Timor-Leste

The island of Timor was actively involved in Southeast Asian trading networks for centuries, and by the 14th century, it exported sandalwood, slaves, honey, and wax. The sandalwood trade attracted the Portuguese, who arrived in the early 16th century; by mid-century, they had colonized the island, which was previously ruled by local chieftains. In 1859, Portugal ceded the western portion of the island to the Dutch. Imperial Japan occupied Portuguese Timor from 1942 to 1945, but Portugal resumed colonial authority after the Japanese defeat in World War II. The eastern part of Timor declared itself independent from Portugal on 28 November 1975, but Indonesian forces invaded and occupied the area nine days later. It was incorporated into Indonesia in 1976 as the province of Timor Timur (East Timor or Timor Leste). Indonesia conducted an unsuccessful pacification campaign in the province over the next two decades, during which an estimated 100,000 to 250,000 people died. In a UN-supervised referendum in 1999, an overwhelming majority of the people of Timor-Leste voted for independence from Indonesia. However, anti-independence Timorese militias -- organized and supported by the Indonesian military -- began a large-scale, scorched-earth campaign of retribution, killing approximately 1,400 Timorese and displacing nearly 500,000. Most of the country's infrastructure was destroyed, including homes, irrigation systems, water supply systems, schools, and most of the electrical grid. Australian-led peacekeeping troops eventually deployed to the country and ended the violence. In 2002, Timor-Leste was internationally recognized as an independent state. In 2006, Australia and the UN had to step in again to stabilize the country, which allowed presidential and parliamentary elections to be conducted in 2007 in a largely peaceful atmosphere. In 2008, rebels staged an unsuccessful attack against the president and prime minister. Since that attack, Timor-Leste has made considerable progress in building stability and democratic institutions, holding a series of successful parliamentary and presidential elections since 2012. Nonetheless, weak and unstable political coalitions have led to periodic episodes of stalemate and crisis. The UN continues to provide assistance on economic development and strengthening governing institutions. Currently, Timor-Leste is one of the world's poorest nations, with an economy that relies heavily on energy resources in the Timor Sea.

land

14,874 sq km

total

14,874 sq km

water

0 sq km

slightly larger than Connecticut; almost half the size of Maryland

tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons

706 km

highest point

Foho Tatamailau 2,963 m

lowest point

Timor Sea, Savu Sea, and Banda Sea 0 m

8 50 S, 125 55 E

the island of Timor is part of the Malay Archipelago and is the largest and easternmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands; the district of Oecussi is an exclave separated from Timor-Leste proper by Indonesia; Timor-Leste has the unique distinction of being the only Asian country located completely in the Southern Hemisphere

350 sq km (2012)

border countries

Indonesia 253 km

total

253 km

agricultural land

25.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 10.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 4.9% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 10.1% (2018 est.)

forest

49.1% (2018 est.)

other

25.8% (2018 est.)

Southeastern Asia, northwest of Australia in the Lesser Sunda Islands at the eastern end of the Indonesian archipelago; note - Timor-Leste includes the eastern half of the island of Timor, the Oecussi (Ambeno) region on the northwest portion of the island of Timor, and the islands of Pulau Atauro and Pulau Jaco

Southeast Asia

contiguous zone

24 nm

exclusive fishing zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

floods and landslides are common; earthquakes; tsunamis; tropical cyclones

gold, petroleum, natural gas, manganese, marble

most of the population concentrated in the western third of the country, particularly around Dili

mountainous

0-14 years

38.7% (male 299,929/female 283,416)

15-64 years

56.8% (male 418,493/female 437,727)

65 years and over

4.5% (2024 est.) (male 32,243/female 35,101)

beer

0.27 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

0.05 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

0.41 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

0.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

29.7 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

men married by age 18

1.2% (2016 est.)

women married by age 15

2.6%

women married by age 18

14.9%

31.9% (2020)

26.1% (2016)

9.9% of GDP (2020)

55.9% (2023 est.)

5.5 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Timor-Leste’s high fertility and population growth rates sustain its very youthful age structure – approximately 40% of the population is below the age of 15 and the country’s median age is 20.  While Timor-Leste’s total fertility rate (TFR) – the average number of births per woman – decreased significantly from over 7 in the early 2000s, it remains high at 4.3 in 2021 and will probably continue to decline slowly.  The low use of contraceptives and the traditional preference for large families is keeping fertility elevated.  The high TFR and falling mortality rates continue to fuel a high population growth rate of nearly 2.2%, which is the highest in Southeast Asia.  The country’s high total dependency ratio – a measure of the ratio of dependents to the working-age population – could divert more government spending toward social programs. Timor-Leste’s growing, poorly educated working-age population and insufficient job creation are ongoing problems.  Some 70% of the population lives in rural areas, where most of people are dependent on the agricultural sector.  Malnutrition and poverty are prevalent, with 42% of the population living under the poverty line as of 2014. During the Indonesian occupation (1975-1999) and Timor-Leste’s fight for independence, approximately 250,000 Timorese fled to western Timor and, in lesser numbers, Australia, Portugal, and other countries. Many of these emigrants later returned.  Since Timor-Leste’s 1999 independence referendum, economic motives and periods of conflict have been the main drivers of emigration.  Bilateral labor agreements with Australia, Malaysia, and South Korea and the presence of Timorese populations abroad, are pull factors, but the high cost prevents many young Timorese from emigrating.  Timorese communities are found in its former colonizers, Indonesia and Portugal, as well as the Philippines and the UK.  The country has also become a destination for migrants in the surrounding region, mainly men seeking work in construction, commerce, and services in Dili.

elderly dependency ratio

8.9

potential support ratio

11.2 (2021 est.)

total dependency ratio

90.3

youth dependency ratio

59.4

improved: rural

rural: 82.5% of population

improved: total

total: 87.4% of population

improved: urban

urban: 98% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 17.5% of population

unimproved: total

total: 12.6% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 2% of population

4.2% of GDP (2020 est.)

Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) (includes Tetun, Mambai, Tokodede, Galoli, Kemak, Baikeno), Melanesian-Papuan (includes Bunak, Fataluku, Bakasai), small Chinese minority

1.92 (2024 est.)

female

28.9 deaths/1,000 live births

male

35.3 deaths/1,000 live births

total

32.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

Tetun Prasa 30.6%, Mambai 16.6%, Makasai 10.5%, Tetun Terik 6.1%, Baikenu 5.9%, Kemak 5.8%, Bunak 5.5%, Tokodede 4%, Fataluku 3.5%, Waima'a 1.8%, Galoli 1.4%, Naueti 1.4%, Idate 1.2%, Midiki 1.2%, other 4.5% (2015 est.)

note

note: data represent population by mother tongue; Tetun and Portuguese are official languages; Indonesian and English are working languages; there are about 32 indigenous languages

female

72.3 years

male

68.9 years

total population

70.5 years (2024 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

64.2% (2018)

male

71.9%

total population

68.1%

281,000 DILI (capital) (2018)

204 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

female

21.3 years

male

19.8 years

total

20.6 years (2024 est.)

23 years (2016 est.)

note

note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49

adjective

Timorese

noun

Timorese

-3.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

3.8% (2016)

one of only two predominantly Christian nations in Southeast Asia, the other being the Philippines

0.76 physicians/1,000 population (2020)

female

756,244 (2024 est.)

male

750,665

total

1,506,909

most of the population concentrated in the western third of the country, particularly around Dili

2.04% (2024 est.)

Roman Catholic 97.6%, Protestant/Evangelical 2%, Muslim 0.2%, other 0.2% (2015 est.)

improved: rural

rural: 56.1% of population

improved: total

total: 66.3% of population

improved: urban

urban: 88.7% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 43.9% of population

unimproved: total

total: 33.7% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 11.3% of population

0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years

0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.92 male(s)/female

at birth

1.07 male(s)/female

total population

0.99 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

female

10.8% (2020 est.)

male

67.6% (2020 est.)

total

39.2% (2020 est.)

3.98 children born/woman (2024 est.)

rate of urbanization

3.31% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

32.5% of total population (2023)

12 municipalities (municipios, singular municipio) and 1 special adminstrative region* (regiao administrativa especial); Aileu, Ainaro, Baucau, Bobonaro (Maliana), Covalima (Suai), Dili, Ermera (Gleno), Lautem (Lospalos), Liquica, Manatuto, Manufahi (Same), Oe-Cusse Ambeno* (Pante Macassar), Viqueque

note

note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)

geographic coordinates

8 35 S, 125 36 E

name

Dili

time difference

UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Timor-Leste

dual citizenship recognized

no

residency requirement for naturalization

10 years

amendments

proposed by Parliament and parliamentary groups; consideration of amendments requires at least four-fifths majority approval by Parliament; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by Parliament and promulgation by the president of the republic; passage of amendments to the republican form of government and the flag requires approval in a referendum

history

drafted 2001, approved 22 March 2002, entered into force 20 May 2002

conventional long form

Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste

conventional short form

Timor-Leste

etymology

timor" derives from the Indonesian and Malay word "timur" meaning "east"; "leste" is the Portuguese word for "east", so "Timor-Leste" literally means "Eastern-East"; the local [Tetum] name "Timor Lorosa'e" translates as "East Rising Sun"

former

East Timor, Portuguese Timor

local long form

Republika Demokratika Timor Lorosa'e (Tetum)/ Republica Democratica de Timor-Leste (Portuguese)

local short form

Timor Lorosa'e (Tetum)/ Timor-Leste (Portuguese)

note

note: pronounced TEE-mor LESS-tay

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant), Chargé d'Affaires Marc WEINSTOCK (since August 2023)

email address and website

ConsDili@state.govhttps://tl.usembassy.gov/

embassy

Avenida de Portugal, Praia dos Coqueiros, Dili

FAX

(670) 331-3206

mailing address

8250 Dili Place, Washington, DC 20521-8250

telephone

(670) 332-4684, (670) 330-2400

chancery

4201 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 504, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador José Luis GUTERRES (since 17 June 2024)

email address and website

info@timorlesteembassy.org

FAX

[1] (202) 966-3205

telephone

[1] (202) 966-3202

cabinet

Council of Ministers; ministers proposed to the prime minister by the coalition in the Parliament and sworn in by the President of the Republic

chief of state

President José RAMOS-HORTA (since 20 May 2022)

election results

2022: José RAMOS-HORTA elected president in second round - RAMOS-HORTA (CNRT) 62.1%, Francisco GUTERRES (FRETILIN) 37.9%2017: Francisco GUTERRES elected president; Francisco GUTERRES (FRETILIN) 57.1%, António da CONCEICAO (PD) 32.5%, other 10.4%

elections/appointments

president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); last election held on 19 March 2022 with a runoff on 19 April 2022 (next to be held in April 2027); following parliamentary elections, the president appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as the prime minister

head of government

Prime Minister Kay Rala Xanana GUSMAO (since 1 July 2023)

note

note: the president is commander in chief of the military and can veto legislation, dissolve parliament, and call national elections

red with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a slightly longer yellow arrowhead that extends to the center of the flag; a white star - pointing to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag - is in the center of the black triangle; yellow denotes the colonialism in Timor-Leste's past, black represents the obscurantism that needs to be overcome, red stands for the national liberation struggle; the white star symbolizes peace and serves as a guiding light

semi-presidential republic

20 May 2002 (from Indonesia); note - 28 November 1975 was the date independence was proclaimed from Portugal; 20 May 2002 was the date of international recognition of Timor-Leste's independence from Indonesia

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

ACP, ADB, AOSIS, ARF, ASEAN (observer), CPLP, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PIF (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WMO

highest court(s)

Court of Appeals (consists of the court president and NA judges)

judge selection and term of office

court president appointed by the president of the republic from among the other court judges to serve a 4-year term; other court judges appointed - 1 by the Parliament and the others by the Supreme Council for the Judiciary, a body chaired by the court president and that includes mostly presidential and parliamentary appointees; other judges serve for life

note

note: the UN Justice System Programme, launched in 2003 and being rolled out in 4 phases through 2018, is helping strengthen the country's justice system; the Programme is aligned with the country's long-range Justice Sector Strategic Plan, which includes legal reforms

subordinate courts

Court of Appeal; High Administrative, Tax, and Audit Court; district courts; magistrates' courts; military courts

civil law system based on the Portuguese model; note - penal and civil law codes to replace the Indonesian codes were passed by Parliament and promulgated in 2009 and 2011, respectively

description

unicameral National Parliament (65 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by closed, party-list proportional representation vote using the D'Hondt method to serve 5-year terms)

election results

percent of vote by party - CNRT 41.5%, FRETILIN 25.8%, PD 9.3%, KHUNTO 7.5%, PLP 6%, other 9.9%; seats by party - CNRT 31, FRETILIN 19, PD 6, KHUNTO 5, PLP 4; composition - men 40, women 25, percentage women 38.5%

elections

last held on 21 May 2023 (next to be held in May 2028)

lyrics/music

Fransisco Borja DA COSTA/Afonso DE ARAUJO

name

"Patria" (Fatherland)

note

note: adopted 2002; the song was first used as an anthem when Timor-Leste declared its independence from Portugal in 1975; the lyricist, Francisco Borja DA COSTA, was killed in the Indonesian invasion just days after independence was declared

Restoration of Independence Day, 20 May (2002); Proclamation of Independence Day, 28 November (1975)

Mount Ramelau; national colors: red, yellow, black, white

Democratic Party or PD National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction or CNRT National Unity of the Sons of Timor (Haburas Unidade Nasional Timor Oan or KHUNTO) People's Liberation Party or PLP Revolutionary Front of Independent Timor-Leste or FRETILIN

17 years of age; universal

maize, rice, coconuts, root vegetables, vegetables, cassava, other meats, coffee, beans, pork (2022)

note

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

expenditures

$1.684 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

revenues

$1.877 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2021

$1.328 billion (2021 est.)

Current account balance 2022

$256.151 million (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

-$227.62 million (2023 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Debt - external 2022

$207.551 million (2022 est.)

note

note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

lower middle-income Southeast Asian economy; government expenditures funded via oil fund drawdowns; endemic corruption undermines growth; foreign aid-dependent; wide-scale poverty, unemployment, and illiteracy

the US dollar is used

Exports 2021

$2.772 billion (2021 est.)

Exports 2022

$1.858 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$701.808 million (2023 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

crude petroleum, coffee, natural gas, beer, construction vehicles (2022)

note

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

China 25%, Indonesia 20%, Japan 14%, South Korea 13%, Thailand 7% (2022)

note

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

exports of goods and services

55.7% (2022 est.)

government consumption

33.1% (2022 est.)

household consumption

42.5% (2022 est.)

imports of goods and services

-42% (2022 est.)

investment in fixed capital

10% (2022 est.)

investment in inventories

0.6% (2022 est.)

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

agriculture

10.2% (2022 est.)

industry

53.8% (2022 est.)

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

services

37.2% (2022 est.)

$2.243 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014

28.7 (2014 est.)

note

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

highest 10%

24% (2014 est.)

lowest 10%

4% (2014 est.)

note

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Imports 2021

$1.298 billion (2021 est.)

Imports 2022

$1.405 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$1.179 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

refined petroleum, rice, cars, coal, cranes (2022)

note

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Indonesia 27%, China 23%, Singapore 9%, Australia 6%, Malaysia 6% (2022)

note

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

-46.25% (2022 est.)

note

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

printing, soap manufacturing, handicrafts, woven cloth

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017

0.52% (2017 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018

2.29% (2018 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019

0.96% (2019 est.)

note

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

597,000 (2023 est.)

note

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

41.8% (2014 est.)

note

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Public debt 2017

3.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

note

note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021

$9.207 billion (2021 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$7.316 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$6.265 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2021

5.32% (2021 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2022

-20.54% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

-14.36% (2023 est.)

note

note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2021

$7,000 (2021 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2022

$5,500 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$4,600 (2023 est.)

note

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2021

4.85% of GDP (2021 est.)

Remittances 2022

5.8% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

10.88% of GDP (2023 est.)

note

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021

$934.781 million (2021 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$830.81 million (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$781.995 million (2023 est.)

21.67% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

note

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

note

note: % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2021

2.34% (2021 est.)

Unemployment rate 2022

1.54% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

1.52% (2023 est.)

female

3.2% (2023 est.)

male

3.1% (2023 est.)

note

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

total

3.2% (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

637,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

total emissions

637,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

imports

122,000 metric tons (2022 est.)

consumption

414.76 million kWh (2022 est.)

installed generating capacity

283,000 kW (2022 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

100 million kWh (2022 est.)

electrification - rural areas

100%

electrification - total population

99.7% (2022 est.)

electrification - urban areas

100%

fossil fuels

99.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

solar

0.4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Total energy consumption per capita 2022

6.497 million Btu/person (2022 est.)

exports

2.925 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

production

2.925 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

refined petroleum consumption

4,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)

total petroleum production

5,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

0.01 (2020 est.)

total

75 (2020 est.)

7 TV stations (3 nationwide satellite coverage; 2 terrestrial coverage, mostly in Dili; 2 cable) and 21 radio stations (3 nationwide coverage) (2019)

.tl

percent of population

39% (2021 est.)

total

507,000 (2021 est.)

domestic

fixed-line services less than 1 per 100 and mobile-cellular services is 110 per 100 (2022)

general assessment

Timor-Leste has been moving forward with the regeneration of its economy and rebuilding key infrastructure, including telecommunications networks, that were destroyed during the years of civil unrest; fixed-line and fixed broadband penetration in Timor-Leste remains extremely low, mainly due to the limited fixed-line infrastructure and the proliferation of mobile connectivity; in an effort to boost e-government services; the number of subscribers through to 2026 is expected to develop steadily, though from a low base; by August 2020, Timor-Leste had three telecom service providers who jointly achieved a 98% network coverage nationally; the mobile broadband market is still at an early stage of development, strong growth is predicted over the next five years; at the end of 2020, the government issued new policy guidelines to maximize the use of spectrum in Timor-Leste; it invited mobile operators to submit applications for the allocation of spectrum in the 1800MHz, 2300MHz and 2600MHz bands; in November 2020, the government approved the deployment of a submarine fiber link connecting the south of the country to Australia via the North Western Cable System (NWCS) (2021)

international

country code - 670;  international service is available; partnership with Australia telecom companies for potential deployment of a submarine fiber-optic link (NWCS); geostationary earth orbit satellite

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

(2022 est.) less than 1

total subscriptions

2,000 (2022 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

110 (2022 est.)

total subscriptions

1.481 million (2022 est.)

10 (2024)

4W

2 (2024)

by type

other 1

total

1 (2023)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

2

number of registered air carriers

2 (2020)

key ports

Dili

small

1

total ports

1 (2024)

paved

2,600 km

total

6,040 km

unpaved

3,440 km (2008)

the F-FDTL is a small and lightly equipped force with both external defense and internal security roles; it has two infantry battalions, a small air component, and a handful of naval patrol boatssince achieving independence, Timor-Leste has received security assistance from or has made defense cooperation arrangements with Australia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Portugal, the UN, and the US (2024)

Timor-Leste Defense Force (Falintil-Forcas de Defesa de Timor-L'este, Falintil (F-FDTL)): Joint Headquarters with Land, Air, Naval, Service Support, and Education/Training componentsMinistry of Interior: National Police (Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste, PNTL) (2024)

approximately 1,500-2,000 personnel (2023)

the military is lightly armed and has a limited inventory consisting mostly of donated equipment from countries such as Australia, China, Portugal, South Korea, and the US (2024)

Military Expenditures 2019

1.7% of GDP (2019 est.)

Military Expenditures 2020

1.8% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

1.8% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

1.8% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

1.3% of GDP (2023 est.)

18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; compulsory service was authorized in 2020 for men and women aged 18-30 for 18 months of service, but the level of implementation is unclear (2023)

NA

carbon dioxide emissions

0.5 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions

4.74 megatons (2020 est.)

particulate matter emissions

20.47 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons

air pollution and deterioration of air quality; greenhouse gas emissions; water quality, scarcity, and access; land and soil degradation; forest depletion; widespread use of slash and burn agriculture has led to deforestation and soil erosion; loss of biodiversity

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified

Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban

agricultural land

25.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 10.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 4.9% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 10.1% (2018 est.)

forest

49.1% (2018 est.)

other

25.8% (2018 est.)

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

0.13% of GDP (2018 est.)

8.22 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

agricultural

1.07 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial

2 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

municipal

100 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

rate of urbanization

3.31% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

32.5% of total population (2023)

municipal solid waste generated annually

63,875 tons (2016 est.)