2018 Edition

Background

The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Communist Partisans resisted the Axis occupation and division of Yugoslavia from 1941 to 1945 and fought nationalist opponents and collaborators as well. The military and political movement headed by Josip Broz "TITO" (Partisans) took full control of Yugoslavia when their domestic rivals and the occupiers were defeated in 1945. Although communists, TITO and his successors (Tito died in 1980) managed to steer their own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In 1989, Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia and his ultranationalist calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in April 1992 and under MILOSEVIC's leadership, Serbia led various military campaigns to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia." These actions ultimately failed and, after international intervention, led to the signing of the Dayton Peace Accords in 1995.MILOSEVIC retained control over Serbia and eventually became president of the FRY in 1997. In 1998, an ethnic Albanian insurgency in the formerly autonomous Serbian province of Kosovo provoked a Serbian counterinsurgency campaign that resulted in massacres and massive expulsions of ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo. The MILOSEVIC government's rejection of a proposed international settlement led to NATO's bombing of Serbia in the spring of 1999. Serbian military and police forces withdrew from Kosovo in June 1999, and the UN Security Council authorized an interim UN administration and a NATO-led security force in Kosovo. FRY elections in late 2000 led to the ouster of MILOSEVIC and the installation of democratic government. In 2003, the FRY became the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, a loose federation of the two republics. Widespread violence predominantly targeting ethnic Serbs in Kosovo in March 2004 led to more intense calls to address Kosovo's status, and the UN began facilitating status talks in 2006. In June 2006, Montenegro seceded from the federation and declared itself an independent nation. Serbia subsequently gave notice that it was the successor state to the union of Serbia and Montenegro.In February 2008, after nearly two years of inconclusive negotiations, Kosovo declared itself independent of Serbia - an action Serbia refuses to recognize. At Serbia's request, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) in October 2008 sought an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on whether Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence was in accordance with international law. In a ruling considered unfavorable to Serbia, the ICJ issued an advisory opinion in July 2010 stating that international law did not prohibit declarations of independence. In late 2010, Serbia agreed to an EU-drafted UNGA Resolution acknowledging the ICJ's decision and calling for a new round of talks between Serbia and Kosovo, this time on practical issues rather than Kosovo's status. Serbia and Kosovo signed the first agreement of principles governing the normalization of relations between the two countries in April 2013 and are in the process of implementing its provisions. In 2015, Serbia and Kosovo reached four additional agreements within the EU-led Brussels Dialogue framework. These included agreements on the Community of Serb-Majority Municipalities; telecommunications; energy production and distribution; and freedom of movement. President Aleksandar VUCIC has promoted an ambitious goal of Serbia joining the EU by 2025. Under his leadership as prime minister, in January 2014 Serbia opened formal negotiations for accession. The EU’s Western Balkans Strategy, released in February 2018, outlines the steps that Serbia needs to take to complete the accession process in a 2025 perspective.

Area

land

77,474 sq km

total

77,474 sq km

water

0 sq km

Area Comparative

slightly smaller than South Carolina

Climate

in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

elevation extremes

35 m lowest point: Danube and Timok Rivers

mean elevation

442 m

note

2169 highest point: Midzor

Environment Current Issues

air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube; inadequate management of domestic, industrial, and hazardous waste

Environment International Agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Geographic Coordinates

44 00 N, 21 00 E

Geography Note

landlocked; controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East

Irrigated Land

950 sq km (2012)

Land Boundaries

border countries (8)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 345 km, Bulgaria 344 km, Croatia 314 km, Hungary 164 km, Kosovo 366 km, Macedonia 101 km, Montenegro 157 km, Romania 531 km

total

2,322 km

Land Use

arable land: 37.7% (2011 est.) / permanent crops: 3.4% (2011 est.) / permanent pasture: 16.8% (2011 est.)

agricultural land

57.9% (2011 est.)

forest

31.6% (2011 est.)

other

10.5% (2011 est.)

Location

Southeastern Europe, between Macedonia and Hungary

Map References

Europe

Maritime Claims

note

none (landlocked)

Natural Hazards

destructive earthquakes

Natural Resources

oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, chromite, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, arable land

Population Distribution

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Terrain

extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills

Age Structure

0-14 years

14.35% (male 523,473 /female 492,339)

15-24 years

11.19% (male 408,379 /female 383,385)

25-54 years

41.27% (male 1,475,243 /female 1,445,935)

55-64 years

14.21% (male 485,849 /female 520,126)

65 years and over

18.98% (male 557,307 /female 786,074) (2018 est.)

Birth Rate

8.9 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Children Under The Age Of 5 Years Underweight

1.8% (2014)

Contraceptive Prevalence Rate

58.4% (2014)

Death Rate

13.6 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Dependency Ratios

elderly dependency ratio

24.3 (2015 est.)

note

data include Kosovo

potential support ratio

4.1 (2015 est.)

total dependency ratio

49.2 (2015 est.)

youth dependency ratio

24.9 (2015 est.)

Drinking Water Source

improved: urban: 99.4% of population

rural: 98.9% of population

total: 99.2% of population

unimproved: urban: 0.6% of population

rural: 1.1% of population

total: 0.8% of population (2015 est.)

Education Expenditures

4% of GDP (2015)

Ethnic Groups

Serb 83.3%, Hungarian 3.5%, Romani 2.1%, Bosniak 2%, other 5.7%, undeclared or unknown 3.4% (2011 est.)

note

most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Serbia's population

Health Expenditures

10.4% of GDP (2014)

Hiv Aids Adult Prevalence Rate

<.1% (2017 est.)

Hiv Aids Deaths

<100 (2017 est.)

Hiv Aids People Living With Hiv Aids

2,700 (2017 est.)

Hospital Bed Density

5.7 beds/1,000 population (2012)

Infant Mortality Rate

female

4.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)

male

6.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)

total

5.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)

Languages

Serbian (official) 88.1%, Hungarian 3.4%, Bosnian 1.9%, Romani 1.4%, other 3.4%, undeclared or unknown 1.8% (2011 est.)

note

Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, and Ruthenian (Rusyn) are official in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina; most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census

Life Expectancy At Birth

female

79 years (2018 est.)

male

73 years (2018 est.)

total population

75.9 years (2018 est.)

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write (2016 est.)

female

98.2% (2016 est.)

male

99.5% (2016 est.)

total population

98.8% (2016 est.)

Major Infectious Diseases

degree of risk

intermediate (2016)

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial diarrhea (2016)

Major Urban Areas Population

1.389 million BELGRADE (capital) (2018)

Maternal Mortality Rate

17 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

Median Age

female

44.5 years (2018 est.)

male

41.2 years

total

42.8 years

Mother S Mean Age At First Birth

27.9 years (2014 est.)

note

data do not cover Kosovo or Metohija

Nationality

adjective

Serbian

noun

Serb(s)

Net Migration Rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Obesity Adult Prevalence Rate

21.5% (2016)

Physicians Density

2.46 physicians/1,000 population (2014)

Population

7,078,110 (July 2018 est.)

note

does not include the population of Kosovo

Population Growth Rate

-0.47% (2018 est.)

Religions

Orthodox 84.6%, Catholic 5%, Muslim 3.1%, Protestant 1%, atheist 1.1%, other 0.8% (includes agnostics, other Christians, Eastern religionists, Jewish), undeclared or unknown 4.5% (2011 est.)

note

most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census

Sanitation Facility Access

improved: urban: 98.2% of population (2015 est.)

rural: 94.2% of population (2015 est.)

total: 96.4% of population (2015 est.)

unimproved: urban: 1.8% of population (2015 est.)

rural: 5.8% of population (2015 est.)

total: 3.6% of population (2015 est.)

School Life Expectancy Primary To Tertiary Education

female

15 years (2015)

male

14 years (2015)

total

15 years (2015)

Sex Ratio

0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

15-24 years

1.06 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

25-54 years

1.02 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

55-64 years

0.93 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

65 years and over

0.7 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

at birth

1.06 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

total population

0.95 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Total Fertility Rate

1.44 children born/woman (2018 est.)

Unemployment Youth Ages 15 24

female

39.5% (2016 est.)

male

32.2% (2016 est.)

total

34.9% (2016 est.)

Urbanization

note

data include Kosovo

rate of urbanization

-0.07% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

urban population

56.1% of total population (2018)

Administrative Divisions

119 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina) and 26 cities (gradovi, singular - grad)municipalities: Ada*, Aleksandrovac, Aleksinac, Alibunar*, Apatin*, Arandelovac, Arilje, Babusnica, Bac*, Backa Palanka*, Backa Topola*, Backi Petrovac*, Bajina Basta, Batocina, Becej*, Bela Crkva*, Bela Palanka, Beocin*, Blace, Bogatic, Bojnik, Boljevac, Bor, Bosilegrad, Brus, Bujanovac, Cajetina, Cicevac, Coka*, Crna Trava, Cuprija, Despotovac, Dimitrov, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Golubac, Gornji Milanovac, Indija*, Irig*, Ivanjica, Kanjiza*, Kladovo, Knic, Knjazevac, Koceljeva, Kosjeric, Kovacica*, Kovin*, Krupanj, Kucevo, Kula*, Kursumlija, Lajkovac, Lapovo, Lebane, Ljig, Ljubovija, Lucani, Majdanpek, Mali Idos*, Mali Zvornik, Malo Crnice, Medveda, Merosina, Mionica, Negotin, Nova Crnja*, Nova Varos, Novi Becej*, Novi Knezevac*, Odzaci*, Opovo*, Osecina, Paracin, Pecinci*, Petrovac na Mlavi, Plandiste*, Pozega, Presevo, Priboj, Prijepolje, Prokuplje, Raca, Raska, Razanj, Rekovac, Ruma*, Secanj*, Senta*, Sid*, Sjenica, Smederevska Palanka, Sokobanja, Srbobran*, Sremski Karlovci*, Stara Pazova*, Surdulica, Svilajnac, Svrljig, Temerin*, Titel*, Topola, Trgoviste, Trstenik, Tutin, Ub, Varvarin, Velika Plana, Veliko Gradiste, Vladicin Han, Vladimirci, Vlasotince, Vrbas*, Vrnjacka Banja, Zabalj*, Zabari, Zagubica, Zitiste*, Zitorada; cities: Beograd, Cacak, Jagodina, Kikinda*, Kragujevac, Kraljevo, Krusevac, Leskovac, Loznica, Nis, Novi Pazar, Novi Sad*, Pancevo*, Pirot, Pozarevac, Sabac, Smederevo, Sombor*, Sremska Mitrovica*, Subotica*, Uzice, Valjevo, Vranje, Vrsac*, Zajecar, Zrenjanin*

note

the northern 37 municipalities and 8 cities - about 28% of Serbia's area - compose the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina and are indicated with *

Capital

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

geographic coordinates

44 50 N, 20 30 E

name

Belgrade (Beograd)

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Serbia

dual citizenship recognized

yes

residency requirement for naturalization

3 years

Constitution

amendments

proposed by at least one-third of deputies in the National Assembly, by the president of the republic, by the government, or by petition of at least 150,000 voters; passage of proposals and draft amendments each requires at least two-thirds majority vote in the Assembly; amendments to constitutional articles including the preamble, constitutional principles, and human and minority rights and freedoms also require passage by simple majority vote in a referendum (2016)

history

many previous; latest adopted 30 September 2006, approved by referendum 28-29 October 2006, effective 8 November 2006 (2016)

Country Name

conventional long form

Republic of Serbia

conventional short form

Serbia

etymology

the origin of the name is uncertain, but seems to be related to the name of the West Slavic Sorbs who reside in the Lusatian region in present-day eastern Germany; by tradition, the Serbs migrated from that region to the Balkans in about the 6th century A.D.

former

People's Republic of Serbia, Socialist Republic of Serbia

local long form

Republika Srbija

local short form

Srbija

Diplomatic Representation From The Us

chief of mission

Ambassador Kyle SCOTT (since 5 February 2016)

embassy

92 Bulevar kneza Aleksandra Karadjordjevica, 11040 Belgrade, Serbia

FAX

[381] (11) 706-4005

mailing address

5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070

telephone

[381] (11) 706-4000

Diplomatic Representation In The Us

chancery

2233 Wisconsin Ave NW #410, Washington, DC 20007

chief of mission

Ambassador Djerdj MATKOVIC (since 23 February 2015)

consulate(s) general

Chicago, New York

FAX

[1] (202) 332-3933

telephone

[1] (202) 332-0333

Executive Branch

cabinet

Cabinet elected by the National Assembly

chief of state

President Aleksandar VUCIC (since 31 May 2017)

election results

Aleksandar VUCIC elected president in the first round; percent of vote - Aleksandar VUCIC (SNS) 55.1%, Sasa JANKOVIC (independent) 16.4%, Luka MAKSIMOVIC (independent) 9.4%, Vuk JEREMIC (independent) 5.7%, Vojislav SESELJ (SRS) 4.5%, Bosko OBRADOVIC (Dveri) 2.3%, other 5.0%, invalid/blank 1.6%

elections/appointments

president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 April 2017 (next to be held in 2022); prime minister elected by the National Assembly

head of government

Prime Minister Ana BRNABIC (since 29 June 2017)

Flag Description

three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white - the Pan-Slav colors representing freedom and revolutionary ideals; charged with the coat of arms of Serbia shifted slightly to the hoist side; the principal field of the coat of arms represents the Serbian state and displays a white two-headed eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle represents the Serbian nation, and is divided into four quarters by a white cross; interpretations vary as to the meaning and origin of the white, curved symbols resembling firesteels (fire strikers) or Cyrillic "C's" in each quarter; a royal crown surmounts the coat of arms

note

the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia

Government Type

parliamentary republic

Independence

5 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 1217 (Serbian Kingdom established); 16 April 1346 (Serbian Empire established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Serbian independence); 1 December 1918 (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) established)

International Law Organization Participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International Organization Participation

BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Judicial Branch

highest courts

Supreme Court of Cassation (consists of 36 judges, including the court president); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges, including the court president and vice president)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court justices proposed by the High Judicial Council (HJC), an 11-member independent body consisting of  8 judges elected by the National Assembly and 3 ex-officio members; justices appointed by the National Assembly; Constitutional Court judges elected - 5 each by the National Assembly, the president, and the Supreme Court of Cassation; initial appointment of Supreme Court judges by the HJC is 3 years and beyond that period tenure is permanent; Constitutional Court judges elected for 9-year terms

subordinate courts

basic courts, higher courts, appellate courts; courts of special jurisdiction include the Administrative Court, commercial courts,and misdemeanor courts

Legal System

civil law system

Legislative Branch

description

unicameral National Assembly or Narodna Skupstina (250 seats; members directly elected by party list proportional representation vote in a single nationwide constituency to serve 4-year terms)

election results

percent of vote by party/coalition - Serbia is Winning 48.3%, SPS-JS-ZS-KP 11.0%, SRS 8.1%, For a Just Serbia 6.0%, DJB 6.0%, Alliance for a Better Serbia 5.0%, Dveri-DSS 5.0%, SVM 1.5%, other 9.1%; seats by party/coalition Serbia is Winning 131, SPS-JS-ZS-KP 29, SRS 22, For a Just Serbia 16, DJB 16, Alliance for a Better Serbia 13, Dveri-DSS 13, SVM 4, other 6; composition - men 165, women 85, percent of women 34%

elections

last held on 24 April 2016 (next to be held by April 2020)

note

seats by party, as of May 2018 - SNS 89, SRS 22, SPS 20, DS 12, SDPS 10, PUPS 9, Dveri 6, JS 6, LDP 4, SDS 4, SVM 4, other 34, independent 30; composition - men 164, women 86, percent of women 34.4%

National Anthem

lyrics/music

Jovan DORDEVIC/Davorin JENKO

name

"Boze pravde" (God of Justice)

note

adopted 1904; song originally written as part of a play in 1872 and has been used as an anthem by the Serbian people throughout the 20th and 21st centuries

National Holiday

National Day (Statehood Day), 15 February (1835), the day the first constitution of the country was adopted

National Symbol S

white double-headed eagle; national colors: red, blue, white

Political Parties And Leaders

Alliance for a Better Serbia (electoral coalition including LDP, LSV, SDS)Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Istvan PASZTOR]Communist Party or KP [Josip Joska BROZ]Democratic Party or DS [Zoran LUTOVAC]Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Milos JOVANOVIC]Dveri [Bosko OBRADOVIC]Enough is Enough or DJB [Branislav MIHAJLOVIC]For a Just Serbia (electoral coalition including DS, NS, DSVH, VVS)Greens of Serbia or ZS [Ivan KARIC]Justice and Reconciliation Party [Muamer ZUKORLIC] (formerly Bosniak Democratic Union of Sandzak or BDZS)League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina or LSV [Nenad CANAK]Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Cedomir JOVANOVIC]Movement of Socialists or PS [Aleksandar VULIN]New Party or NOVA [Zoran ZIVKOVIC]New Serbia or NS [Velimir ILIC]Party for Democratic Action or PDD [Riza HALIMI]Party of Democratic Action of the Sandzak or SDA [Sulejman UGLJANIN]Party of United Pensioners of Serbia or PUPS [Milan KRKOBABIC]People's Party or NARODNA [Vuk JEREMIC]Serbia is Winning (electoral coalition including NDSS, NS, PS, PSS, PUPS, SDPS, SNP, SNS, SPO)Serbian People's Party or SNP [Nenad POPOVIC]Serbian Progressive Party or SNS [Aleksandar VUCIC]Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav SESELJ]Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC]Social Democratic Party or SDS [Boris TADIC]Social Democratic Party of Serbia or SDPS [Rasim LJAJIC]Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS [Ivica DACIC]Strength of Serbia or PSS [Bogoljub KARIC]Together for Serbia or ZZS [Dusan PETROVIC]United Serbia or JS [Dragan MARKOVIC]

note

Serbia has more than 110 registered political parties and citizens' associations

Suffrage

18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal

Agriculture Products

wheat, maize, sunflower, sugar beets, grapes/wine, fruits (raspberries, apples, sour cherries), vegetables (tomatoes, peppers, potatoes), beef, pork, and meat products, milk and dairy products

Budget

expenditures

17.59 billion (2017 est.)

note

data include both central government and local goverment budgets

revenues

17.69 billion (2017 est.)

Budget Surplus Or Deficit

0.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Central Bank Discount Rate

3.5% (9 October 2017)

4% (31 December 2016)

Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate

8.2% (31 December 2017 est.)

8.45% (31 December 2016 est.)

Current Account Balance

-$2.354 billion (2017 est.)

-$1.189 billion (2016 est.)

Debt External

$29.5 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$30.38 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Distribution Of Family Income Gini Index

38.7 (2014 est.)

28.2 (2008 est.)

Economy Overview

Serbia has a transitional economy largely dominated by market forces, but the state sector remains significant in certain areas. The economy relies on manufacturing and exports, driven largely by foreign investment. MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of international economic sanctions, civil war, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999 left the economy worse off than it was in 1990. In 2015, Serbia’s GDP was 27.5% below where it was in 1989.After former Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC was ousted in September 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government implemented stabilization measures and embarked on a market reform program. Serbia renewed its membership in the IMF in December 2000 and rejoined the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Serbia has made progress in trade liberalization and enterprise restructuring and privatization, but many large enterprises - including the power utilities, telecommunications company, natural gas company, and others - remain state-owned. Serbia has made some progress towards EU membership, gaining candidate status in March 2012. In January 2014, Serbia's EU accession talks officially opened and, as of December 2017, Serbia had opened 12 negotiating chapters including one on foreign trade. Serbia's negotiations with the WTO are advanced, with the country's complete ban on the trade and cultivation of agricultural biotechnology products representing the primary remaining obstacle to accession. Serbia maintains a three-year Stand-by Arrangement with the IMF worth approximately $1.3 billion that is scheduled to end in February 2018. The government has shown progress implementing economic reforms, such as fiscal consolidation, privatization, and reducing public spending.Unemployment in Serbia, while relatively low (16% in 2017) compared with its Balkan neighbors, remains significantly above the European average. Serbia is slowly implementing structural economic reforms needed to ensure the country's long-term prosperity. Serbia reduced its budget deficit to 1.7% of GDP and its public debt to 71% of GDP in 2017. Public debt had more than doubled between 2008 and 2015. Serbia's concerns about inflation and exchange-rate stability preclude the use of expansionary monetary policy.Major economic challenges ahead include: stagnant household incomes; the need for private sector job creation; structural reforms of state-owned companies; strategic public sector reforms; and the need for new foreign direct investment. Other serious longer-term challenges include an inefficient judicial system, high levels of corruption, and an aging population. Factors favorable to Serbia's economic growth include the economic reforms it is undergoing as part of its EU accession process and IMF agreement, its strategic location, a relatively inexpensive and skilled labor force, and free trade agreements with the EU, Russia, Turkey, and countries that are members of the Central European Free Trade Agreement.

Exchange Rates

Serbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar -

112.4 (2017 est.)

111.278 (2016 est.)

111.278 (2015 est.)

108.811 (2014 est.)

88.405 (2013 est.)

Exports

$15.92 billion (2017 est.)

$13.99 billion (2016 est.)

Exports Commodities

automobiles, iron and steel, rubber, clothes, wheat, fruit and vegetables, nonferrous metals, electric appliances, metal products, weapons and ammunition

Exports Partners

Italy 13.5%, Germany 12.8%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.2%, Russia 6%, Romania 4.9% (2017)

Gdp Composition By End Use

exports of goods and services

52.5% (2017 est.)

government consumption

10.1% (2017 est.)

household consumption

78.2% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services

-61.3% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital

18.5% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories

2% (2017 est.)

Gdp Composition By Sector Of Origin

agriculture

9.8% (2017 est.)

industry

41.1% (2017 est.)

services

49.1% (2017 est.)

Gdp Official Exchange Rate

$41.43 billion (2017 est.) (2017 est.)

Gdp Per Capita Ppp

$15,100 (2017 est.)

$14,700 (2016 est.)

$14,200 (2015 est.)

note

data are in 2017 dollars

Gdp Purchasing Power Parity

$105.7 billion (2017 est.)

$103.8 billion (2016 est.)

$101 billion (2015 est.)

note

data are in 2017 dollars

Gdp Real Growth Rate

1.9% (2017 est.)

2.8% (2016 est.)

0.8% (2015 est.)

Gross National Saving

15.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

16% of GDP (2016 est.)

14.1% of GDP (2015 est.)

Household Income Or Consumption By Percentage Share

highest 10%

23.8% (2011)

lowest 10%

2.2% (2011)

Imports

$20.44 billion (2017 est.)

$17.63 billion (2016 est.)

Imports Commodities

machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials

Imports Partners

Germany 12.7%, Italy 10%, China 8.2%, Russia 7.3%, Hungary 4.9%, Poland 4.1% (2017)

Industrial Production Growth Rate

3.9% (2017 est.)

Industries

automobiles, base metals, furniture, food processing, machinery, chemicals, sugar, tires, clothes, pharmaceuticals

Inflation Rate Consumer Prices

3.1% (2017 est.)

1.1% (2016 est.)

Labor Force

2.92 million (2017 est.)

Labor Force By Occupation

agriculture

19.4%

industry

24.5%

services

56.1% (2017 est.)

Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares

$5.064 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$5.841 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

$4.525 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Population Below Poverty Line

8.9% (2014 est.)

Public Debt

62.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

73.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

Reserves Of Foreign Exchange And Gold

$11.91 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$10.76 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock Of Broad Money

$6.756 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$5.189 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock Of Direct Foreign Investment Abroad

note

NA

Stock Of Direct Foreign Investment At Home

$41.52 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$11.95 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Stock Of Domestic Credit

$24.42 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$20.22 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock Of Narrow Money

$6.756 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$5.189 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Taxes And Other Revenues

42.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment Rate

14.1% (2017 est.)

15.9% (2016 est.)

Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Consumption Of Energy

50.21 million Mt (2017 est.)

Crude Oil Exports

123 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude Oil Imports

40,980 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude Oil Production

18,740 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Crude Oil Proved Reserves

77.5 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Electricity Access

electrification - total population

100% (2016)

Electricity Consumption

29.81 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity Exports

6.428 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity From Fossil Fuels

65% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity From Hydroelectric Plants

35% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity From Nuclear Fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity From Other Renewable Sources

1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity Imports

5.068 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity Installed Generating Capacity

7.342 million kW (2016 est.)

Electricity Production

36.54 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Natural Gas Consumption

2.718 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Exports

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Imports

2.01 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Production

509.7 million cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Proved Reserves

48.14 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Consumption

74,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Exports

15,750 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Imports

18,720 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Production

74,350 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

21 (2017 est.)

total

1,474,970 (2017 est.)

Internet Country Code

.rs

Internet Users

percent of population

67.1% (July 2016 est.)

total

4,790,488 (July 2016 est.)

Telephone System

domestic

wireless service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing very rapidly; best telecommunications services are centered in urban centers; 4G/LTE mobile network launched in March 2015 (2016)

general assessment

replacements of, and upgrades to, telecommunications equipment damaged during the 1999 war resulted in a modern digitalized telecommunications system (2016)

international

country code - 381 (2016)

Telephones Fixed Lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

37 (2017 est.)

total subscriptions

2,609,592 (2017 est.)

Telephones Mobile Cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

121 (2017 est.)

total subscriptions

8,626,903 (2017 est.)

Airports

26 (2013)

Airports With Paved Runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

3 (2017)

2,438 to 3,047 m

3 (2017)

914 to 1,523 m

2 (2017)

over 3,047 m

2 (2017)

total

10 (2017)

Airports With Unpaved Runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

1 (2013)

914 to 1,523 m

10 (2013)

total

16 (2013)

under 914 m

5 (2013)

Civil Aircraft Registration Country Code Prefix

YU (2016)

Heliports

2 (2012)

National Air Transport System

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

2.748 million mt-km (2015)

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

2,424,886 (2015)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

21 (2015)

number of registered air carriers

2 (2015)

Pipelines

1936 km gas, 413 km oil

Ports And Terminals

river port(s)

Belgrade (Danube)

Railways

standard gauge

3,809 km 1.435-m gauge (3,526 km one-track lines and 283 km double-track lines) out of which 1,279 km electrified (1,000 km one-track lines and 279 km double-track lines) (2015)

total

3,809 km (2015)

Roadways

paved

28,000 km (16,162 km state roads, out of which 741 km highways) (2016)

total

44,248 km (2016)

unpaved

16,248 km (2016)

Waterways

587 km (primarily on the Danube and Sava Rivers) (2009)

Military Branches

Serbian Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije, VS): Land Forces (includes Riverine Component, consisting of a river flotilla on the Danube), Air and Air Defense Forces (2016)

Military Expenditures

1.34% of GDP (2017 est.)

1.25% of GDP (2016)

1.41% of GDP (2015)

1.49% of GDP (2014)

1.48% of GDP (2013)

Military Service Age And Obligation

18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished December 2010; reserve obligation to age 60 for men and age 50 for women (2013)

Disputes International

Serbia protests the US, and other states', recognition of Kosovo's declaration of its status as a sovereign and independent stateethnic Serbian municipalities living in Kosovo along the northern border challenge final status of Kosovo-Serbia boundaryseveral thousand NATO-led Kosovo Force peacekeepers under UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo authority continue to keep the peace within Kosovo between the ethnic Albanian majority and the Serb minority in KosovoSerbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in disputeSerbia and Croatia have an unresolved border dispute along the Danube river and numerous other unresolved bilateral issues dating back to the conflicts in the 1990s

Illicit Drugs

transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable to money laundering

Refugees And Internally Displaced Persons

IDPs

199,584 (most are Kosovar Serbs, some are Roma, Ashkalis, and Egyptian (RAE); some RAE IDPs are unregistered) (2018)

note

691,901 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-November 2018); Serbia is predominantly a transit country and hosts an estimated 3,975 migrants and asylum seekers as of the end of June 2018

refugees (country of origin)

19,038 (Croatia), 8,764 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (2017)

stateless persons

2,155 (includes stateless persons in Kosovo) (2017)