Imports - commodities

food, gasoline, kerosene, machinery

Industrial production growth rate

5.5% (2012 est.)

Industries

printing, soap manufacturing, handicrafts, woven cloth

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

11.8% (2012 est.) 13.5% (2011 est.)

Labor force

418,200 (2009)

Labor force - by occupation

64% 10% 26% (2010)

agriculture

64%

industry

10%

services

26% (2010)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$NA

Population below poverty line

41% (2009 est.)

Stock of broad money

$386.9 million (31 December 2012 est.) $322.4 million (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$-681 million (31 December 2012 est.) $-280 million (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$205.8 million (31 December 2012 est.) $162.7 million (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

24.1% of GDP (2012 est.)

Unemployment rate

18.4% (2010 est.) 20% (2006 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

211,100 Mt (2011 est.)

Crude oil - exports

87,000 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - production

79,490 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2013 es)

Electricity - consumption

67.59 million kWh (2011 est.)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2011 est.)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2011 est.)

Electricity - production

131.7 million kWh (2011 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

200 billion cu m (1 January 2006 es)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

2,755 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

1,264 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Broadcast media

1 public TV broadcast station broadcasting nationally and 1 public radio broadcaster with stations in each of the 13 administrative districts; 1 commercial TV broadcast station, 3 commercial radio stations, and roughly 20 community radio stations (2012)

Internet country code

.tl

Internet hosts

252 (2012)

Internet users

2,100 (2009)

Telephone system

rudimentary service in urban and some rural areas, which is expanding with the entrance of new competitors system suffered significant damage during the violence associated with independence; limited fixed-line services; mobile-cellular services have been expanding and are now available in urban and most rural areas country code - 670; international service is available (2012)

domestic

system suffered significant damage during the violence associated with independence; limited fixed-line services; mobile-cellular services have been expanding and are now available in urban and most rural areas

general assessment

rudimentary service in urban and some rural areas, which is expanding with the entrance of new competitors

international

country code - 670; international service is available (2012)

Telephones - main lines in use

3,000 (2012)

Telephones - mobile cellular

621,000 (2012)

Airports

6 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

1 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

1 (2013)

2,438 to 3,047 m

1

total

2

Airports - with unpaved runways

2 (2013)

914 to 1,523 m

2

total

4

Heliports

8 (2013)

Merchant marine

passenger/cargo 1 (2010)

total

1

Ports and terminals

Dili

Roadways

6,040 km 2,600 km 3,440 km (2005)

total

6,040 km

unpaved

3,440 km (2005)

Manpower available for military service

305,643 293,052 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

293,052 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

305,643

Manpower fit for military service

243,120 251,061 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

251,061 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

243,120

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

12,737 12,389 (2010 est.)

female

12,389 (2010 est.)

male

12,737

Military branches

Timor-Leste Defense Force (Falintil-Forcas de Defesa de Timor-L'este, Falintil (F-FDTL)): Army, Navy (Armada) (2013)

Timor-Leste Defense Force (Falintil-Forcas de Defesa de Timor-L'este, Falintil (F-FDTL))

Army, Navy (Armada) (2013)

Military expenditures

NA

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary military service; 18-month service obligation; no conscription but, as of May 2013, introduction of conscription was under discussion (2013)

Disputes - international

three stretches of land borders with Timor-Leste have yet to be delimited, two of which are in the Oecussi exclave area, and no maritime or Economic Exclusion Zone boundaries have been established between the countries; maritime boundaries with Indonesia remain unresolved; many refugees who left Timor-Leste in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; in 2007, Australia and Timor-Leste signed a 50-year development zone and revenue sharing agreement in lieu of a maritime boundary

Illicit drugs

NA