2013 Edition

Background

A lengthy struggle between France and Great Britain for the islands ended in 1814, when they were ceded to the latter. Independence came in 1976. Socialist rule was brought to a close with a new constitution and free elections in 1993. President France-Albert RENE, who had served since 1977, was re-elected in 2001, but stepped down in 2004. Vice President James MICHEL took over the presidency and in July 2006 was elected to a new five-year term; he was reelected in May 2011.

Area

455 sq km 455 sq km 0 sq km

total

455 sq km

water

0 sq km

Area - comparative

2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Climate

tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)

Coastline

491 km

Elevation extremes

Indian Ocean 0 m Morne Seychellois 905 m

highest point

Morne Seychellois 905 m

lowest point

Indian Ocean 0 m

Environment - current issues

water supply depends on catchments to collect rainwater

Environment - international agreements

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands none of the selected agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates

4 35 S, 55 40 E

Geography - note

the constitution of the Republic of Seychelles lists 155 islands: 42 granitic and 113 coralline; by far the largest island is Mahe, which is home to about 90% of the population and the site of the capital city of Victoria

the constitution of the Republic of Seychelles lists 155 islands

42 granitic and 113 coralline; by far the largest island is Mahe, which is home to about 90% of the population and the site of the capital city of Victoria

Irrigated land

2.6 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

0 km

Land use

2.17% 4.35% 93.48% (2011)

arable land

2.17%

other

93.48% (2011)

permanent crops

4.35%

Location

archipelago in the Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

12 nm 24 nm 200 nm 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

contiguous zone

24 nm

continental shelf

200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; occasional short droughts

Natural resources

fish, copra, cinnamon trees

Terrain

Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others are coral, flat, elevated reefs

Age structure

21.2% (male 9,852/female 9,364) 14.6% (male 6,932/female 6,293) 49.3% (male 23,471/female 21,306) 7.8% (male 3,663/female 3,378) 7.3% (male 2,520/female 4,067) (2013 est.)

0-14 years

21.2% (male 9,852/female 9,364)

15-24 years

14.6% (male 6,932/female 6,293)

25-54 years

49.3% (male 23,471/female 21,306)

55-64 years

7.8% (male 3,663/female 3,378)

65 years and over

7.3% (male 2,520/female 4,067) (2013 est.)

Birth rate

14.85 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Death rate

6.89 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Dependency ratios

42.6 % 31.6 % 11 % 9.1 (2013)

elderly dependency ratio

11 %

potential support ratio

9.1 (2013)

total dependency ratio

42.6 %

youth dependency ratio

31.6 %

Drinking water source

urban: 100% of population (2010 est.)

urban

100% of population (2010 est.)

Education expenditures

4.8% of GDP (2006)

Ethnic groups

mixed French, African, Indian, Chinese, and Arab

Health expenditures

3.8% of GDP (2011)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths

NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

NA

Hospital bed density

3.6 beds/1,000 population (2011)

Infant mortality rate

11.06 deaths/1,000 live births 13.85 deaths/1,000 live births 8.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

female

8.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

total

11.06 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Creole 91.8%, English (official) 4.9%, other 3.1%, unspecified 0.2% (2002 census)

Life expectancy at birth

74.01 years 69.4 years 78.76 years (2013 est.)

female

78.76 years (2013 est.)

total population

74.01 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 91.8% 91.4% 92.3% (2011 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

92.3% (2011 est.)

male

91.4%

total population

91.8%

Major urban areas - population

VICTORIA (capital) 26,000 (2009)

Median age

33.4 years 33 years 34 years (2013 est.)

female

34 years (2013 est.)

male

33 years

total

33.4 years

Nationality

Seychellois (singular and plural) Seychellois

adjective

Seychellois

noun

Seychellois (singular and plural)

Net migration rate

1.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

23.9% (2008)

Physicians density

1.51 physicians/1,000 population (2004)

Population

90,846 (July 2013 est.)

Population growth rate

0.9% (2013 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 82.3%, Protestant 7.5% (Anglican 6.4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.1%), other Christian 3.4%, Hindu 2.1%, Muslim 1.1%, other non-Christian 1.5%, unspecified 1.5%, none 0.6% (2002 census)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 98% of population urban: 2% of population (2010 est.)

urban

2% of population (2010 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

13 years 13 years 14 years (2011)

female

14 years (2011)

male

13 years

total

13 years

Sex ratio

1.03 male(s)/female 1.05 male(s)/female 1.09 male(s)/female 1.1 male(s)/female 1.09 male(s)/female 0.61 male(s)/female 1.04 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

0-14 years

1.05 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.09 male(s)/female

25-54 years

1.1 male(s)/female

55-64 years

1.09 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.61 male(s)/female

at birth

1.03 male(s)/female

total population

1.04 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.89 children born/woman (2013 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

20.3% (2002)

total

20.3% (2002)

Urbanization

53.6% of total population (2011) 1.05% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

1.05% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

53.6% of total population (2011)

Administrative divisions

25 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse Royale, Au Cap, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand Anse Mahe, Grand Anse Praslin, Inner Islands, La Riviere Anglaise, Les Mamalles, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri, Plaisance, Pointe Larue, Port Glaud, Roche Caiman, Saint Louis, Takamaka

Capital

Victoria 4 37 S, 55 27 E UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

geographic coordinates

4 37 S, 55 27 E

name

Victoria

time difference

UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

previous 1970, 1979; latest drafted May 1993, approved by referendum 18 June 1993, effective 23 June 1993; amended many times, last in 2011 (2011)

Country name

Republic of Seychelles Seychelles Republic of Seychelles Seychelles

conventional long form

Republic of Seychelles

conventional short form

Seychelles

local long form

Republic of Seychelles

local short form

Seychelles

Diplomatic representation from the US

the US does not have an embassy in Seychelles; the US Ambassador to Mauritius, currently Ambassador Shari VILLAROSA, is accredited to Seychelles

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Marie-Louise Cecile POTTER (since 6 September 2012) 800 Second Avenue, Suite 400C, New York, NY 10017 [1] (212) 972-1785 [1] (212) 972-1786 Los Angeles

chancery

800 Second Avenue, Suite 400C, New York, NY 10017

chief of mission

Ambassador Marie-Louise Cecile POTTER (since 6 September 2012)

consulate(s) general

Los Angeles

FAX

[1] (212) 972-1786

telephone

[1] (212) 972-1785

Executive branch

President James Alix MICHEL (since 14 April 2004); Vice President Danny FAURE (since 1 July 2010); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government President James Alix MICHEL (since 14 April 2004); Vice President Danny FAURE (since 1 July 2010) Council of Ministers appointed by the president president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for two more terms); election last held on 19-21 May 2011 (next to be held in 2016) President James MICHEL elected president; percent of vote - James MICHEL 55.5%, Wavel RAMKALAWAN 41.4%, Philippe BOULLE 1.7%, Ralph VOLCERE 1.5%; note - this was the second election in which President James MICHEL participated; he was originally sworn in as president after former president France Albert RENE stepped down in April 2004

cabinet

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

chief of state

President James Alix MICHEL (since 14 April 2004); Vice President Danny FAURE (since 1 July 2010); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

election results

President James MICHEL elected president; percent of vote - James MICHEL 55.5%, Wavel RAMKALAWAN 41.4%, Philippe BOULLE 1.7%, Ralph VOLCERE 1.5%; note - this was the second election in which President James MICHEL participated; he was originally sworn in as president after former president France Albert RENE stepped down in April 2004

elections

president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for two more terms); election last held on 19-21 May 2011 (next to be held in 2016)

head of government

President James Alix MICHEL (since 14 April 2004); Vice President Danny FAURE (since 1 July 2010)

Flag description

five oblique bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, red, white, and green (bottom) radiating from the bottom of the hoist side; the oblique bands are meant to symbolize a dynamic new country moving into the future; blue represents sky and sea, yellow the sun giving light and life, red the peoples' determination to work for the future in unity and love, white social justice and harmony, green the land and natural environment

Government type

republic

Independence

29 June 1976 (from the UK)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, AOSIS, AU, C, CD, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Judicial branch

Seychelles Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and 4 justices; Supreme Court of Seychelles (consists of the chief justice and 5 pusine judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 3 Supreme Court judges) all judges appointed by the president of the republic upon the recommendation of the Constitutional Appointments Committee, a 3-member body, with 1 member appointed by the president of the republic, 1 by the opposition leader in the National Assembly, and 1 by the other 2 appointees; judges appointed until retirement at age 70 Magistrates' Courts of Seychelles; Family Tribunal for issues such as domestic violence, and child custody and maintenance

highest court(s)

Seychelles Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and 4 justices; Supreme Court of Seychelles (consists of the chief justice and 5 pusine judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 3 Supreme Court judges)

judge selection and term of office

all judges appointed by the president of the republic upon the recommendation of the Constitutional Appointments Committee, a 3-member body, with 1 member appointed by the president of the republic, 1 by the opposition leader in the National Assembly, and 1 by the other 2 appointees; judges appointed until retirement at age 70

subordinate courts

Magistrates' Courts of Seychelles; Family Tribunal for issues such as domestic violence, and child custody and maintenance

Legal system

mixed legal system of English common law, French civil law, and customary law

Legislative branch

unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (34 seats; 25 members elected by popular vote, 9 allocated on a proportional basis to parties winning at least 10% of the vote; members to serve five-year terms) last held on 29 September - 1 October 2011 (next to be held in 2016); note - the National Assembly was dissolved in July 2011 resulting in early elections percent of vote by party - PL 88.6%, PDM 10.9%, independents 0.6%; seats by party - PL 31, vacant - 3; note - the ruling SPPF changed its name to People's Party (Party Lepep) in June 2009; the SNP and NDP boycotted the 2011 elections

election results

percent of vote by party - PL 88.6%, PDM 10.9%, independents 0.6%; seats by party - PL 31, vacant - 3; note - the ruling SPPF changed its name to People's Party (Party Lepep) in June 2009; the SNP and NDP boycotted the 2011 elections

elections

last held on 29 September - 1 October 2011 (next to be held in 2016); note - the National Assembly was dissolved in July 2011 resulting in early elections

National anthem

"Koste Seselwa" (Seychellois Unite) David Francois Marc ANDRE and George Charles Robert PAYET adopted 1996

lyrics/music

David Francois Marc ANDRE and George Charles Robert PAYET

name

"Koste Seselwa" (Seychellois Unite)

National holiday

Constitution Day (National Day), 18 June (1993)

Political parties and leaders

Democratic Party or DP [James MANCHAM, Paul CHOW] New Democratic Party or NDP People's Party (Parti Lepep) or PL [France Albert RENE] Popular Democratic Movement or PDM Seychelles National Party or SNP [Wavel RAMKALAWAN] (formerly the United Opposition or UO)

Political pressure groups and leaders

Roman Catholic Church trade unions

other

trade unions

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

coconuts, cinnamon, vanilla, sweet potatoes, cassava (tapioca), copra, bananas; poultry; tuna

Budget

$438.3 million $415.4 million (2012 est.)

expenditures

$415.4 million (2012 est.)

revenues

$438.3 million

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

2.2% of GDP (2012 est.)

Central bank discount rate

11.17% (31 December 2010 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

12.19% (31 December 2012 est.) 11.19% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance

$-208.9 million (2012 est.) $-226.3 million (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$1.733 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $1.779 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Economy - overview

since independence in 1976, per capita output in this Indian Ocean archipelago has expanded to roughly seven times the pre-independence, near-subsistence level, moving the island into the upper-middle-income group of countries. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labor force and provides more than 70% of hard currency earnings, and by tuna fishing. In recent years, the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and other services. At the same time, the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing. In July 2008 the government defaulted on a Euro amortizing note worth roughly US$80 million, leading to a downgrading of Seychelles credit rating. In an effort to obtain loans to service its debt, Seychelles in November 2008 signed a standby arrangement with the IMF that mandated floating the exchange rate, removing foreign exchange controls, cutting government spending, and tightening monetary policy. In response to Seychelles' successful implementation of these policies, the IMF upgraded Seychelles to a three-year extended fund facility (EFF) of $31 million in December 2009. In 2008, GDP fell more than 1% due to declining tourism and the initial effects of liberalization, but the economy recovered in 2010-11 after the reforms took hold and tourism increased. Growth slowed again in 2012 with flagging tourism from Russia and the United Arab Emirates. Seychelles is attempting to implement further structural reforms, including overhauling the tax system, reorganizing of state enterprises, and deregulating the finance and communications sectors.

Exchange rates

Seychelles rupees (SCR) per US dollar - 13.7 (2012 est.) 12.38 (2011 est.) 12.07 (2010 est.) 13.61 (2009) 8 (2008)

Exports

$493.3 million (2012 est.) $478 million (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities

canned tuna, frozen fish, cinnamon bark, copra, petroleum products (reexports)

Exports - partners

France 27.7%, UK 17.6%, Japan 15.2%, Italy 10.6% (2012)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

101.5% 14.7% 31.3% 0.6% 45.7% -92.6% (2012 est.)

exports of goods and services

45.7%

government consumption

14.7%

household consumption

101.5%

imports of goods and services

-92.6%

investment in fixed capital

31.3%

investment in inventories

0.6%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

2% 18.6% 79.4% (2012 est.)

agriculture

2%

industry

18.6%

services

79.4% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$25,000 (2012 est.) $24,600 (2011 est.) $23,700 (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

2.9% (2012 est.) 5% (2011 est.) 5.6% (2010 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$1.018 billion (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$2.295 billion (2012 est.) $2.23 billion (2011 est.) $2.124 billion (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

Gross national saving

10.6% of GDP (2012 est.) 6.3% of GDP (2011 est.) 5.8% of GDP (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

4.7% 15.4% (2007)

highest 10%

15.4% (2007)

lowest 10%

4.7%

Imports

$889.6 million (2012 est.) $879.6 million (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals, other manufactured goods

Imports - partners

Saudi Arabia 24%, Spain 12.1%, France 5.9% (2012)

Industrial production growth rate

4% (2012 est.)

Industries

fishing, tourism, processing of coconuts and vanilla, coir (coconut fiber) rope, boat building, printing, furniture; beverages

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

7.1% (2012 est.) 2.6% (2011 est.)

Labor force

39,560 (2006)

Labor force - by occupation

3% 23% 74% (2006)

agriculture

3%

industry

23%

services

74% (2006)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$NA

Population below poverty line

NA%

Public debt

68.4% of GDP (2012 est.) 74.3% of GDP (2011 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$318.7 million (31 December 2012 est.) $290.3 million (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$553.4 million (31 December 2011 est.) $598.9 million (31 December 2010 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$408.1 million (31 December 2012 est.) $422.3 million (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$301.5 million (31 December 2012 est.) $302.3 million (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

43.1% of GDP (2012 est.)

Unemployment rate

2% (2006 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

1.088 million Mt (2011 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2010 es)

Electricity - consumption

263.2 million kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

100% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

89,000 kW (2010 est.)

Electricity - production

283 million kWh (2010 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2013 es)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

7,793 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

6,316 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Broadcast media

the government operates the only terrestrial TV station, which provides local programming and airs broadcasts from international services; multi-channel cable and satellite TV are available; the government operates 1 AM and 1 FM radio station; transmissions of 2 international broadcasters are accessible in Victoria (2007)

Internet country code

.sc

Internet hosts

247 (2012)

Internet users

32,000 (2008)

Telephone system

effective system combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity exceeds 170 telephones per 100 persons; radiotelephone communications between islands in the archipelago country code - 248; direct radiotelephone communications with adjacent island countries and African coastal countries; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2011)

domestic

combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity exceeds 170 telephones per 100 persons; radiotelephone communications between islands in the archipelago

general assessment

effective system

international

country code - 248; direct radiotelephone communications with adjacent island countries and African coastal countries; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2011)

Telephones - main lines in use

28,900 (2012)

Telephones - mobile cellular

138,300 (2012)

Airports

14 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

1 (2013)

2,438 to 3,047 m

1

914 to 1,523 m

5

total

7

under 914 m

1 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

5 (2013)

914 to 1,523 m

2

total

7

Heliports

1 (2013)

Merchant marine

cargo 1, carrier 1, chemical tanker 6, petroleum tanker 1 3 (Hong Kong 1, Nigeria 1, South Africa 1) (2010)

foreign-owned

3 (Hong Kong 1, Nigeria 1, South Africa 1) (2010)

total

9

Ports and terminals

Victoria

Roadways

508 km 490 km 18 km (2010)

total

508 km

unpaved

18 km (2010)

Manpower available for military service

26,257 23,996 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

23,996 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

26,257

Manpower fit for military service

20,231 19,891 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

19,891 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

20,231

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

650 (2010 est.)

female

650 (2010 est.)

male

686

Military branches

Seychelles Defense Force: Army, Coast Guard (includes Naval Wing, Air Wing), National Guard (2005)

Seychelles Defense Force

Army, Coast Guard (includes Naval Wing, Air Wing), National Guard (2005)

Military expenditures

0.8% of GDP (2011)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary military service (younger with parental consent); no conscription (2012)

Disputes - international

Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Islands (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory)

Trafficking in persons

Seychelles is a source and destination country for Seychellois children and foreign women subjected to sex trafficking; Seychellois girls and, to a lesser extent, boys are forced into prostitution in nightclubs, bars, guest houses, hotels, brothels, private homes, and on the streets by peers, family members, and pimps; foreign tourists, sailors, and migrant workers contribute to the demand for commercial sex acts in Seychelles; some of the large population of foreign migrant workers reportedly experience the underpayment of wages and substandard housing Tier 2 Watch List - Seychelles does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has failed to report any investigations, prosecutions, or convictions of trafficking offenses; the government also has not identified or provided protective services to any trafficking victims and punished victims for crimes committed as a result of being trafficked, although it has acknowledged the need for specialized training of officials in recognizing, investigating, and prosecuting trafficking offenses, it did not provide any such training during the reporting period (2013)

current situation

Seychelles is a source and destination country for Seychellois children and foreign women subjected to sex trafficking; Seychellois girls and, to a lesser extent, boys are forced into prostitution in nightclubs, bars, guest houses, hotels, brothels, private homes, and on the streets by peers, family members, and pimps; foreign tourists, sailors, and migrant workers contribute to the demand for commercial sex acts in Seychelles; some of the large population of foreign migrant workers reportedly experience the underpayment of wages and substandard housing

tier rating

Tier 2 Watch List - Seychelles does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has failed to report any investigations, prosecutions, or convictions of trafficking offenses; the government also has not identified or provided protective services to any trafficking victims and punished victims for crimes committed as a result of being trafficked, although it has acknowledged the need for specialized training of officials in recognizing, investigating, and prosecuting trafficking offenses, it did not provide any such training during the reporting period (2013)