2023 Edition

Background

The Slovene lands were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the latter's dissolution at the end of World War I. In 1918, the Slovenes joined the Serbs and Croats in forming a new multinational state, which was named Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, Slovenia was one of the republics in the restored Yugoslavia, which, though communist, soon distanced itself from the Soviet Union and spearheaded the Non-Aligned Movement. Dissatisfied with the exercise of power by the majority Serbs, the Slovenes succeeded in establishing their independence in 1991 after a short 10-day war. Historical ties to Western Europe, a growing economy, and a stable democracy have assisted in Slovenia's postcommunist transition. Slovenia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004; it joined the euro zone and the Schengen Area in 2007.

Area

land

20,151 sq km

total

20,273 sq km

water

122 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than New Jersey

Climate

Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east

Coastline

46.6 km

Elevation

highest point

Triglav 2,864 m

lowest point

Adriatic Sea 0 m

mean elevation

492 m

Geographic coordinates

46 07 N, 14 49 E

Geography - note

despite its small size, this eastern Alpine country controls some of Europe's major transit routes

Irrigated land

39 sq km (2020)

Land boundaries

border countries

Austria 299 km; Croatia 600 km; Hungary 94 km; Italy 218 km

total

1,211 km

Land use

agricultural land

22.8% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 8.4% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 1.3% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 13.1% (2018 est.)

forest

62.3% (2018 est.)

other

14.9% (2018 est.)

Location

south Central Europe, Julian Alps between Austria and Croatia

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

flooding; earthquakes

Natural resources

lignite, lead, zinc, building stone, hydropower, forests

Population distribution

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; pockets in the mountainous northwest exhibit less density than elsewhere

Terrain

a short southwestern coastal strip of Karst topography on the Adriatic; an alpine mountain region lies adjacent to Italy and Austria in the north; mixed mountains and valleys with numerous rivers to the east

Age structure

0-14 years

14.55% (male 156,499/female 148,987)

15-64 years

62.73% (male 685,750/female 631,553)

65 years and over

22.72% (2023 est.) (male 208,832/female 268,169)

Alcohol consumption per capita

beer

4.54 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

1.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

11.05 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

5.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

8.1 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

NA

Contraceptive prevalence rate

NA

Current health expenditure

9.5% of GDP (2020)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

46.4% (2023 est.)

Death rate

10.5 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

31.9

potential support ratio

3.1 (2021 est.)

total dependency ratio

55.5

youth dependency ratio

23.6

Drinking water source

improved: total

total: 99.5% of population

improved: urban

urban: NA

unimproved: rural

rural: NA

unimproved: total

total: 0.5% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: NA

Education expenditures

5.8% of GDP (2020 est.)

Ethnic groups

Slovene 83.1%, Serb 2%, Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other or unspecified 12% (2002 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.78 (2023 est.)

Hospital bed density

4.4 beds/1,000 population (2018)

Infant mortality rate

female

1.4 deaths/1,000 live births

male

1.6 deaths/1,000 live births

total

1.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)

Languages

Languages

Slovene (official) 87.7%, Croatian 2.8%, Serbo-Croatian 1.8%, Bosnian 1.6%, Serbian 1.6%, Hungarian 0.4% (official, only in municipalities where Hungarian national communities reside), Italian 0.2% (official, only in municipalities where Italian national communities reside), other or unspecified 3.9% (2002 est.)

major-language sample(s)

Svetovni informativni zvezek - neobhoden vir osnovnih informacij. (Slovene)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

85 years

male

79.2 years

total population

82 years (2023 est.)

Literacy

definition

NA

female

99.7% (2015)

male

99.7%

total population

99.7%

Major urban areas - population

286,000 LJUBLJANA (capital) (2018)

Maternal mortality ratio

5 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Median age

female

47.5 years

male

44.6 years

total

45.9 years (2023 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

29 years (2020 est.)

Nationality

adjective

Slovenian

noun

Slovene(s)

Net migration rate

1.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

20.2% (2016)

Physicians density

3.28 physicians/1,000 population (2019)

Population

2,099,790 (2023 est.)

Population distribution

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; pockets in the mountainous northwest exhibit less density than elsewhere

Population growth rate

-0.08% (2023 est.)

Religions

Catholic 57.8%, Muslim 2.4%, Orthodox 2.3%, other Christian 1%, unaffiliated 3.5%, no response or unspecified 22.8%, none 10.1% (2002 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: NA

improved: total

total: 99% of population

improved: urban

urban: NA

unimproved: rural

rural: NA

unimproved: total

total: 1% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: NA

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

18 years (2020)

male

17 years

total

18 years

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1.09 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.78 male(s)/female

at birth

1.04 male(s)/female

total population

1 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Tobacco use

female

19.6% (2020 est.)

male

24.4% (2020 est.)

total

22% (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.6 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

56.1% of total population (2023)

Administrative divisions

200 municipalities (obcine, singular - obcina) and 12 urban municipalities (mestne obcine, singular - mestna obcina) municipalities: Ajdovscina, Ankaran, Apace, Beltinci, Benedikt, Bistrica ob Sotli, Bled, Bloke, Bohinj, Borovnica, Bovec, Braslovce, Brda, Brezice, Brezovica, Cankova, Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Cerknica, Cerkno, Cerkvenjak, Cirkulane, Crensovci, Crna na Koroskem, Crnomelj, Destrnik, Divaca, Dobje, Dobrepolje, Dobrna, Dobrova-Polhov Gradec, Dobrovnik/Dobronak, Dolenjske Toplice, Dol pri Ljubljani, Domzale, Dornava, Dravograd, Duplek, Gorenja Vas-Poljane, Gorisnica, Gorje, Gornja Radgona, Gornji Grad, Gornji Petrovci, Grad, Grosuplje, Hajdina, Hoce-Slivnica, Hodos, Horjul, Hrastnik, Hrpelje-Kozina, Idrija, Ig, Ilirska Bistrica, Ivancna Gorica, Izola/Isola, Jesenice, Jezersko, Jursinci, Kamnik, Kanal ob Soci, Kidricevo, Kobarid, Kobilje, Kocevje, Komen, Komenda, Kosanjevica na Krki, Kostel, Kozje, Kranjska Gora, Krizevci, Kungota, Kuzma, Lasko, Lenart, Lendava/Lendva, Litija, Ljubno, Ljutomer, Log-Dragomer, Logatec, Loska Dolina, Loski Potok, Lovrenc na Pohorju, Luce, Lukovica, Majsperk, Makole, Markovci, Medvode, Menges, Metlika, Mezica, Miklavz na Dravskem Polju, Miren-Kostanjevica, Mirna, Mirna Pec, Mislinja, Mokronog-Trebelno, Moravce, Moravske Toplice, Mozirje, Muta, Naklo, Nazarje, Odranci, Oplotnica, Ormoz, Osilnica, Pesnica, Piran/Pirano, Pivka, Podcetrtek, Podlehnik, Podvelka, Poljcane, Polzela, Postojna, Prebold, Preddvor, Prevalje, Puconci, Race-Fram, Radece, Radenci, Radlje ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne na Koroskem, Razkrizje, Recica ob Savinji, Rence-Vogrsko, Ribnica, Ribnica na Pohorju, Rogaska Slatina, Rogasovci, Rogatec, Ruse, Salovci, Selnica ob Dravi, Semic, Sempeter-Vrtojba, Sencur, Sentilj, Sentjernej, Sentjur, Sentrupert, Sevnica, Sezana, Skocjan, Skofja Loka, Skofljica, Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Smarje pri Jelsah, Smarjeske Toplice, Smartno ob Paki, Smartno pri Litiji, Sodrazica, Solcava, Sostanj, Sredisce ob Dravi, Starse, Store, Straza, Sveta Ana, Sveta Trojica v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Andraz v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Jurij ob Scavnici, Sveti Jurij v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Tomaz, Tabor, Tisina, Tolmin, Trbovlje, Trebnje, Trnovska Vas, Trzic, Trzin, Turnisce, Velika Polana, Velike Lasce, Verzej, Videm, Vipava, Vitanje, Vodice, Vojnik, Vransko, Vrhnika, Vuzenica, Zagorje ob Savi, Zalec, Zavrc, Zelezniki, Zetale, Ziri, Zirovnica, Zrece, Zuzemberk urban municipalities: Celje, Koper, Kranj, Krsko, Ljubljana, Maribor, Murska Sobota, Nova Gorica, Novo Mesto, Ptuj, Slovenj Gradec, Velenje

Capital

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology

likely related to the Slavic root "ljub", meaning "to like" or "to love"; by tradition, the name is related to the Slovene word "ljubljena" meaning "beloved"

geographic coordinates

46 03 N, 14 31 E

name

Ljubljana

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Slovenia; both parents if the child is born outside of Slovenia

dual citizenship recognized

yes, for select cases

residency requirement for naturalization

10 years, the last 5 of which have been continuous

Constitution

amendments

proposed by at least 20 National Assembly members, by the government, or by petition of at least 30,000 voters; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; referendum required if agreed upon by at least 30 Assembly members; passage in a referendum requires participation of a majority of eligible voters and a simple majority of votes cast; amended several times, last in 2016

history

previous 1974 (preindependence); latest passed by Parliament 23 December 1991

Country name

conventional long form

Republic of Slovenia

conventional short form

Slovenia

etymology

the country's name means "Land of the Slavs" in Slovene

former

People's Republic of Slovenia, Socialist Republic of Slovenia

local long form

Republika Slovenija

local short form

Slovenija

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Jamie L. HARPOOTLIAN  (since 17 February 2022)

email address and website

LjubljanaACS@state.govhttps://si.usembassy.gov/

embassy

Presernova 31, 1000 Ljubljana

FAX

[386] (1) 200-5555

mailing address

7140 Ljubljana Place, Washington, DC 20521-7140

telephone

[386] (1) 200-5500

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2410 California Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Iztok MIROŠIČ (since 15 September 2023)

consulate(s) general

Cleveland (OH)

email address and website

sloembassy.washington@gov.sihttp://www.washington.embassy.si/

FAX

[1] (202) 386-6633

telephone

[1] (202) 386-6611

Executive branch

cabinet

Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly

chief of state

President Natasa PIRC MUSAR (since 23 December 2022); note - PIRC MUSAR is Slovenia's first female president

election results

2022: Natasa PIRC MUSAR elected president in second round: percent of vote in first round - Anze LOGAR (SDS) 34%, Natasa PIRC MUSAR (independent) 26.9%, Milan BRGLEZ (SD) 15.5%, Vladimir PREBILIC (independent) 10.6%, Sabina SENCAR (Resni.ca) 5.9%, Janez CIGLER KRALJ (NSi) 4.4%, other 2.7%; percent of vote in second round - Natasa PIRC MUSAR 53.9%, Anze LOGAR 46.1%; Robert GOLOB (GS) elected prime minister on 25 May 2022, National Assembly vote - 54-302017: Borut PAHOR reelected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Borut PAHOR (independent) 47.1%, Marjan SAREC (Marjan Sarec List) 25%, Romana TOMC (SDS) 13.7%, Ljudmila NOVAK (NSi) 7.2%, other 7%; percent of vote in second round - Borut PAHOR 52.9%, Marjan SAREC 47.1%

elections/appointments

president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term); election last held on 23 October 2022 with a runoff on 13 November (next to be held in 2027); following National Assembly elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually nominated prime minister by the president and elected by the National Assembly

head of government

Prime Minister Robert GOLOB (since 1 June 2022)

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, derive from the medieval coat of arms of the Duchy of Carniola; the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, the prominent Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early 15th centuries) appears in the upper hoist side of the flag centered on the white and blue bands

Government type

parliamentary republic

Independence

25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNOOSA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Court (consists of the court president and 37 judges organized into civil, criminal, commercial, labor and social security, administrative, and registry departments); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 7 judges)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court president and vice president appointed by the National Assembly upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice based on the opinions of the Judicial Council, an 11-member independent body elected by the National Assembly from proposals submitted by the president, attorneys, law universities, and sitting judges; other Supreme Court judges elected by the National Assembly from candidates proposed by the Judicial Council; Supreme Court judges serve for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly from nominations by the president of the republic; Constitutional Court president selected from among its own membership for a 3-year term; other judges elected for single 9-year terms

subordinate courts

county, district, regional, and high courts; specialized labor-related and social courts; Court of Audit; Administrative Court

Legal system

civil law system

Legislative branch

description

bicameral Parliament consists of:National Council (State Council)or Drzavni Svet (40 seats; members indirectly elected by an electoral college to serve 5-year terms); note - the Council is primarily an advisory body with limited legislative powersNational Assembly or Drzavni Zbor (90 seats; 88 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 2 directly elected in special constituencies for Italian and Hungarian minorities by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)

election results

National Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition (as of January 2023) - men 33, women 7, percent of women 17.5%National Assembly - percent of vote by party - GS 34.5%, SDS 23.5%, NSi 6.9%, SD 6.7%, Levica 4.4%, other 24%; seats by party - GS 41, SDS 27, NSi 8, SD 7, Levica 5; composition (as of January 2023) - men 56, women 34, percent of women 37.8%; note - total Parliament percent of women 31.5%

elections

National Council - last held on 24 November 2022 (next to be held in 2027)National Assembly - last held on 24 April 2022 (next to be held in 2026)

National anthem

lyrics/music

France PRESEREN/Stanko PREMRL

name

"Zdravljica" (A Toast)

note

note: adopted in 1989 while still part of Yugoslavia; originally written in 1848; the full poem, whose seventh verse is used as the anthem, speaks of pan-Slavic nationalism

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

Škocjan Caves (n); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe (n); Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps (c); Heritage of Mercury: Almadén and Idrija (c); The works of Jože Plečnik in Ljubljana (c)

total World Heritage Sites

5 (3 cultural, 2 natural)

National holiday

Independence Day/Statehood Day, 25 June (1991)

National symbol(s)

Mount Triglav; national colors: white, blue, red

Political parties and leaders

Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia or DeSUS [Ljubo JASNIC]Freedom Movement or GS [Robert GOLOB] (formerly Greens Actions Party or Z.DEJ)List of Marjan Sarec or LMS [Marjan SAREC]New Slovenia - Christian Democrats or NSi [Matej TONIN]Party of Alenka Bratusek or SAB [Alenka BRATUSEK] (formerly Alliance of Social Liberal Democrats or ZSD and before that Alliance of Alenka Bratusek or ZaAB)Resni.ca [Zoran STEVANOVICH]Slovenian Democratic Party or SDS [Janez JANSA] (formerly the Social Democratic Party of Slovenia or SDSS)Slovenian National Party or SNS [Zmago JELINCIC Plemeniti]Social Democrats or SD [Tanja FAJON]The Left or Levica [Luka MESEC] (successor to United Left or ZL)

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

milk, maize, wheat, grapes, barley, potatoes, poultry, apples, beef, pork

Average household expenditures

on alcohol and tobacco

5.1% of household expenditures (2018 est.)

on food

14.6% of household expenditures (2018 est.)

Budget

expenditures

$23.456 billion (2019 est.)

revenues

$23.735 billion (2019 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

0% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Credit ratings

Fitch rating

A (2019)

Moody's rating

A3 (2020)

note

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

Standard & Poors rating

AA- (2019)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2019

$3.23 billion (2019 est.)

Current account balance 2020

$4.058 billion (2020 est.)

Current account balance 2021

$2.372 billion (2021 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 2018

$50.004 billion (2018 est.)

Debt - external 2019

$48.656 billion (2019 est.)

Economic overview

high-income, fast-growing EU-member economy; high human capital; key health infrastructure investments; high government spending; key Croatian investments; high-technology and manufacturing sectors; growing financial hub

Exchange rates

Currency

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2017

0.885 (2017 est.)

Exchange rates 2018

0.847 (2018 est.)

Exchange rates 2019

0.893 (2019 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

0.876 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

0.845 (2021 est.)

Exports

Exports 2019

$45.516 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports 2020

$41.823 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports 2021

$51.634 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports - commodities

packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, electrical lighting/signaling equipment, electricity (2019)

Exports - partners

Germany 18%, Italy 11%, Croatia 8%, Austria 7%, France 5%, Switzerland 5% (2019)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

82.3% (2017 est.)

government consumption

18.2% (2017 est.)

household consumption

52.6% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services

-72.6% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital

18.4% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories

1.1% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

1.8% (2017 est.)

industry

32.2% (2017 est.)

services

65.9% (2017 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$54.16 billion (2019 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019

24.4 (2019 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

20.1% (2016)

lowest 10%

3.8%

Imports

Imports 2019

$40.809 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports 2020

$36.804 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports 2021

$47.665 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports - commodities

packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, delivery trucks, electricity (2019)

Imports - partners

Germany 14%, Italy 12%, Austria 8%, Switzerland 8%, China 7% (2019)

Industrial production growth rate

9.43% (2021 est.)

Industries

ferrous metallurgy and aluminum products, lead and zinc smelting; electronics (including military electronics), trucks, automobiles, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019

1.63% (2019 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020

-0.05% (2020 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021

1.92% (2021 est.)

Labor force

1.036 million (2021 est.)

Population below poverty line

12% (2018 est.)

Public debt

note

note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the central, state, local government, and social security funds

Public debt 2016

78.6% of GDP (2016 est.)

Public debt 2017

73.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

note

note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019

$81.519 billion (2019 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020

$77.996 billion (2020 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021

$84.4 billion (2021 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2019

3.45% (2019 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2020

-4.32% (2020 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2021

8.21% (2021 est.)

Real GDP per capita

note

note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2019

$39,000 (2019 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2020

$37,100 (2020 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2021

$40,000 (2021 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019

$1.015 billion (31 December 2019 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020

$1.311 billion (31 December 2020 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021

$2.267 billion (31 December 2021 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

16.92% (of GDP) (2020 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2019

4.45% (2019 est.)

Unemployment rate 2020

4.97% (2020 est.)

Unemployment rate 2021

4.42% (2021 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

15.5%

male

12.7%

total

13.9% (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

4.08 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from consumed natural gas

1.506 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

7.967 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

total emissions

13.553 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Coal

consumption

3.502 million metric tons (2020 est.)

exports

3,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

imports

335,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

production

3.175 million metric tons (2020 est.)

proven reserves

371 million metric tons (2019 est.)

Electricity

consumption

13.447 billion kWh (2020 est.)

exports

9.123 billion kWh (2020 est.)

imports

7.12 billion kWh (2020 est.)

installed generating capacity

4.062 million kW (2020 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

848 million kWh (2020 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population

100% (2021)

Electricity generation sources

biomass and waste

1.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

fossil fuels

27.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

geothermal

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

hydroelectricity

32% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

nuclear

36.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

solar

2.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

tide and wave

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

wind

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2019

134.836 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Natural gas

consumption

904.439 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

exports

0 cubic meters (2020 est.)

imports

903.108 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

production

4.899 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

proven reserves

0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

Nuclear energy

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors

0.69GW (2023)

Number of operational nuclear reactors

1 (2023)

Percent of total electricity production

36.9% (2021)

Percent of total energy produced

40.6% (2021)

Petroleum

crude oil and lease condensate exports

0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate imports

0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves

0 barrels (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption

54,900 bbl/day (2019 est.)

total petroleum production

0 bbl/day (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

29,350 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

93,060 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

31 (2020 est.)

total

651,604 (2020 est.)

Broadcast media

public TV broadcaster, Radiotelevizija Slovenija (RTV), operates a system of national and regional TV stations; 35 domestic commercial TV stations operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 60% of households are connected to multi-channel cable TV; public radio broadcaster operates 3 national and 4 regional stations; more than 75 regional and local commercial and non-commercial radio stations

Internet country code

.si

Internet users

percent of population

89% (2021 est.)

total

1.869 million (2021 est.)

Telecommunication systems

domestic

fixed-line is 33 per 100 and mobile-cellular is 123 per 100 teledensity (2021)

general assessment

Slovenia’s telecom sector is dominated by four operators; the mobile market has four MNOs and a small number of MVNOs, operating in a country with a potential market of just over two million people; the regulator in recent years has addressed the need for mobile operators to have more spectrum, so enabling them to improve the quality and range of services; a multi-spectrum auction was concluded in mid-2021, aimed at supporting 5G services; the broadband market continues to be dominated by a small number of players; DSL lost its dominance some years ago, being taken over by fiber as subscribers are migrated to new fiber-based networks; fiber accounted for almost half of all fixed broadband connections by March 2022 (2022)

international

country code - 386 (2016)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

33 (2021 est.)

total subscriptions

695,444 (2021 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

123 (2021 est.)

total subscriptions

2,607,268 (2021 est.)

Airports

16 (2021)

Airports - with paved runways

civil airports

3

joint use (civil-military) airports

1

note

note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)

other airports

5

total

9

Airports - with unpaved runways

7

note

note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

S5

Merchant marine

by type

general cargo 1, other 8

total

9 (2022)

National air transport system

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

540,000 (2018) mt-km

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

1,094,762 (2018)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

21

number of registered air carriers

2 (2020)

Pipelines

1,155 km gas, 5 km oil (2018)

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s)

Koper

Railways

total

1,207 km (2020) 609 km electrified

Roadways

paved

38,985 km (2012) (includes 769 km of expressways)

total

38,985 km (2012)

Waterways

710 km (2022) (some transport on the Drava River)

Military - note

the Slovenian Armed Forces (Slovenska Vojska or SV) are a small and professional military responsible for the defense of the country’s sovereignty and territory, deterring external threats, and contributing to European security and other international peacekeeping missions; the SV is also active in civil-military cooperation, such as the maintenance of local infrastructure; Slovenia has been a member of the EU and NATO since 2004, and one of the SV’s key missions is fulfilling the country’s commitments to NATO, including equipment modernization, participating in training exercises, and contributing to NATO missions; the SV provides troops to NATO’s efforts to enhance its presence in the Baltics (Latvia) and Eastern Europe (Slovakia); it has also participated in other international security missions with small numbers of personnel in such places as Africa, southern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Middle Eastthe SV was formally established in 1993 as a reorganization of the Slovenia Defense Force; the Defense Force, along with the Slovenian police, comprised the majority of the forces that engaged with the Yugoslav People’s Army during the Ten-Day War after Slovenia declared its independence in 1991; the modern SV is configured as a joint force with land, naval, air, and special forces components; the SV is led by a General Staff with a joint-service Forces Command controlling the operational elements; the principal land combat units are two infantry brigades, but they may be organized as battlegroups or other response forces based on their mission; the naval component has two patrol boats; the SV air component has no fighter aircraft, and NATO allies Hungary and Italy provide air policing for Slovenia (2023)

Military and security forces

Slovenian Armed Forces (Slovenska Vojska, SV): structured as a combined force with air, land, maritime, special operations, combat support, and combat service support elementsMinistry of Interior: National Police (2023)

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 6,000 active-duty troops (2023)

Military deployments

200 Kosovo (NATO); 100 Slovakia (NATO) (2023)

note

note: in response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, some NATO countries, including Slovenia, have sent additional troops and equipment to the battlegroups deployed in NATO territory in eastern Europe

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military's inventory is a mix of Soviet-era and smaller quantities of more modern, mostly Western equipment; in recent years, it has imported limited amounts of equipment from a few European countries and the US (2023)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2019

1.1% of GDP (2019)

Military Expenditures 2020

1% of GDP (2020)

Military Expenditures 2021

1.2% of GDP (2021)

Military Expenditures 2022

1.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

1.4% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18-30 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; must be a citizen of the Republic of Slovenia; recruits sign up for 3-, 5-, or 10-year service contracts; conscription abolished in 2003 (2023)

note

note: as of 2023, women comprised about 16% of the military's full-time personnel

Disputes - international

Slovenia-Austria: none identified Slovenia-Croatia: since the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, Croatia and Slovenia have each claimed sovereignty over Piran Bay and four villages, and Slovenia has objected to Croatia's claim of an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic Sea; in 2009, however Croatia and Slovenia signed a binding international arbitration agreement to define their disputed land and maritime borders, which led Slovenia to lift its objections to Croatia joining the EU; in June 2017, the Permanent Court of Arbitration issued a ruling on the border, but Croatia had withdrawn from the proceedings in 2015 and refused to implement it; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Slovenia has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and commerce through southeastern Europe while encouraging close cross-border ties with Croatia Slovenia-Hungary: none identified Slovenia-Italy: none identified

Illicit drugs

minor transit point for cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe, and for precursor chemicals

Refugees and internally displaced persons

note

note:  6174,747 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2023)

refugees (country of origin)

10,515 (Ukraine) (as of 4 December 2023)

stateless persons

10 (2020)

Air pollutants

carbon dioxide emissions

12.63 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions

2.1 megatons (2020 est.)

particulate matter emissions

14.08 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Climate

Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east

Environment - current issues

air pollution from road traffic, domestic heating (wood buring), power generation, and industry; water pollution; biodiversity protection

Environment - international agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Land use

agricultural land

22.8% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 8.4% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 1.3% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 13.1% (2018 est.)

forest

62.3% (2018 est.)

other

14.9% (2018 est.)

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Revenue from coal

0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from forest resources

0.2% of GDP (2018 est.)

Total renewable water resources

31.87 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

3.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial

830 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

municipal

170 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

56.1% of total population (2023)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

926,000 tons (2015 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually

430,034 tons (2015 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

46.4% (2015 est.)