1984 Edition

Agriculture

main crops — groundnuts, millet, sorghum, rice, maize, palm kernels, cotton

food deficit area; main crops — potatoes, rye, wheat, barley, oats

main crops — grains, potatoes, sugar beets; 75% self-sufficient

main crop — cocoa; other crops include root crops, corn, sorghum, millet, coffee, peanuts; not self-sufficient, but can become so

Aid

economic commitments — Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (197081), $141 million; US (FY70-82), $36 million

donor — (1970-80) bilateral economic aid commitments (ODA and OOF), $31.7 billion (1970-81)

Airfields

1 usable with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m

483 total, 439 usable; 229 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m, 32 with runways 2,4403,659 m, 41 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

12 total, 11 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439

Area

11,295 km2; 55% upland cultivable, built on, and other; 25% uncultivated savanna; 16% swamp; 4% forest park

Branches

Cabinet of 13 members; unicameral legislative (44-member House of Representatives), in which four seats are reserved for chiefs, four are government appointed, 35 are filled by election for five-year terms, a Speaker is elected by the House, and the Attorney General is an appointed member; independent judiciary

Army, Police Department

unicameral legislature (People's Chamber — Volkskammer; elected directly); executive — Council of State, Council of Ministers, Cabinet (approved by Volkskammer); judiciary — Supreme Court; entire structure dominated by Socialist Unity (Communist) Party

National People's Army, Border Troops, Ministry of State Security Guard Regiment, Air and Air Defense Command, People's Navy

bicameral parliament — Bundesrat (Federal Council, upper house), Bundestag (National Assembly, lower house); President (titular head of state), Chancellor (executive head of government); independent judiciary

Army, Navy, Air Force

executive authority vested in fivemember Provisional National Defense Council (PNDC); on 21 January 1982 PNDC appointed secretaries to head most ministries

Army, Navy, Air Force, Border Guards, Military Strike Force, Palace Guard, People's Militia

Budget

(1982-83 est.) revenues $46.3 million, current expenditures $42.0 million, development expenditures $21.9 million

(1982) federal government expenditures $110.8 billion, revenues $97.1 billion, deficit $13.8 billion

revenues $1.8 billion, expenditures and net lending $3.5 billion (1981/82)

Capital

Banjul

East Berlin (not officially recognized by US, UK, and France, which together with the USSR have special rights and responsibilities in Berlin)

Bonn

Accra

Civil air

no major transport aircraft

202 major transport aircraft

5 major transport aircraft

Coastline

80 km People

901 km (including islands) People

1,488 km (approx.) People

539 km

Communists

no Communist party

2. 1 million party members

about 40,000 members and supporters

a small number of Communists and sympathizers

Crude steel

7.168 million metric tons produced (1982), approx. 429 kg per capita

50-60 million metric tons capacity; 35.7 million metric tons produced (1983), 580 kg per capita

Elections

general election held May 1982; PPP 27 seats, NCP 3 seats, independents 5 seats

national every five years; prepared by an electoral commission of the National Front; ballot supposed to be secret and voters permitted to strike names off ballot; more candidates than offices available; parliamentary election held 14 June 1981, and local elections held 20 May 1979 German Democratic Republic (continued) Political parties and leaders: Socialist Unity (Communist) Party (SED), headed by General Secretary Erich Honecker, dominates the regime; four token parties (Christian Democratic Union, National Democratic Party, Liberal Democratic Party, and Democratic Peasants' Party) and an amalgam of special interest organizations participate with the SED in National Front

national election generally held every four years; last held on 6 March 1983 Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Helmut Kohl, Gerhard Stoltenberg, Ernst Albrecht, Richard von Weizsacker; Christian Social Union (CSU), Franz Josef Strauss, Edmund Stoiber, Friedrich Zimmermann, Theo Waigel; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Otto Graf Lambsdorff, Wolfgang Mischnick; Social Democratic Party (SPD), Willy Brandt, Hans-Jochen Vogel, Johannes Rau, Hans Apel, Horst Ehmke; National Democratic Party (NPD), Martin Mussgnug; Communist Party (DKP), Herbert Mies; Green Party (Greens), Petra Kelly, Otto Schily, Gerd Bastian

elections held in June 1979 for parliament and president; presidential runoff election held in July Political parties and leaders: political parties outlawed after 31 December 81 coup

Electric power

22,000 kW capacity (1983); 50 million kWh produced (1983), 80 kWh per capita

23,010,000 kW capacity (1983); 109.2 billion kWh produced (1983), 6,529 kWh per capita

91,408,000 kW capacity (1983); 366.844 billion kWh produced (1983), 5,960 kWh per capita Germany, Federal Republic of (continued) Ghana

1,200,000 kW capacity (1983); 4.6 billion kWh produced (1983), 345 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

90% African (37.7% Mandinka 16.2% Fula, 14% Wolof, 8.5% Jola, 7.8% Serahuli, 5.3% other); 10.5% nonGambian

99.7% German, 0.3% Slavic and other

primarily German; Danish minority

99.8% black African (major tribes Akan, Ewe, Ga), 0.2% European and other

Exports

$60 million (f.o.b., FY83 est.) peanuts and peanut products, fish, and palm kernels

$24.2 billion, est. (f.o.b., 1982)

$176.4 billion (f.o.b., 1982); manufactures 86.5% (including machines and machine tools, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural products 5.5%, fuels 3.7%, raw materials 1.8%, other 2.5%

$856.9 million (f.o.b., 1982); cocoa (about 45%), wood, gold, diamonds, manganese, bauxite, and aluminum (aluminum regularly excluded from balance-ofpayments data)

Fiscal year

1 July-30 June German Democratic Republic Communications

same as calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years except for caloric intake, which is reported for the consumption year 1 July-30 June Communications

calendar year Communications

calendar year basis as of 1 January 1983; formerly 1 July-30 June Communications

Fishing

catch 25,000 metric tons (early 1980s)

catch 269,867 metric tons (1982)

catch 276,000 metric tons, $148.2 million (1981); exports $228.9 million, imports $625.9 million (1982)

catch 229,904 metric tons (1979)

Freight carried

rail — 322.5 million metric tons, 54.0 billion metric ton/km (1982); highway— 607.6 million metric tons, 16.2 billion metric ton/km (1982); waterway— 16.8 million metric tons, 2.3 billion metric ton/km (excluding international transit traffic) (1982)

GNP

$240 million (1981), about $370 per capita; real growth rate 11.97% (FY83)

$165.6 billion (1982, 1981 dollars), $9,903 per capita; 1982 growth rate 0.5%

$658.4 billion (1982), $10,682 per capita (1982); 56.3% private consumption, 20.4% public consumption, 17.5% private investment, 30% public investment, 0.4% inventory change, 2.4% net foreign balance; growth, rate -1.1% (1982, at 1976 prices)

$10.5 billion(1982est.)real growth rate -7.2% (1982 est.)

Government leader

Sir Dawda Kairaba JAWARA, President Political parties and leaders: People's Progressive Party (PPP), Secretary General Dawda K. Jawara; United Party (UP), Pierre N'Jie; and National Convention Party (NCP), Sherrif Dibba

Fit. Lt. (Ret.) Jerry John RAWLINGS, Chairman of PNDC

Government leaders

Erich HONECKER, Chairman, Council of State (Head of State); Willi STOPH, Chairman, Council of Ministers (Premier)

Dr. Karl CARSTENS, President; Dr. Helmut KOHL, Chancellor

Highways

3,083 km total; 431 km paved, 501 km gravel/laterite, and 2,151 km unimproved earth

120,455 km total; 47,455 km concrete, asphalt, stone block, of which 1 ,887 km are autobahn and limited access roads; over 73,000 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone, and earth (1982)

466,305 km total; 169,568 km classified, includes 6,435 km Autobahn, 32,460 km national highways (Bundesstrassen), 65,425 km state highways (Landesstrassen), 65,248 km county roads (Kreisstrassen), and 296,737 km of unclassified communal roads (Gemeindestrassen)

32,200 km total; 6,084 km concrete or bituminous surface, 26,166 km gravel or laterite

Imports

$85 million (f.o.b., FY83 est.); textiles, foodstuffs, tobacco, machinery, petroleum products, chemicals

$22.4 billion, est. (f.o.b., 1982)

$155.3 billion (c.i.f., 1982); manufactures 54.8%, fuels 23.5%, agricultural products1 1.6%, raw materials 6.9%, other 3.2%

$668.7 million (f.o.b., 1982); textiles and other manufactured goods, food, fuels, transport equipment

Inland waterways

400 km

2,314 km (1982)

5,222 km, of which almost 70% usable by craft of 990 metric ton capacity or larger

Volta, Ankobra, and Tano rivers provide 168 km of perennial navigation for launches and lighters; Lake Volta reservoir provides 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways

Labor force

378,850(1980 est); 75% agriculture; 18.9% industry, commerce, and services; 6.1% government

8.7 million; 38.0% industry, 20.5% services, 10.6% agriculture, 10.2% commerce, 7.4% transport and communications, 7.0% construction, 3.1% handicrafts, 3.2% other (1982)

25.668 million (1982); 33.8% manufacturing, 29.2% services, 16.8% government, 5.9% construction, 5.4% agriculture, 1.7% other; 7.2% unemployed (1982 average)

3.7 million; 54.7% agriculture and fishing; 18.7% industry; 15.2% sales and clerical; 7.7% services, transportation, and communications; 3.7% professional; 400,000 unemployed

Land boundaries

740 km Water

2,309 km Water

4,232 km Water

2,285 km Water

Language

English (official); Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars

German, small Sorb (West Slavic) minority

German

English (official); African languages include 44% Akan, 16% Mole-Dagbani, 13% Ewe, and 8% Ga-Adangbe

Legal system

based on English common law and customary law; constitution came into force upon independence in 1965, new republican constitution adopted in April 1970; state of emergency has existed since August 1981; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

civil law system modified by Communist legal theory; new constitution adopted 1974; court system parallels administrative divisions; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Universities of Berlin, Leipzig, Halle, and Jena; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; more stringent penal code adopted 1968, amended in 1974 and 1979

civil law system with indigenous concepts; constitution adopted 1949; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on English common law and customary law; legal education at University of Ghana (Legon); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

200 nm

3 nm (200 nm fishing zone)

3 nm (fishing 200 nm)

200 nm People

Literacy

about 15%

99%

99%

30%

Major industries

peanut processing, brewing, soft drinks, agricultural machinery assembly, small woodworking and metalworking, clothing

metal fabrication, chemicals, light industry, brown coal, and shipbuilding

among world's largest producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, ships, vehicles, machine tools

mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, fishing, aluminum

Major trade partners

exports — mainly EC; imports — EC, China

$46.6 billion (1982); 66.0% Socialist countries, 28.1% developed West, 5.8% less developed countries

(1982) EC 48.1% (France 14.1%, Netherlands 8. 5%, Italy 7.6%, BelgiumLuxembourg 7.3%, UK 7.3%); other Europe 14.9%; OPEC 8.9%; US 6.6%; Communist 4.8%

UK, EC, and US

Member of

Af BD, APC, Commonwealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB— Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IMF, IMO, IRC, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy

CEMA, IAEA, ICES, ILO, IMO, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy

ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, EIB, ELDO, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB — Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy

Af DB, Commonwealth, EGA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, World Confederation of Labor, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 30 June 1981, $2.4 million; 6.2% of central government budget; includes fire and police expenditures Land 107,774 km2; 43% arable; 27% forest; 15% meadow and pasture; 15% other

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, 11.4 billion marks; 6% of total budget Germany, Federal Republic of ("See reference map V) Land 249,535 km2 (including West Berlin); 33% cultivated; 29% forest; 23% meadow and pasture; 13% waste or urban; 2% inland water

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $18.8 billion; almost 19% of the proposed central government budget Land 238,538 km2; 60% forest and brush; 19% agricultural^^ other

Military manpower

males 15-49, 162,000; 82,000 fit for military service

males 15-49, 4,336,000; 3,475,000 fit for military service; 125,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 16,530,000; 13,804,000 fit for military service; 527,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 2,972,000; 1,654,000 fit for military service; 142,000 reach military age (18) annually

Monetary conversion rate

1 dalasi=US$2.67 (October 1983)

2.749 ostmarks=US$l (February 1984)

2.749 marks=US$l (February 1984)

2.75 cedi=US$l (October 1983)

National holiday

Independence Day, 18 February

Foundation of German Democratic Republic, 7 October

Independence Day, 6 March

Nationality

noun — Gambian(s); adjective — Cambian

noun — German(s); adjective — German

noun — German(s); adjective — German

noun — Ghanaian(s); adjective — Ghanaian

Official name

Republic of The Gambia

German Democratic Repub-

Federal Republic of Germany

Republic of Ghana

Organized labor

25% to 30% of wage labor force at most Government

87.7% of total labor force Government

37% of total labor force; 46.4% of wage and salary earners (1982) Government

467,000 or approximately 13% of labor force Government

Other political or pressure groups

expellee, refugee, and veterans groups

Other special interest groups

Free German Youth, Free German Trade Union Federation, Democratic Women's Federation of Germany, German Cultural Federation (all Communist dominated)

Pipelines

crude oil, 1,200 km; refined products, 500 km; natural gas 1,200 km

crude oil, 2,207 km; refined products, 3,240 km; natural gas, 95,414 km

refined products, 3 km

Political subdivisions

Banjul and five divisions

(excluding East Berlin) 14 districts (Bezirke), 218 counties (Kreise), 7,600 communities (Gemeinden)

10 LSnder (states); Western sectors of Berlin are ultimately controlled by US, UK, and France, which, together with the USSR, have special rights and responsibilities in Berlin

eight administrative regions and separate Greater Accra Area; regions subdivided into 58 districts and 267 local administrative districts

Population

725,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 3.4%

16,718,000, including East Berlin (July 1984), average annual growth rate 0.0%

61,387,000, including West Berlin (July 1984), average annual growth rate -0.2%

13,804,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 3.2%

Ports

1 major (Banjul)

4 major (Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Sassnitz), 13 minor; principal inland waterway ports are E. Berlin, Riesa, Magdeburg, and Eisenhuttenstadt (1979)

10 major, 11 minor

2 major (Tema, Takoradi), 1 naval base (Sekondi)

Railroads

none

14,232 km total; 13,937 km 1.435meter standard gauge, 295 km 1.000-meter or other narrow gauge, 3,830 (est.) km 1.435meter double track standard gauge; 1,934 km overhead electrified (1982)

32,555 km total; 28,533 km 1.435meter government owned, standard gauge, 12,491 km double track; 11,140 km electrified; 4,022 km nongovernment owned; 3,598 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 214 km electrified; 424 km 1.000-meter gauge; 186 km electrified

953 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 32 km double track; diesel locomotives gradually replacing steam engines

Religion

85% Muslim, 14% Christian, 1% indigenous beliefs

47% Protestant, 7% Roman Catholic, 45% unaffiliated or other; less than 5% of Protestants and about 25% of Roman Catholics actively participate

45% Roman Catholic, 44% Protestant, 11% other

42% Christian, 38% indigenous beliefs, 12% Muslim, 7% other

Ships

12 principal surface combatants, 6 patrol combatants, 12 amphibious warfare ships, 82 coastal patrol river/roadstead craft, 30 mine warfare craft, 6 underway replenishment ships, 2 fleet support ships, 30 other auxiliaries

Shortages

grain, vegetables, vegetable oil, beef, coking coal, coke, crude oil, rolled steel products, nonferrous metals

fats and oils, pulses, tropical products, sugar, cotton, wool, rubber, petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, nonferrous metals, sulfur

Suffrage

universal adult over 21

all citizens age 18 and over

universal over age 18

universal at age 18

Telecommunications

adequate network of radio relay and wire; 3,500 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 2 FM and 3 AM stations; no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces

3.07 million telephones in use (1980) Defense Forces

highly developed, modern telecommunication service to all parts of the country; fully adequate in all respects; 28.6 million telephones (46.3 per 100 popl.); 77 AM, 392 FM, and 6,030 TV stations; 6 submarine coaxial cables; 2 satellite stations with total of 7 antennas Defense Forces

fair system of openwire and cable, radio-relay links; 68,900 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl. ); 6 AM and 9 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground station Defense Forces

Type

republic; independent since February 1965 (The Gambia and Senegal in early 1982 formed a loose confederation named Senegambia, which calls for the integration of their armed forces, economies and monetary systems, and foreign policies)

Communist state

federal republic

republic; 31 December 1981 coup ended two-year-old civilian government and suspended constitution and political activity

Voting strength

1981 parliamentary elections and 1979 local elections; over 99% voted the regime slate

(1983 election) 48.8% CDU/CSU (CDU 38.2%, CSU 10.6%), 38.2% SPD, 6.9% FDP, 5.6% Greens, .5% other