2021 Edition

Background

Long referred to as Nubia, modern-day Sudan was the site of the Kingdom of Kerma (ca. 2500-1500 B.C.) until it was absorbed into the New Kingdom of Egypt. By the 11th century B.C., the Kingdom of Kush gained independence from Egypt; it lasted in various forms until the middle of the fourth century A.D. After the fall of Kush, the Nubians formed three Christian kingdoms of Nobatia, Makuria, and Alodia. The latter two endured until around 1500. Between the 14th and 15th centuries much of Sudan was settled by Arab nomads, and between the 16th–19th centuries it underwent extensive Islamization. Following Egyptian occupation early in the 19th century, the British established an Anglo-Egyptian Sudan - nominally a condominium, but in effect a British colony. Military regimes favoring Islamic-oriented governments have dominated national politics since Sudan gained independence from Anglo-Egyptian co-rule in 1956. The 30-year reign of President Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR, following months of nationwide protests, ended with the military forcing him out in April 2019. In October 2021, the Sudanese military deposed Prime Minister HAMDOUK but reinstated him in November 2021. As of December 2021, a joint civilian-military-executive body known as the Sovereign Council rules Sudan; the transitional government has stated it intends to hold elections that result in a civilian led government by early 2024.During most of the second half of the 20th century, Sudan was embroiled in two prolonged civil wars rooted in northern economic, political, and social domination of the largely non-Muslim, non-Arab southern portion of the country. The first civil war ended in 1972, but another broke out in 1983. Peace talks gained momentum in 2002-04, and the final North/South Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), signed in January 2005, granted the southern rebels autonomy for six years followed by a referendum on independence for Southern Sudan. South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011, but Sudan and South Sudan have yet to fully implement security and economic agreements relating to the normalization of relations between the two countries. In the 21st century, Sudan faced conflict in Darfur, Southern Kordofan, and Blue Nile starting in 2003. Together, these conflicts displaced more than 3 million people; while some repatriation has taken place, about 2.28 million IDPs remained in Sudan as of December 2020. Sudan also faces refugee influxes from neighboring countries, primarily Central African Republic, Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and South Sudan.  

Area

land

1,731,671 sq km

total

1,861,484 sq km

water

129,813 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly less than one-fifth the size of the US

Climate

hot and dry; arid desert; rainy season varies by region (April to November)

Coastline

853 km

Elevation

highest point

Jabal Marrah 3,042 m

lowest point

Red Sea 0 m

mean elevation

568 m

Geographic coordinates

15 00 N, 30 00 E

Geography - note

the Nile is Sudan's primary water source; its major tributaries, the White Nile and the Blue Nile, meet at Khartoum to form the River Nile which flows northward through Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea

Irrigated land

18,900 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

border countries

Central African Republic 174 km, Chad 1403 km, Egypt 1276 km, Eritrea 682 km, Ethiopia 744 km, Libya 382 km, South Sudan 2158 km

note

note: Sudan-South Sudan boundary represents 1 January 1956 alignment; final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei region pending negotiations between Sudan and South Sudan

total

6,819 km

Land use

agricultural land

100% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 15.7% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 84.2% (2018 est.)

forest

0% (2018 est.)

other

0% (2018 est.)

Location

north-eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Egypt and Eritrea

Major aquifers

Nubian Aquifer System, Sudd Basin (Umm Ruwaba Aquifer)

Major rivers (by length in km)

Nile (shared with Rwanda [s], Tanzania, Uganda, South Sudan, and Egypt [m]) - 6,650 km; Blue Nile river mouth (shared with Ethiopia [s]) - 1,600 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

contiguous zone

18 nm

continental shelf

200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

dust storms and periodic persistent droughts

Natural resources

petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold; hydropower

Population distribution

with the exception of a ribbon of settlement that corresponds to the banks of the Nile, northern Sudan, which extends into the dry Sahara, is sparsely populated; more abundant vegetation and broader access to water increases population distribution in the south extending habitable range along nearly the entire border with South Sudan; sizeable areas of population are found around Khartoum, southeast between the Blue and White Nile Rivers, and througout South Darfur as shown on this population distribution map

Terrain

generally flat, featureless plain; desert dominates the north

Age structure

0-14 years

42.01% (male 9,726,937/female 9,414,988)

15-24 years

20.94% (male 4,852,903/female 4,687,664)

25-54 years

29.89% (male 6,633,567/female 6,986,241)

55-64 years

4.13% (male 956,633/female 923,688)

65 years and over

3.03% (male 729,214/female 649,721) (2020 est.)

Birth rate

33.63 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

33% (2014)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

12.2% (2014)

Current Health Expenditure

4.5% (2018)

Death rate

6.41 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

6.5

potential support ratio

15.4 (2020 est.)

total dependency ratio

76.9

youth dependency ratio

70.4

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 80.7% of population

improved: total

total: 87% of population

improved: urban

urban: 99% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 19.3% of population

unimproved: total

total: 13% of population (2017 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 1% of population

Education expenditures

NA

Ethnic groups

Sudanese Arab (approximately 70%), Fur, Beja, Nuba, Fallata

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.2% (2020 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

2,300 (2020 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

49,000 (2020 est.)

Hospital bed density

0.7 beds/1,000 population (2017)

Infant mortality rate

female

37.36 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)

male

48.66 deaths/1,000 live births

total

43.15 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Languages

Arabic (official), English (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, Fur

major-language sample(s)

كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)

Life expectancy at birth

female

69.11 years (2021 est.)

male

64.58 years

total population

66.79 years

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

56.1% (2018)

male

65.4%

total population

60.7%

Major infectious diseases

animal contact diseases

rabies

degree of risk

very high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever

respiratory diseases

meningococcal meningitis

vectorborne diseases

malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley fever

water contact diseases

schistosomiasis

Major urban areas - population

5.989 million KHARTOUM (capital), 967,000 Nyala (2021)

Maternal mortality ratio

295 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Median age

female

18.5 years (2020 est.)

male

18.1 years

total

18.3 years

Nationality

adjective

Sudanese

noun

Sudanese (singular and plural)

Net migration rate

-1.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

6.6% (2014)

Physicians density

0.26 physicians/1,000 population (2017)

Population

46,751,152 (July 2021 est.)

Population distribution

with the exception of a ribbon of settlement that corresponds to the banks of the Nile, northern Sudan, which extends into the dry Sahara, is sparsely populated; more abundant vegetation and broader access to water increases population distribution in the south extending habitable range along nearly the entire border with South Sudan; sizeable areas of population are found around Khartoum, southeast between the Blue and White Nile Rivers, and througout South Darfur as shown on this population distribution map

Population growth rate

2.55% (2021 est.)

Religions

Sunni Muslim, small Christian minority

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 30.6% of population

improved: total

total: 44.9% of population

improved: urban

urban: 72.1% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 69.4% of population

unimproved: total

total: 55.1% of population (2017 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 27.9% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

7 years (2015)

male

8 years

total

8 years

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.03 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.04 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.95 male(s)/female

55-64 years

1.04 male(s)/female

65 years and over

1.12 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

1.01 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate

4.66 children born/woman (2021 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

female

43.5% (2011 est.)

male

27.4%

total

32.6%

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

3.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

35.6% of total population (2021)

Administrative divisions

18 states (wilayat, singular - wilayah); Blue Nile, Central Darfur, East Darfur, Gedaref, Gezira, Kassala, Khartoum, North Darfur, North Kordofan, Northern, Red Sea, River Nile, Sennar, South Darfur, South Kordofan, West Darfur, West Kordofan, White Nile

note

note: the peace accord signed in October 2020 included a protocol to restructure the country's current 18 provinces/states into eight regions

Capital

etymology

several explanations of the name exist; two of the more plausible are that it is derived from Arabic "al-jartum" meaning "elephant's trunk" or "hose," and likely referring to the narrow strip of land extending between the Blue and White Niles; alternatively, the name could derive from the Dinka words "khar-tuom," indicating a "place where rivers meet"

geographic coordinates

15 36 N, 32 32 E

name

Khartoum

time difference

UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

the father must be a citizen of Sudan

dual citizenship recognized

no

residency requirement for naturalization

10 years

Constitution

amendments

amended 2020 to incorporate the Juba Agreement for Peace in Sudan

history

previous 1973, 1998; 2005 (interim constitution, which was suspended in April 2019); latest initial draft completed by Transitional Military Council in May 2019; revised draft known as the "Draft Constitutional Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period," was signed by the Council and opposition coalition on 4 August 2019

Country name

conventional long form

Republic of the Sudan

conventional short form

Sudan

etymology

the name "Sudan" derives from the Arabic "bilad-as-sudan" meaning "Land of the Black [peoples]"

former

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Sudan

local long form

Jumhuriyat as-Sudan

local short form

As-Sudan

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Brian SHUKAN (since October 2019)

email address and website

ACSKhartoum@state.govhttps://sd.usembassy.gov/

embassy

P.O. Box 699, Kilo 10, Soba, Khartoum

mailing address

2200 Khartoum Place, Washington DC  20521-2200

telephone

[249] 187-0-22000

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Nureldin Mohamed Hamed SATTI (since 17 September 2020)

email address and website

consular@sudanembassy.orghttps://www.sudanembassy.org/

FAX

[1] (202) 667-2406

telephone

[1] (202) 338-8565

Executive branch

cabinet

Council of Ministers primarily appointed by the prime minister (2021)

chief of state

president (vacant); Sovereign Council Chairman General Abd-al-Fatah al-BURHAN Abd-al-Rahman; note - in August 2019, the ruling military council and civilian opposition alliance signed a power-sharing deal forming a "Sovereign Council," which served as a transitional collective chief of state chaired by al-BURHAN; on 25 October 2021, al-BURHAN dissolved the Sovereign Council but subsequently reinstated it on 11 November 2021, serving again as its Chairman; the Sovereign Council currently consists of 5 civilians, 5 generals, and 3 rebel leaders (2021)

election results

Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR reelected president; percent of vote - Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR (NCP) 94.1%, other (15 candidates) 5.9%

elections/appointments

president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed; last held on 13-16 April 2015 (next to be held at an undetermined date between July 2023 and January 2024 at the end of the transitional period); prime minister typically appointed by the president; note - the position of prime minister was reinstated in December 2016 as a result of the 2015-16 national dialogue process, and President al-BASHIR appointed BAKRI Hassan Salih to the position on 2 March 2017; on 21 August 2019, the Forces for Freedom and Change, the civilian opposition alliance, named Abdallah HAMDOUK as Prime Minister of Sudan for the transitional period; on 25 October 2021, General Abd-al-Fatah al-BURHAN Abd-al-Rahman dissolved the Sovereign Council and temporarily arrested HAMDOUK until his reinstatement on 21 November 2021 (2021)

head of government

Prime Minister Abdallah HAMDOUK (since August 2019, reinstated November 2021); note - on 25 October 2021, General Abd-al-Fatah al-BURHAN Abd-al-Rahman dissolved the Sovereign Council and temporarily arrested HAMDOUK until his reinstatement on 21 November 2021 (2021)

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; colors and design based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I, but the meanings of the colors are expressed as follows: red signifies the struggle for freedom, white is the color of peace, light, and love, black represents the people of Sudan (in Arabic 'Sudan' means black), green is the color of Islam, agriculture, and prosperity

Government type

presidential republic

Independence

1 January 1956 (from Egypt and the UK)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; withdrew acceptance of ICCt jurisdiction in 2008

International organization participation

ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Judicial branch

highest courts

National Supreme Court (consists of 70 judges organized into panels of 3 judges and includes 4 circuits that operate outside the capital); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 justices including the court president); note - the Constitutional Court resides outside the national judiciary

judge selection and term of office

National Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges selected by the Supreme Judicial Council, which replaced the National Judicial Service Commission upon enactment of the Draft Constitutional Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period

subordinate courts

Court of Appeal; other national courts; public courts; district, town, and rural courts

Legal system

mixed legal system of Islamic law and English common law; note - in mid-July 2020, Sudan amended 15 provisions of its 1991 penal code

Legislative branch

description

according to the August 2019 Constitutional Decree, which established Sudan's transitional government, the Transitional Legislative Council (TLC) will serve as the national legislature during the transitional period until elections can be held in 2022; as of early December 2019, the TLC had not been established

election results

Council of State - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 35, women 19, percent of women 35.2%National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NCP 323, DUP 25, Democratic Unionist Party 15, other 44, independent 19; composition - men 296 women 130, percent of women 30.5%; note - total National Legislature percent of women 31%

elections

Council of State - last held 1 June 2015 National Assembly - last held on 13-15 April 2015 note - elections for an as yet defined new legislature to be held in 2022 at the expiry of the Transnational Legislative Council

National anthem

lyrics/music

Sayed Ahmad Muhammad SALIH/Ahmad MURJAN

name

"Nahnu Djundulla Djundulwatan" (We Are the Army of God and of Our Land)

note

note: adopted 1956; originally served as the anthem of the Sudanese military

National holiday

Independence Day, 1 January (1956)

National symbol(s)

secretary bird; national colors: red, white, black, green

Political parties and leaders

Democratic Unionist Party or DUP [Jalal al-DIGAIR]Democratic Unionist Party [Muhammad Uthman al-MIRGHANI]Federal Umma Party [Dr. Ahmed Babikir NAHAR]Muslim Brotherhood or MBNational Congress Party or NCP (in November 2019, Sudan's transitional government approved a law to "dismantle" the regime of former President Omar al-Bashir, including the dissolution of his political party, the NCP) National Umma Party or NUP [Saddiq al-MAHDI]Popular Congress Party or PCP [Hassan al-TURABI]Reform Movement Now [Dr. Ghazi Salahuddin al-ATABANI]Sudan National Front [Ali Mahmud HASANAYN]Sudanese Communist Party or SCP [Mohammed Moktar Al-KHATEEB]Sudanese Congress Party or SCoP [Ibrahim Al-SHEIKH]Umma Party for Reform and DevelopmentUnionist Movement Party or UMP

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

sugar cane, sorghum, milk, groundnuts, onions, sesame seed, goat milk, millet, bananas, wheat

Budget

expenditures

13.36 billion (2017 est.)

revenues

8.48 billion (2017 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-10.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2016

-$4.213 billion (2016 est.)

Current account balance 2017

-$4.811 billion (2017 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 31 December 2016

$51.26 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Debt - external 31 December 2017

$56.05 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

Economic overview

Sudan has experienced protracted social conflict and the loss of three quarters of its oil production due to the secession of South Sudan. The oil sector had driven much of Sudan's GDP growth since 1999. For nearly a decade, the economy boomed on the back of rising oil production, high oil prices, and significant inflows of foreign direct investment. Since the economic shock of South Sudan's secession, Sudan has struggled to stabilize its economy and make up for the loss of foreign exchange earnings. The interruption of oil production in South Sudan in 2012 for over a year and the consequent loss of oil transit fees further exacerbated the fragile state of Sudan’s economy. Ongoing conflicts in Southern Kordofan, Darfur, and the Blue Nile states, lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture, keep close to half of the population at or below the poverty line. Sudan was subject to comprehensive US sanctions, which were lifted in October 2017. Sudan is attempting to develop non-oil sources of revenues, such as gold mining and agriculture, while carrying out an austerity program to reduce expenditures. The world’s largest exporter of gum Arabic, Sudan produces 75-80% of the world’s total output. Agriculture continues to employ 80% of the work force. Sudan introduced a new currency, still called the Sudanese pound, following South Sudan's secession, but the value of the currency has fallen since its introduction. Khartoum formally devalued the currency in June 2012, when it passed austerity measures that included gradually repealing fuel subsidies. Sudan also faces high inflation, which reached 47% on an annual basis in November 2012 but fell to about 35% per year in 2017. (2017)

Exchange rates

currency

Sudanese pounds (SDG) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2013

5.74 (2013 est.)

Exchange rates 2014

6.03 (2014 est.)

Exchange rates 2015

6.14 (2015 est.)

Exchange rates 2016

6.14 (2016 est.)

Exchange rates 2017

6.72 (2017 est.)

Exports

Exports 2018

$5 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)

Exports 2019

$5.11 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

Exports - commodities

gold, crude petroleum, sesame seeds, sheep, goats, cotton, ground nuts (2019)

Exports - partners

United Arab Emirates 31%, China 19%, Saudi Arabia 14%, India 12%, Egypt 5% (2019)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

9.7% (2017 est.)

government consumption

5.8% (2017 est.)

household consumption

77.3% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services

-11.8% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital

18.4% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories

0.6% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

39.6% (2017 est.)

industry

2.6% (2017 est.)

services

57.8% (2017 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$24.918 billion (2019 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2014

34.2 (2014 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

26.7% (2009 est.)

lowest 10%

2.7%

Imports

Imports 2018

$8.24 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)

Imports 2019

$9.79 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

Imports - commodities

raw sugar, wheat, packaged medicines, jewelry, tires, cars and vehicle parts (2019)

Imports - partners

China 31%, India 14%, United Arab Emirates 11%, Egypt 6% (2019)

Industrial production growth rate

4.5% (2017 est.)

Industries

oil, cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling, shoes, petroleum refining, pharmaceuticals, armaments, automobile/light truck assembly, milling

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017

32.5% (2017 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018

62.8% (2018 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019

50.2% (2019 est.)

Labor force

11.92 million (2007 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

80%

industry

7%

services

13% (1998 est.)

Population below poverty line

46.5% (2009 est.)

Public debt

Public debt 2016

99.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

Public debt 2017

121.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

note

note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018

$181.61 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019

$179.2 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020

$176.4 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2015

1.3% (2015 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2016

3% (2016 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2017

1.4% (2017 est.)

Real GDP per capita

note

note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2018

$4,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2019

$4,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2020

$4,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016

$168.3 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017

$198 million (31 December 2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

18.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2016

20.6% (2016 est.)

Unemployment rate 2017

19.6% (2017 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

female

43.5% (2011 est.)

male

27.4%

total

32.6%

Crude oil - exports

19,540 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - imports

9,440 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - production

95,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

5 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Electricity - consumption

12.12 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

44% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

51% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

6% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

3.437 million kW (2016 est.)

Electricity - production

13.99 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - rural areas

35% (2019)

electrification - total population

47% (2019)

electrification - urban areas

71% (2019)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

84.95 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

112,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

8,541 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

24,340 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

94,830 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

less than 1 (2018 est.)

total

28,782 (2020)

Broadcast media

the Sudanese Government directly controls TV and radio, requiring that both media reflect government policies; TV has a permanent military censor (2019)

Internet country code

.sd

Internet users

percent of population

30.87% (2019 est.)

total

13.7 million (2021 est.)

Telecommunication systems

domestic

consists of microwave radio relay, cable, fiber optic, radiotelephone communications, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations; teledensity fixed-line less than 1 per 100 and mobile-cellular 77 telephones per 100 persons (2019)

general assessment

well-equipped system by regional standards with ongoing upgrades; despite economic challenges, government continues to boost mobile infrastructure through build-out of fiber-broadband network across country; economic climate has not encouraged client growth in telecom, but some investment has been made to build mobile towers and expand LTE services; growth of e-money services; interim constitution safeguards rights and freedoms, though some Internet users continue to face harassment for activities; importer of broadcasting equipment from UAE and China (2020)

international

country code - 249; landing points for the EASSy, FALCON and SAS-1,-2, fiber-optic submarine cable systems linking Africa, the Middle East, Indian Ocean Islands and Asia; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)

note

note: since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn because of supply-chain disruptions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

less than 1 (2020 est.)

total subscriptions

129,408 (2020)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

80.26 (2020 est.)

total subscriptions

35,195,207 (2020)

Airports

total

67 (2020)

Airports - with paved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

2

2,438 to 3,047 m

11

914 to 1,523 m

1

over 3,047 m

2

total

17

under 914 m

1 (2020)

Airports - with unpaved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

17

914 to 1,523 m

24

total

50

under 914 m

9 (2020)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

ST

Heliports

7 (2020)

Merchant marine

by type

other 15 (2021)

total

15

National air transport system

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

269,958 (2018)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

42

number of registered air carriers

9 (2020)

Pipelines

156 km gas, 4070 km oil, 1613 km refined products (2013)

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s)

Port Sudan

Railways

narrow gauge

5,851 km 1.067-m gauge (2014)

note

1,400 km 0.600-m gauge for cotton plantations

total

7,251 km (2014)

Roadways

paved

8,000 km (2019)

total

31,000 km (2019)

unpaved

23,000 km (2019)

urban

1,000 km (2019)

Waterways

4,068 km (1,723 km open year-round on White and Blue Nile Rivers) (2011)

Military - note

in October 2020, after almost a year of negotiations, Sudan’s transitional government and a broad alliance of armed rebel groups known as the Sudanese Revolutionary Front (SRF) signed a peace agreement; the SRF rebels had operated in Darfur, South Kordofan, and the Blue Nile provinces; under the agreement, SRF fighters are to be slowly incorporated into joint units with government security forces over a period of 39 months; however, two rebel groups – the Darfur-based Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N), which controls territory in the South Kordofan and Blue Nile provinces, are not part of the agreement; in March 2021, the Sudanese Government and the SPLM-N agreed to re-start peace talksprior to the October 2021 overthrow of the Sovereignty Council, the Sudanese military has been a dominant force in the ruling of the country since its independence in 1956; in addition, the Sudanese military and security forces have a large role in the country's economy, reportedly controlling over 200 commercial companies, including businesses involved in gold mining, rubber production, agriculture, and meat exports United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has operated in the disputed Abyei region along the border between Sudan and South Sudan since 2011; UNISFA's mission includes ensuring security, protecting civilians, strengthening the capacity of the Abyei Police Service, de-mining, monitoring/verifying the redeployment of armed forces from the area, and facilitating the flow of humanitarian aid; UNISFA had about 3,800 personnel deployed as of August 2021in addition, the United Nations African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) operated in the war-torn Darfur region since 2007 until its mission was completed in mid-2021; UNAMID was a joint African Union-UN peacekeeping force with the mission of bringing stability to Darfur, including protecting civilians, facilitating humanitarian assistance, and promoting mediation efforts, while peace talks on a final settlement continued; in July 2021, UNAMID entered a year-long liquidation phase in which it will maintain a guard unit consisting of about 360 police to protect UN personnel, facilities, and assets inside the El Fasher Logistics Base; Sudanese joint security forces will continue to be deployed outside the base and assist the remaining UN contingent with securing its perimeter; note - the October 2020 peace agreement provided for the establishment of a joint security force comprised of 12,000 members tasked with securing the Darfur region in the place of UNAMID; in June 2021, Sudan's transitional government announced it would increase the size of this force to 20,000 and expand its mission scope to include the capital and other parts of the country suffering from violence; the force would include the SAF, RSF, police, intelligence, and representatives from armed groups involved in peace negotiations (2021)

Military and security forces

Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF): Ground Force, Navy, Sudanese Air Force; Rapid Support Forces (RSF); Reserve Department (formerly the paramilitary Popular Defense Forces); Border Guards (Ministry of Defense)Ministry of Interior: security police, special forces police, traffic police, and the combat-trained Central Reserve Police (2021)

note

note - the RSF is a semi-autonomous paramilitary force formed in 2013 to fight armed rebel groups in Sudan, with Mohammed Hamdan DAGALO (aka Hemeti) as its commander (he is also Deputy Chairman of the Sovereign Council); it was initially placed under the National Intelligence and Security Service, then came under the direct command of former president Omar al-BASHIR, who boosted the RSF as his own personal security force; the RSF has been accused of committing rights abuses against civilians; it is also reportedly involved in business enterprises, such as gold mining; in late 2019, Sovereign Council Chairman and SAF Commander-in-Chief General Abd-al-Fatah al-BURHAN said the RSF would be fully integrated into the SAF, but did not give a timeline

Military and security service personnel strengths

information varies widely, ranging from about 100,000 to more than 200,000 active personnel, including approximately 1,500 Navy and 3,000 Air Force; approximately 30-40,000 paramilitary Rapid Support Forces; approximately 20,000 Reserve Department (formerly the paramilitary Popular Defense Forces) (2021)

Military deployments

Sudan joined the Saudi-led coalition that intervened in Yemen in 2015, reportedly providing as many as 40,000 troops during the peak of the war in 2016-17, mostly from the Rapid Support Forces; by 2020-21, Sudan had reduced the size of the force to about a brigade (1-2,000) (2021)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the SAF's inventory includes a mix of Chinese, Russian, Soviet-era, Ukrainian, and domestically-produced weapons systems; since 2010, the leading arms providers to the SAF are Belarus, China, Russia, and Ukraine; Sudan has a domestic arms industry that manufactures ammunition, small arms, and armored vehicles, largely based on older Chinese and Russian systems (2021)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2016

2.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

Military Expenditures 2017

3.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

Military Expenditures 2018

2.3% of GDP (2018 est.)

Military Expenditures 2019

1.7% of GDP (2019 est.)

Military Expenditures 2020

1.1% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18-33 years of age for male and female compulsory or voluntary military service; 1-2 year service obligation (2021)

Disputes - international

the effects of Sudan's ethnic and rebel militia fighting since the mid-20th century have penetrated all of the neighboring states; Chad wishes to be a helpful mediator in resolving the Darfur conflict, and in 2010 established a joint border monitoring force with Sudan, which has helped to reduce cross-border banditry and violence; civil unrest in eastern Sudan has hampered efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia; as of early 2019, more than 590,000 Sudanese refugees are being hosted in the Central African Republic, Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, and South Sudan; Sudan, in turn, is hosting more than 975,000 refugees and asylum seekers, including more than 845,000 from South Sudan; Sudan accuses South Sudan of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; Sudan claims but Egypt de facto administers security and economic development of the Halaib region north of the 22nd parallel boundary; periodic violent skirmishes with Sudanese residents over water and grazing rights persist among related pastoral populations along the border with the Central African Republic; South Sudan-Sudan boundary represents 1 January 1956 alignment, final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei Area pending negotiations between South Sudan and Sudan

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs

2,276,000 (civil war 1983-2005; ongoing conflict in Darfur region; government and rebel fighting along South Sudan border; inter-tribal clashes) (2020)

refugees (country of origin)

798,406 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 125,997 (Eritrea) (refugees and asylum seekers), 93,483 (Syria) (refugees and asylum seekers), 71,993 (Ethiopia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 27,610 (Central African Republic) (2021)

Trafficking in persons

current situation

Sudan is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children who are subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; traffickers exploit homeless children and unaccompanied migrant children from West and Central Africa in forced labor for begging, public transportation, large markets, and in sex trafficking; business owners, informal mining operators, community members, and farmers exploit children in brick-making factories, gold mining, collecting medical waste, street vending, and agriculture; children are exposed to threats, physical and sexual abuse, and hazardous working conditions; criminal groups exploit Sudanese women and girls from rural areas in domestic work and in sex trafficking; Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces, a semi-autonomous paramilitary branch of the government, recruited child soldiers; Eritrean, Ethiopian, and other Africans refugees at government encampments risk exploitation

tier rating

Tier 2 Watch List — Sudan does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; authorities prosecuted more suspected traffickers and launched an awareness campaign; the government streamlined its national anti-trafficking mechanism and focused resources on the National Committee to Combat Human Trafficking; a national action plan was drafted, finalized, and approved; Sudanese Armed Forces officials launched a unit for child protection efforts in conflict areas and trained more than 5,000 members of its military on child protection issues; however, the Rapid Support Forces, a semi-autonomous paramilitary branch of the government, recruited child soldiers; the government has not developed a system to identify, demobilize, and rehabilitate victims; officials’ denial of trafficking, smuggling, and kidnapping for ransom impeded anti-trafficking efforts; investigations and convictions of trafficking crimes decreased; Sudan was granted a waiver per the Trafficking Victims Protection Act from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3; Sudan remained on Tier 2 Watch List for the third consecutive year (2020)

Terrorist group(s)

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS), al-Qa’ida, Harakat Sawa’d Misr

Air pollutants

carbon dioxide emissions

20 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions

75.1 megatons (2020 est.)

particulate matter emissions

47.92 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

Climate

hot and dry; arid desert; rainy season varies by region (April to November)

Environment - current issues

water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; water scarcity and periodic drought; wildlife populations threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification; deforestation; loss of biodiversity  

Environment - international agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Food insecurity

severe localized food insecurity

due to conflict, civil insecurity, and soaring food prices - the number of severely food insecure people was estimated at 9.8 million in the June−September 2021 period, due to flood-induced livelihood losses sustained in 2020, soaring food prices and inter‑communal conflict; the main drivers are macro‑economic challenges resulting in rampant food and non‑food inflation, the lingering impact of 2020 widespread floods on livelihoods and the escalation of inter‑communal violence in western Greater Darfur Region and in eastern South Kordofan, North Kordofan and Blue Nile states (2021)

Land use

agricultural land

100% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 15.7% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.2% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 84.2% (2018 est.)

forest

0% (2018 est.)

other

0% (2018 est.)

Major aquifers

Nubian Aquifer System, Sudd Basin (Umm Ruwaba Aquifer)

Major infectious diseases

animal contact diseases

rabies

degree of risk

very high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever

respiratory diseases

meningococcal meningitis

vectorborne diseases

malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley fever

water contact diseases

schistosomiasis

Major rivers (by length in km)

Nile (shared with Rwanda [s], Tanzania, Uganda, South Sudan, and Egypt [m]) - 6,650 km; Blue Nile river mouth (shared with Ethiopia [s]) - 1,600 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)

Revenue from coal

coal revenues

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from forest resources

forest revenues

3.01% of GDP (2018 est.)

Total renewable water resources

37.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

25.91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial

75 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

municipal

950 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

3.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

35.6% of total population (2021)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

2,831,291 tons (2015 est.)