2015 Edition

Background

Shortly after achieving independence from Britain in the early 1960s, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the United Republic of Tanzania in 1964. One-party rule ended in 1995 with the first democratic elections held in the country since the 1970s. Zanzibar's semi-autonomous status and popular opposition led to two contentious elections since 1995, which the ruling party won despite international observers' claims of voting irregularities. The formation of a government of national unity between Zanzibar's two leading parties succeeded in minimizing electoral tension in 2010.

Area

land

885,800 sq km

note

includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar

total

947,300 sq km

water

61,500 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly larger than twice the size of California

Climate

varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands

Coastline

1,424 km

Elevation extremes

highest point

Kilimanjaro 5,895 m (highest point in Africa)

lowest point

Indian Ocean 0 m

Environment - current issues

soil degradation; deforestation; desertification; destruction of coral reefs threatens marine habitats; recent droughts affected marginal agriculture; wildlife threatened by illegal hunting and trade, especially for ivory

Environment - international agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

per capita

144.7 cu m/yr (2002)

total

5.18 cu km/yr (10%/0%/89%)

Geographic coordinates

6 00 S, 35 00 E

Geography - note

Kilimanjaro is the highest point in Africa and one of only two mountains on the continent that has glaciers (the other is Mount Kenya); bordered by three of the largest lakes on the continent: Lake Victoria (the world's second-largest freshwater lake) in the north, Lake Tanganyika (the world's second deepest) in the west, and Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) in the southwest

Irrigated land

1,843 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

border countries (8)

Burundi 589 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 479 km, Kenya 775 km, Malawi 512 km, Mozambique 840 km, Rwanda 222 km, Uganda 391 km, Zambia 353 km

total

4,161 km

Land use

arable land 14.3%; permanent crops 2.3%; permanent pasture 27.1%

agricultural land

43.7%

forest

37.3%

other

19% (2011 est.)

Location

Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Kenya and Mozambique

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought

volcanism

limited volcanic activity; Ol Doinyo Lengai (elev. 2,962 m) has emitted lava in recent years; other historically active volcanoes include Kieyo and Meru

Natural resources

hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel

Terrain

plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south

Total renewable water resources

96.27 cu km (2011)

Age structure

0-14 years

44.34% (male 11,428,872/female 11,205,695)

15-24 years

19.59% (male 4,999,410/female 4,999,503)

25-54 years

29.61% (male 7,588,196/female 7,524,554)

55-64 years

3.49% (male 772,258/female 1,010,744)

65 years and over

2.97% (male 648,851/female 867,799) (2015 est.)

Birth rate

36.39 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Child labor - children ages 5-14

note

data represents children ages 5-17 and does not in (2006 est.)

percentage

21%

total number

2,815,085

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

13.6% (2011)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

34.4% (2009/10)

Death rate

8 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

6.2%

potential support ratio

16.1% (2015 est.)

total dependency ratio

93.8%

youth dependency ratio

87.6%

Drinking water source

urban: 77.2% of population

rural: 45.5% of population

total: 55.6% of population

urban: 22.1% of population

rural: 56% of population

total: 46.8% of population (2015 est.)

Education expenditures

6.2% of GDP (2010)

Ethnic groups

mainland - African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, African, mixed Arab and African

Health expenditures

7.3% of GDP (2013)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

4.95% (2013 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

78,300 (2013 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

1,400,500 (2013 est.)

Hospital bed density

0.7 beds/1,000 population (2010)

Infant mortality rate

female

40.33 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)

male

44.47 deaths/1,000 live births

total

42.43 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguja (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages

note

Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources including Arabic and English; it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages

Life expectancy at birth

female

63.13 years (2015 est.)

male

60.34 years

total population

61.71 years

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write Kiswahili (Swahili), English, or Arabic

female

65.4% (2015 est.)

male

75.9%

total population

70.6%

Major infectious diseases

animal contact disease

rabies (2013)

degree of risk

very high

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases

malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley fever

water contact diseases

schistosomiasis and leptospirosis

Major urban areas - population

DAR ES SALAAM (capital) 5.116 million; Mwanza 838,000 (2015)

Median age

female

17.7 years (2014 est.)

male

17.1 years

total

17.4 years

Nationality

adjective

Tanzanian

noun

Tanzanian(s)

Net migration rate

-0.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

5.9% (2014)

Physicians density

0.03 physicians/1,000 population (2012)

Population

51,045,882

note

estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2015 est.)

Population growth rate

2.79% (2015 est.)

Religions

mainland - Christian 30%, Muslim 35%, indigenous beliefs 35%; Zanzibar - more than 99% Muslim

Sanitation facility access

urban: 31.3% of population

rural: 8.3% of population

total: 15.6% of population

urban: 68.7% of population

rural: 91.7% of population

total: 84.4% of population (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

9 years (2012)

male

9 years

total

9 years

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.02 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1 male(s)/female

25-54 years

1.01 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.76 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.75 male(s)/female

at birth

1.03 male(s)/female

total population

0.99 male(s)/female (2015 est.)

Total fertility rate

4.89 children born/woman (2015 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total

7.1% (2011 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

5.36% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

31.6% of total population (2015)

Administrative divisions

30 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Geita, Iringa, Kagera, Kaskazini Pemba (Pemba North), Kaskazini Unguja (Zanzibar North), Katavi, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Kusini Pemba (Pemba South), Kusini Unguja (Zanzibar Central/South), Lindi, Manyara, Mara, Mbeya, Mjini Magharibi (Zanzibar Urban/West), Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Njombe, Pwani (Coast), Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Simiyu, Singida, Tabora, Tanga

Capital

geographic coordinates

6 48 S, 39 17 E

name

Dodoma; note - officially changed in 1996; serves as the meeting place for the National Assembly; the excutive branch offices and diplomatic representation remain in Dar es Salaam, the largest city and commercial capital

time difference

UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Constitution

several previous; latest adopted 25 April 1977; amended many times, last in 2012; note - a 640-member Constituent Assembly, formed in early 2014, passed a new constitution draft in October; final passage dependent upon outcome of national referendum expected in 2015 (2015)

Country name

conventional long form

United Republic of Tanzania

conventional short form

Tanzania

former

United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar

local long form

Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania

local short form

Tanzania

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Mark Bradley CHILDRESS (since 22 May 2014)

embassy

686 Old Bagamoyo Road, Msasani, Dar es Salaam

FAX

[255] (22) 229-4970 or 4971

mailing address

P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam

telephone

[255] (22) 229-4000

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

1232 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20037

chief of mission

Ambassador Liberata Rutageruka MULAMULA (since 17 July 2013)

FAX

[1] (202) 797-7408

telephone

[1] (202) 939-6125

Executive branch

cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the president from among members of the National Assembly

chief of state

President Jakaya KIKWETE (since 21 December 2005); Vice President Mohammed Gharib BILAL (since 6 November 2010); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

election results

Jakaya KIKWETE elected president; percent of vote - Jakaya KIKWETE (CCM) 61.2%, Willibrod SLAA (CHADEMA) 26.3%, Ibrahim LIPUMBA (CUF) 8.1%, other 4.4%

elections/appointments

president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by simple majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 31 October 2010 (next to be held on 25 October 2015); prime minister appointed by the president

head of government

President Jakaya KIKWETE (since 21 December 2005); Vice President Mohammed Gharib BILAL (since 6 November 2010)

note

Zanzibar elects a president as head of government for matters internal to Zanzibar; Ali Mohamed SHEIN (CCM) elected Zanzibar president on 31 October 2010, sworn in 3 November 2010

Flag description

divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue; the banner combines colors found on the flags of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; green represents the natural vegetation of the country, gold its rich mineral deposits, black the native Swahili people, and blue the country's many lakes and rivers, as well as the Indian Ocean

Government type

republic

Independence

26 April 1964; Tanganyika became independent on 9 December 1961 (from UK-administered UN trusteeship); Zanzibar became independent on 10 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar on 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania on 29 October 1964

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, EAC, EADB, EITI, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Court of Appeal of the United Republic of Tanzania (consists of the chief justice and 14 justices); High Court of the United Republic for Mainland Tanzania (consists of the principal judge and 30 judges organized into commercial, land, and labor courts); High Court of Zanzibar (consists of the chief justice and NA judges)

judge selection and term of office

Court of Appeal and High Court justices appointed by the national president after consultation with the Judicial Service Commission for Tanzania, a judicial body of high level judges and 2 members appointed by the national president; Court of Appeal and High Court judges appointed until mandatory retirement at age 60 but can be extended; High Court of Zanzibar judges appointed by the national president after consultation with the Judicial Commission of Zanzibar; judge tenure NA

subordinate courts

Resident Magistrates Courts; Kadhi courts (for Islamic family matters); district and primary courts

Legal system

English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation

Legislative branch

description

unicameral National Assembly or Parliament (Bunge) (357 seats; 239 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 102 women directly elected by proportional representation vote, 5 indirectly elected by simple majority vote by the Zanzibar House of Representatives, 10 appointed by the president, and 1 seat reserved for the attorney general; members serve 5-year terms); note - in addition to enacting laws that apply to the entire United Republic of Tanzania, the National Assembly enacts laws that apply only to the mainland; Zanzibar has its own House of Representatives or Baraza La Wawakilishi (81 seats; 50 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 15 women directly elected by proportional representation vote, 10 appointed by the Zanzibar president, 5 seats reserved for government appointed regional commissioners, and 1 seat for the attorney general; elected members serve 5-year terms)

election results

National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CCM 259, CHADEMA 48, CUF 34, NCCR-M 4, other 7, Zanzibar representatives 5; Zanzibar House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CCM 28, CUF 22

elections

last held on 31 October 2010 (next to be held in 2015)

National anthem

lyrics/music

collective/Enoch Mankayi SONTONGA

name

"Mungu ibariki Afrika" (God Bless Africa)

note

adopted 1961; the anthem, which is also a popular song in Africa, shares the same melody with that of Zambia, but has different lyrics; the melody is also incorporated into South Africa's anthem

National holiday

Union Day (Tanganyika and Zanzibar), 26 April (1964)

National symbol(s)

Uhuru (Freedom) torch, giraffe; national colors: green, yellow, blue, black

Political parties and leaders

Alliance for Chance and Transparency or ACT [Samson MWIGAMBA]

Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (Party of Democracy and Development) or CHADEMA [Willibrod SLAA]

Chama Cha Mapinduzi or CCM (Revolutionary Party) [Jakaya Mrisho KIKWETE]

Civic United Front or CUF [Ibrahim LIPUMBA]

Democratic Party or DP [Christopher MTIKLA] (unregistered)

National Convention for Construction and Reform - Mageuzi or NCCR-M [Hashim RUNGWE]

Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Mutamwega MUGAHWYA]

United Democratic Party or UDP [Fahma DOVUTWA]

Note

in March 2014, three opposition parties (CUF, CHADEMA, and NCCR-Mageusi) united to form Umoja wa Katiba ya Wananchi (Coalition for the People's Constituion) or UKAWA; during local elections held in October, 2014, UKAWA entered one candidate representing the three parties united in the coalition

Political pressure groups and leaders

Economic and Social Research Foundation or ESRF

Free Zanzibar

Tanzania Media Women's Association or TAMWA

Tanzaina Private Sector Foundation or TPSF

Twaweza

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashew nuts, tobacco, cloves, corn, wheat, cassava (manioc, tapioca), bananas, fruits, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats

Budget

expenditures

$8.626 billion (2014 est.)

revenues

$6.44 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-6% of GDP (2014 est.)

Central bank discount rate

8.25% (31 December 2010)

3.7% (31 December 2009)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

17.4% (31 December 2014 est.)

15.82% (31 December 2013 est.)

Current account balance

-$4.868 billion (2014 est.)

-$5.188 billion (2013 est.)

Debt - external

$15.35 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$13.83 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

37.6 (2007)

34.6 (2000)

Economy - overview

Tanzania is one of the world's poorest economies in terms of per capita income, but has achieved high growth rates based on its vast natural resource wealth and tourism. GDP growth in 2009-14 was an impressive 6-7% per year. Tanzania has largely completed its transition to a market economy, though the government retains a presence in sectors such as telecommunications, banking, energy, and mining. The economy depends on agriculture, which accounts for more than one-quarter of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs about 80% of the work force. The World Bank, the IMF, and bilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania's aging infrastructure, including rail and port, that provide important trade links for inland countries. Recent banking reforms have helped increase private-sector growth and investment, and the government has increased spending on agriculture to 7% of its budget. The financial sector in Tanzania has expanded in recent years and foreign-owned banks account for about 48% of the banking industry's total assets. Competition among foreign commercial banks has resulted in significant improvements in the efficiency and quality of financial services, though interest rates are still relatively high, reflecting high fraud risk. All land in Tanzania is owned by the government, which can lease land for up to 99 years. Proposed reforms to allow for land ownership, particularly foreign land ownership, remain unpopular. In 2013, Tanzania completed the world's largest Millennium Challenge Compact grant, worth $698 million, and, in December 2014, the Millennium Challenge Corporation selected Tanzania for a second Compact. Dar es Salaam used fiscal stimulus measures and easier monetary policies to lessen the impact of the global recession. In late 2014, a highly publicized scandal in the energy sector involving senior Tanzanian officials resulted in international donors freezing nearly $500 million in direct budget support to the government.

Exchange rates

Tanzanian shillings (TZS) per US dollar -

1,647.8 (2014 est.)

1,600.4 (2013 est.)

1,583 (2012 est.)

1,572.1 (2011 est.)

1,409.3 (2010 est.)

Exports

$6.084 billion (2014 est.)

$5.258 billion (2013 est.)

Exports - commodities

gold, coffee, cashew nuts, manufactures, cotton

Exports - partners

India 20%, China 13.3%, Japan 4.7%, UAE 4.4%, Kenya 4.2% (2013)

Fiscal year

1 July - 30 June

GDP - composition, by end use

(2014 est.)

exports of goods and services

20.6%

government consumption

19.8%

household consumption

66%

imports of goods and services

-40.3%

investment in fixed capital

33.2%

investment in inventories

0.6%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

26.9%

industry

25.2%

services

48% (2014 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$2,700 (2014 est.)

$2,500 (2013 est.)

$2,300 (2012 est.)

note

data are in 2014 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

7.2% (2014 est.)

7.3% (2013 est.)

5.1% (2012 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$47.93 billion (2014 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$127.1 billion (2014 est.)

$118.5 billion (2013 est.)

$110.5 billion (2012 est.)

note

data are in 2014 US dollars

Gross national saving

21.6% of GDP (2014 est.)

14.5% of GDP (2013 est.)

19.5% of GDP (2012 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

29.6% (2007)

lowest 10%

2.8%

Imports

$11.95 billion (2014 est.)

$11.03 billion (2013 est.)

Imports - commodities

consumer goods, machinery and transportation equipment, industrial raw materials, crude oil

Imports - partners

India 25%, China 24.6%, South Africa 5.1%, Kenya 4.4% (2013)

Industrial production growth rate

8.1% (2014 est.)

Industries

agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine); mining (diamonds, gold, and iron), salt, soda ash; cement, oil refining, shoes, apparel, wood products, fertilizer

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

6.1% (2014 est.)

7.9% (2013 est.)

Labor force

25 million (2014 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

80%

industry and services

20% (2002 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$1.803 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

$1.539 billion (31 December 2011)

$1.264 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Population below poverty line

67.9% (2011 est.)

Public debt

43.8% of GDP (2014 est.)

41.5% of GDP (2013 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$4.758 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$4.674 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

note

excludes gold

Stock of broad money

$7.936 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$7.533 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$NA

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$NA

Stock of domestic credit

$8.647 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$8.202 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$4.799 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$4.573 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

17.6% of GDP (2014 est.)

Unemployment rate

NA%

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

9.295 million Mt (2012 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - production

10 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2014 est.)

Electricity - consumption

4.137 billion kWh (2011 est.)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2013 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

33.5% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

66.5% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - imports

52 million kWh (2011 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

845,000 kW (2011 est.)

Electricity - production

5.115 billion kWh (2011 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

928.8 million cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - production

928.8 million cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

6.513 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

52,520 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

30,750 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Broadcast media

a state-owned TV station and multiple privately owned TV stations; state-owned national radio station supplemented by more than 40 privately owned radio stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available (2007)

Internet country code

.tz

Internet users

percent of population

15.0% (2014 est.)

total

7.4 million

Radio broadcast stations

AM 12, FM 11, shortwave 2 (1998)

Telephone system

domestic

fixed-line telephone network inadequate with less than 1 connection per 100 persons; mobile-cellular service, aided by multiple providers, is increasing rapidly and in 2011 exceeded a subscriber base of 50 telephones per 100 persons; trunk service provided by open-wire, microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and fiber-optic cable; some links being made digital

general assessment

telecommunications services are marginal; system operating below capacity and being modernized for better service; small aperture terminal (VSAT) system under construction

international

country code - 255; landing point for the EASSy fiber-optic submarine cable system linking East Africa with Europe and North America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean, 1 Atlantic Ocean) (2010)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

less than 1 (2014 est.)

total subscriptions

150,000

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

64 (2014 est.)

total

31.9 million

Television broadcast stations

3 (1999)

Airports

166 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

4

2,438 to 3,047 m

2

914 to 1,523 m

2 (2013)

over 3,047 m

2

total

10

Airports - with unpaved runways

33 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

24

914 to 1,523 m

98

over 3,047 m

1

total

156

Merchant marine

by type

bulk carrier 6, cargo 66, carrier 4, chemical tanker 1, container 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 10, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 3

foreign-owned

42 (Japan 1, Romania 1, Saudi Arabia 1, Syria 23, Turkey 13, UAE 3)

registered in other countries

3 (Panama 2, UK 1) (2010)

total

94

Pipelines

gas 311 km; oil 891 km; refined products 8 km (2013)

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s)

Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar

Railways

narrow gauge

1,860 km 1.067-m gauge; 2,707 km 1.000-m gauge (2014)

total

4,567 km

Roadways

paved

7,092 km

total

86,472 km

unpaved

79,380 km (2010)

Transportation - note

the International Maritime Bureau reports that shipping in territorial and offshore waters in the Indian Ocean remain at risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships, especially as Somali-based pirates extend their activities south; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crews have been robbed and stores or cargoes stolen

Waterways

(Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, and Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) are the principal avenues of commerce with neighboring countries; the rivers are not navigable) (2011)

Manpower available for military service

males age 16-49

9,985,445 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

females age 16-49

5,882,279 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

5,860,339

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

female

514,164 (2010 est.)

male

512,294

Military branches

Tanzania People's Defense Force (Jeshi la Wananchi la Tanzania, JWTZ): Army, Naval Wing (includes Coast Guard), Air Defense Command (includes Air Wing), National Service (2007)

Military expenditures

1.13% of GDP (2012)

1.12% of GDP (2011)

1.13% of GDP (2010)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)

Disputes - international

dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River; Malawi contends that the entire lake up to the Tanzanian shoreline is its territory, while Tanzania claims the border is in the center of the lake; the conflict was reignited in 2012 when Malawi awarded a license to a British company for oil exploration in the lake

Illicit drugs

targeted by traffickers moving hashish, Afghan heroin, and South American cocaine transported down the East African coastline, through airports, or overland through Central Africa; Zanzibar likely used by traffickers for drug smuggling; traffickers in the past have recruited Tanzanian couriers to move drugs through Iran into East Asia

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin)

53,881 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (2014); 88,546 (Burundi) (2015)

Trafficking in persons

current situation

Tanzania is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; the exploitation of young girls in domestic servitude continues to be Tanzania's largest human trafficking problem; Tanzanian boys are subject to forced labor mainly on farms but also in mines, in the commercial service sector, in the sex trade, and possibly on small fishing boats; internal trafficking is more prevalent than transnational trafficking and is usually facilitated by friends, family members, or intermediaries offering education or legitimate job opportunities; trafficking victims from Burundi, Kenya, Bangladesh, Nepal, Yemen, and India are to work in Tanzania's agricultural, mining, and domestic service sectors or may be sex trafficked

tier rating

Tier 2 Watch List - Tanzania does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; law enforcement made modest anti-trafficking efforts but imposed punishments on offenders that were inadequate for the seriousness of the crimes committed; key victim protection provisions of the 2008 anti-trafficking act remain unimplemented; the government continues to refer child trafficking victims to NGOs for care but has no procedure for the referral of adult victims; the national anti-trafficking action plan has not been implemented; no public awareness campaigns about the dangers of trafficking are conducted (2013)