2016 Edition

Background

The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Communist Partisans resisted the Axis occupation and division of Yugoslavia from 1941 to 1945 and fought nationalist opponents and collaborators as well. The military and political movement headed by Josip Broz "TITO" (Partisans) took full control of Yugoslavia when their domestic rivals and the occupiers were defeated in 1945. Although communists, TITO and his successors (Tito died in 1980) managed to steer their own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In 1989, Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia and his ultranationalist calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in April 1992 and under MILOSEVIC's leadership, Serbia led various military campaigns to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia." These actions ultimately failed and, after international intervention, led to the signing of the Dayton Peace Accords in 1995. MILOSEVIC retained control over Serbia and eventually became president of the FRY in 1997. In 1998, an ethnic Albanian insurgency in the formerly autonomous Serbian province of Kosovo provoked a Serbian counterinsurgency campaign that resulted in massacres and massive expulsions of ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo. The MILOSEVIC government's rejection of a proposed international settlement led to NATO's bombing of Serbia in the spring of 1999. Serbian military and police forces withdrew from Kosovo in June 1999, and the UN Security Council authorized an interim UN administration and a NATO-led security force in Kosovo. FRY elections in late 2000 led to the ouster of MILOSEVIC and the installation of democratic government. In 2003, the FRY became the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, a loose federation of the two republics. Widespread violence predominantly targeting ethnic Serbs in Kosovo in March 2004 led to more intense calls to address Kosovo's status, and the UN began facilitating status talks in 2006. In June 2006, Montenegro seceded from the federation and declared itself an independent nation. Serbia subsequently gave notice that it was the successor state to the union of Serbia and Montenegro. In February 2008, after nearly two years of inconclusive negotiations, Kosovo declared itself independent of Serbia - an action Serbia refuses to recognize. At Serbia's request, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) in October 2008 sought an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on whether Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence was in accordance with international law. In a ruling considered unfavorable to Serbia, the ICJ issued an advisory opinion in July 2010 stating that international law did not prohibit declarations of independence. In late 2010, Serbia agreed to an EU-drafted UNGA Resolution acknowledging the ICJ's decision and calling for a new round of talks between Serbia and Kosovo, this time on practical issues rather than Kosovo's status. Serbia and Kosovo signed the first agreement of principles governing the normalization of relations between the two countries in April 2013 and are in the process of implementing its provisions. Prime Minister Aleksandar VUCIC, has promoted an ambitious goal of Serbia joining the EU by 2020. Under his leadership, in January 2014 Serbia opened formal negotiations for accession.

Area

77,474 sq km 77,474 sq km 0 sq km

land

77,474 sq km

total

77,474 sq km

water

0 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than South Carolina

Climate

in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

442 m lowest point: Danube and Timok Rivers 35 m highest point: Midzor 2,169 m

elevation extremes

lowest point: Danube and Timok Rivers 35 m

highest point

Midzor 2,169 m

mean elevation

442 m

Environment - current issues

air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube

Environment - international agreements

Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands none of the selected agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates

44 00 N, 21 00 E

Geography - note

controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East

Irrigated land

950 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

2,322 km Bosnia and Herzegovina 345 km, Bulgaria 344 km, Croatia 314 km, Hungary 164 km, Kosovo 366 km, Macedonia 101 km, Montenegro 157 km, Romania 531 km

border countries (8)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 345 km, Bulgaria 344 km, Croatia 314 km, Hungary 164 km, Kosovo 366 km, Macedonia 101 km, Montenegro 157 km, Romania 531 km

total

2,322 km

Land use

57.9% arable land 37.7%; permanent crops 3.4%; permanent pasture 16.8% 31.6% 10.5% (2011 est.)

agricultural land

57.9%

forest

31.6%

other

10.5% (2011 est.)

Location

Southeastern Europe, between Macedonia and Hungary

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

destructive earthquakes

Natural resources

oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, chromite, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, arable land

Population - distribution

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Terrain

extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills

Age structure

14.64% (male 539,189/female 506,727) 11.34% (male 417,692/female 392,379) 41.41% (male 1,492,799/female 1,465,270) 14.58% (male 502,172/female 539,349) 18.03% (male 530,827/female 757,517) (2016 est.)

0-14 years

14.64% (male 539,189/female 506,727)

15-24 years

11.34% (male 417,692/female 392,379)

25-54 years

41.41% (male 1,492,799/female 1,465,270)

55-64 years

14.58% (male 502,172/female 539,349)

65 years and over

18.03% (male 530,827/female 757,517) (2016 est.)

Birth rate

9 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)

Child labor - children ages 5-14

36,141 4% (2005 est.)

percentage

4% (2005 est.)

total number

36,141

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

1.8% (2014)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

60.8% (2010)

Death rate

13.6 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)

Dependency ratios

50.1% 24.5% 25.6% 3.9% (2015 est.)

elderly dependency ratio

25.6%

potential support ratio

3.9% (2015 est.)

total dependency ratio

50.1%

youth dependency ratio

24.5%

Drinking water source

urban: 99.4% of population rural: 98.9% of population total: 99.2% of population urban: 0.6% of population rural: 1.1% of population total: 0.8% of population (2015 est.)

rural

1.1% of population

total

0.8% of population (2015 est.)

urban

0.6% of population

Education expenditures

4.4% of GDP (2012)

Ethnic groups

Serb 83.3%, Hungarian 3.5%, Romany 2.1%, Bosniak 2%, other 5.7%, undeclared or unknown 3.4% (2011 est.)

Health expenditures

10.4% of GDP (2014)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.05% (2013 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

100 (2013 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

3,000 (2013 est.)

Hospital bed density

5.4 beds/1,000 population (2009)

Infant mortality rate

5.9 deaths/1,000 live births 6.8 deaths/1,000 live births 5 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)

female

5 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)

male

6.8 deaths/1,000 live births

total

5.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Serbian (official) 88.1%, Hungarian 3.4%, Bosnian 1.9%, Romany 1.4%, other 3.4%, undeclared or unknown 1.8% Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, and Rusyn are official in Vojvodina (2011 est.)

note

Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, and Rusyn are official in Vojvodina (2011 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

75.5 years 72.6 years 78.5 years (2016 est.)

female

78.5 years (2016 est.)

male

72.6 years

total population

75.5 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 98.1% 99.1% 97.2% (2015 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

97.2% (2015 est.)

male

99.1%

total population

98.1%

Major infectious diseases

intermediate bacterial diarrhea (2016)

degree of risk

intermediate

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial diarrhea (2016)

Major urban areas - population

BELGRADE (capital) 1.182 million (2015)

Maternal mortality rate

17 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

Median age

42.3 years 40.7 years 44 years (2016 est.)

female

44 years (2016 est.)

male

40.7 years

total

42.3 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

27.8 (2013 est.)

Nationality

Serb(s) Serbian

adjective

Serbian

noun

Serb(s)

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

21.1% (2014)

Physicians density

2.11 physicians/1,000 population (2009)

Population

7,143,921 does not include the population of Kosovo (July 2016 est.)

note

does not include the population of Kosovo (July 2016 est.)

Population distribution

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Population growth rate

-0.46% (2016 est.)

Religions

Serbian Orthodox 84.6%, Catholic 5%, Muslim 3.1%, Protestant 1%, atheist 1.1%, other 0.8%, undeclared or unknown 4.5% (2011 est.)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 98.2% of population rural: 94.2% of population total: 96.4% of population urban: 1.8% of population rural: 5.8% of population total: 3.6% of population (2015 est.)

rural

5.8% of population

total

3.6% of population (2015 est.)

urban

1.8% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

14 years 14 years 15 years (2014)

female

15 years (2014)

male

14 years

total

14 years

Sex ratio

1.07 male(s)/female 1.06 male(s)/female 1.06 male(s)/female 1.02 male(s)/female 0.93 male(s)/female 0.7 male(s)/female 0.95 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.06 male(s)/female

25-54 years

1.02 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.93 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.7 male(s)/female

at birth

1.07 male(s)/female

total population

0.95 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.43 children born/woman (2016 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

49.4% N/A N/A (2013 est.)

female

N/A (2013 est.)

male

N/A

total

49.4%

Urbanization

55.6% of total population (2015) -0.34% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

-0.34% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

55.6% of total population (2015)

Administrative divisions

119 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina) and 26 cities (gradovi, singular - grad) Ada*, Aleksandrovac, Aleksinac, Alibunar*, Apatin*, Arandelovac, Arilje, Babusnica, Bac*, Backa Palanka*, Backa Topola*, Backi Petrovac*, Bajina Basta, Batocina, Becej*, Bela Crkva*, Bela Palanka, Beocin*, Blace, Bogatic, Bojnik, Boljevac, Bor, Bosilegrad, Brus, Bujanovac, Cajetina, Cicevac, Coka*, Crna Trava, Cuprija, Despotovac, Dimitrov, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Golubac, Gornji Milanovac, Indija*, Irig*, Ivanjica, Kanjiza*, Kladovo, Knic, Knjazevac, Koceljeva, Kosjeric, Kovacica*, Kovin*, Krupanj, Kucevo, Kula*, Kursumlija, Lajkovac, Lapovo, Lebane, Ljig, Ljubovija, Lucani, Majdanpek, Mali Idos*, Mali Zvornik, Malo Crnice, Medveda, Merosina, Mionica, Negotin, Nova Crnja*, Nova Varos, Novi Becej*, Novi Knezevac*, Odzaci*, Opovo*, Osecina, Paracin, Pecinci*, Petrovac na Mlavi, Plandiste*, Pozega, Presevo, Priboj, Prijepolje, Prokuplje, Raca, Raska, Razanj, Rekovac, Ruma*, Secanj*, Senta*, Sid*, Sjenica, Smederevska Palanka, Sokobanja, Srbobran*, Sremski Karlovci*, Stara Pazova*, Surdulica, Svilajnac, Svrljig, Temerin*, Titel*, Topola, Trgoviste, Trstenik, Tutin, Ub, Varvarin, Velika Plana, Veliko Gradiste, Vladicin Han, Vladimirci, Vlasotince, Vrbas*, Vrnjacka Banja, Zabalj*, Zabari, Zagubica, Zitiste*, Zitorada Beograd, Cacak, Jagodina, Kikinda*, Kragujevac, Kraljevo, Krusevac, Leskovac, Loznica, Nis, Novi Pazar, Novi Sad*, Pancevo*, Pirot, Pozarevac, Sabac, Smederevo, Sombor*, Sremska Mitrovica*, Subotica*, Uzice, Valjevo, Vranje, Vrsac, Zajecar, Zrenjanin* the northern 39 municipalities and 6 cities - about 28% of Serbia's area - compose the autonomous province of Vojvodina and are indicated with *

cities

Beograd, Cacak, Jagodina, Kikinda*, Kragujevac, Kraljevo, Krusevac, Leskovac, Loznica, Nis, Novi Pazar, Novi Sad*, Pancevo*, Pirot, Pozarevac, Sabac, Smederevo, Sombor*, Sremska Mitrovica*, Subotica*, Uzice, Valjevo, Vranje, Vrsac, Zajecar, Zrenjanin*

municipalities

Ada*, Aleksandrovac, Aleksinac, Alibunar*, Apatin*, Arandelovac, Arilje, Babusnica, Bac*, Backa Palanka*, Backa Topola*, Backi Petrovac*, Bajina Basta, Batocina, Becej*, Bela Crkva*, Bela Palanka, Beocin*, Blace, Bogatic, Bojnik, Boljevac, Bor, Bosilegrad, Brus, Bujanovac, Cajetina, Cicevac, Coka*, Crna Trava, Cuprija, Despotovac, Dimitrov, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Golubac, Gornji Milanovac, Indija*, Irig*, Ivanjica, Kanjiza*, Kladovo, Knic, Knjazevac, Koceljeva, Kosjeric, Kovacica*, Kovin*, Krupanj, Kucevo, Kula*, Kursumlija, Lajkovac, Lapovo, Lebane, Ljig, Ljubovija, Lucani, Majdanpek, Mali Idos*, Mali Zvornik, Malo Crnice, Medveda, Merosina, Mionica, Negotin, Nova Crnja*, Nova Varos, Novi Becej*, Novi Knezevac*, Odzaci*, Opovo*, Osecina, Paracin, Pecinci*, Petrovac na Mlavi, Plandiste*, Pozega, Presevo, Priboj, Prijepolje, Prokuplje, Raca, Raska, Razanj, Rekovac, Ruma*, Secanj*, Senta*, Sid*, Sjenica, Smederevska Palanka, Sokobanja, Srbobran*, Sremski Karlovci*, Stara Pazova*, Surdulica, Svilajnac, Svrljig, Temerin*, Titel*, Topola, Trgoviste, Trstenik, Tutin, Ub, Varvarin, Velika Plana, Veliko Gradiste, Vladicin Han, Vladimirci, Vlasotince, Vrbas*, Vrnjacka Banja, Zabalj*, Zabari, Zagubica, Zitiste*, Zitorada

note

the northern 39 municipalities and 6 cities - about 28% of Serbia's area - compose the autonomous province of Vojvodina and are indicated with *

Capital

Belgrade (Beograd) 44 50 N, 20 30 E UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

geographic coordinates

44 50 N, 20 30 E

name

Belgrade (Beograd)

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

no at least one parent must be a citizen of Serbia yes 3 years

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Serbia

dual citizenship recognized

yes

residency requirement for naturalization

3 years

Constitution

many previous; latest approved by referendum 28-29 October 2006, adopted 30 September 2006, effective 8 November 2006; note - proposed amendments to establish a special court for war crimes were defeated in June 2015 by the National Assembly (2016)

Country name

Republic of Serbia Serbia Republika Srbija Srbija People's Republic of Serbia, Socialist Republic of Serbia the origin of the name in uncertain, but seems to be related to the name of the West Slavic Sorbs who reside in the Lusatian region in present-day eastern Germany; by tradition, the Serbs migrated from that region to the Balkans in about the 6th century A.D.

conventional long form

Republic of Serbia

conventional short form

Serbia

etymology

the origin of the name in uncertain, but seems to be related to the name of the West Slavic Sorbs who reside in the Lusatian region in present-day eastern Germany; by tradition, the Serbs migrated from that region to the Balkans in about the 6th century A.D.

former

People's Republic of Serbia, Socialist Republic of Serbia

local long form

Republika Srbija

local short form

Srbija

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador Kyle SCOTT (since 4 February 2016) 92 Bulevar kneza Aleksandra Karadjordjevica, 11040 Belgrade, Serbia 5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070 [381] (11) 706-4000 [381] (11) 706-4005

chief of mission

Ambassador Kyle SCOTT (since 4 February 2016)

embassy

92 Bulevar kneza Aleksandra Karadjordjevica, 11040 Belgrade, Serbia

FAX

[381] (11) 706-4005

mailing address

5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070

telephone

[381] (11) 706-4000

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Djerdj MATKOVIC (since 23 February 2015) 2233 Wisconsin Ave NW [1] (202) 332-0333 [1] (202) 332-3933 Chicago, New York

chancery

2233 Wisconsin Ave NW

chief of mission

Ambassador Djerdj MATKOVIC (since 23 February 2015)

consulate(s) general

Chicago, New York

FAX

[1] (202) 332-3933

telephone

[1] (202) 332-0333

Executive branch

President Tomislav NIKOLIC (since 11 June 2012) Prime Minister Aleksandar VUCIC (since 27 April 2014) Cabinet elected by the National Assembly president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 20 May 2012 (next to be held in 2017); prime minister elected by the National Assembly Tomislav NIKOLIC elected president; percent of vote in second round - Tomislav NIKOLIC (SNS) 51.2%, Boris TADIC (NDS-Z) 48.8%

cabinet

Cabinet elected by the National Assembly

chief of state

President Tomislav NIKOLIC (since 11 June 2012)

election results

Tomislav NIKOLIC elected president; percent of vote in second round - Tomislav NIKOLIC (SNS) 51.2%, Boris TADIC (NDS-Z) 48.8%

elections/appointments

president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 20 May 2012 (next to be held in 2017); prime minister elected by the National Assembly

head of government

Prime Minister Aleksandar VUCIC (since 27 April 2014)

Flag description

three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white - the Pan-Slav colors representing freedom and revolutionary ideals; charged with the coat of arms of Serbia shifted slightly to the hoist side; the principal field of the coat of arms represents the Serbian state and displays a white two-headed eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle represents the Serbian nation, and is divided into four quarters by a white cross; interpretations vary as to the meaning and origin of the white, curved symbols resembling firesteels or Cyrillic "C's" in each quarter; a royal crown surmounts the coat of arms the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia

note

the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia

Government type

parliamentary republic

Independence

5 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Judicial branch

Supreme Court of Cassation (consists of more than 60 judges organized into 3- and 5-member panels for criminal, civil, and administrative cases); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges) Supreme Court justices proposed by the High Judicial Council (HJC), an 11-member body of which 7 are judges, and elected by the National Assembly; Constitutional Court judges appointed - 5 each by the National Assembly, the president, and the Supreme Court of Cassation; judges of both courts appointed to permanent tenure by the HJC appellate courts, higher courts, and municipal and district courts; courts of special jurisdiction include the Administrative Court, Appellate Commercial Court, and 2 levels of misdemeanor courts in 2003, specialized panels on war crimes were established within the Serbian court system; the panels have jurisdiction over alleged violations of the Basic Criminal Code and crimes against humanity, international law, and criminal acts as defined by the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

highest court(s)

Supreme Court of Cassation (consists of more than 60 judges organized into 3- and 5-member panels for criminal, civil, and administrative cases); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court justices proposed by the High Judicial Council (HJC), an 11-member body of which 7 are judges, and elected by the National Assembly; Constitutional Court judges appointed - 5 each by the National Assembly, the president, and the Supreme Court of Cassation; judges of both courts appointed to permanent tenure by the HJC

note

in 2003, specialized panels on war crimes were established within the Serbian court system; the panels have jurisdiction over alleged violations of the Basic Criminal Code and crimes against humanity, international law, and criminal acts as defined by the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

subordinate courts

appellate courts, higher courts, and municipal and district courts; courts of special jurisdiction include the Administrative Court, Appellate Commercial Court, and 2 levels of misdemeanor courts

Legal system

civil law system

Legislative branch

unicameral National Assembly or Narodna Skupstina (250 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by party list proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms) last held on 24 April 2016 (next to be held by April 2020) percent of vote by party/coalition - Serbia is Winning 48.2%, SPS-JS-ZS-KP 11.0%, SRS 8.1%, For a Just Serbia 6.0%, Enough is Enough 6.0%, Alliance for a Better Serbia 5.0%, Dveri-DSS 5.0%, SVM 1.5%, other 9.2%; seats by party/coalition Serbia is Winning 131, SPS-JS-ZS-KP 29, SRS 22, For a Just Serbia 16, Enough is Enough 16, Alliance for a Better Serbia 13, Dveri-DSS 13, SVM 4, other 6

description

unicameral National Assembly or Narodna Skupstina (250 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by party list proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)

election results

percent of vote by party/coalition - Serbia is Winning 48.2%, SPS-JS-ZS-KP 11.0%, SRS 8.1%, For a Just Serbia 6.0%, Enough is Enough 6.0%, Alliance for a Better Serbia 5.0%, Dveri-DSS 5.0%, SVM 1.5%, other 9.2%; seats by party/coalition Serbia is Winning 131, SPS-JS-ZS-KP 29, SRS 22, For a Just Serbia 16, Enough is Enough 16, Alliance for a Better Serbia 13, Dveri-DSS 13, SVM 4, other 6

elections

last held on 24 April 2016 (next to be held by April 2020)

National anthem

"Boze pravde" (God of Justice) Jovan DORDEVIC/Davorin JENKO adopted 1904; song originally written as part of a play in 1872 and has been used as an anthem by the Serbian people throughout the 20th and 21st centuries

lyrics/music

Jovan DORDEVIC/Davorin JENKO

name

"Boze pravde" (God of Justice)

note

adopted 1904; song originally written as part of a play in 1872 and has been used as an anthem by the Serbian people throughout the 20th and 21st centuries

National holiday

National Day, 15 February (1835), the day the first constitution of the country was adopted

National symbol(s)

double-headed eagle; national colors: red, blue, white

double-headed eagle; national colors

red, blue, white

Political parties and leaders

Alliance for a Better Serbia - coalition includes LDP, LSV, SDS Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Istvan PASZTOR] Communist Party or KP [Josip Joska BROZ] Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina [Petar KUNTIC] Democratic Party or DS [Dragan SUTANOVAC] Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Sanda RASKOVIC-IVIC] Dveri [Bosko OBRADOVIC] Enough of Enough [Sasa RADULOVIC] For a Just Serbia - coalition includes DS, NS, RS, DSVH, VVS, Together for Sumadija Greens of Serbia or ZS [Ivan KARIC] League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina or LSV [Nenad CANAK] Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Cedomir JOVANOVIC] Movement of Socialists or PS [Aleksandar VULIN] New Serbia or NS [Velimir ILIC] Party for Democratic Action or PDD [Riza HALIMI] Party of Democratic Action of the Sandzak or SDA [Sulejman UGLJANIN] Party of United Pensioners of Serbia or PUPS [Milan KRKOBABIC] Reformist Party or RS [Aleksandar VISNJIC] Serbia is Winning - coalition includes SNS, SDPS, PUPS, NS, SPO, PS, PSS, NDSS, SNP Serbian People's Party or SNP [Nenad POPOVIC] Serbian Progressive Party or SNS [Aleksandar VUCIC] Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav SESELJ] Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC] Social Democratic Party or SDS [Boris TADIC] Social Democratic Party of Serbia or SDPS [Rasim LJAJIC] Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS [Ivica DACIC] Strength of Serbia or PSS [Bogoljub KARIC] Together for Serbia or ZZS [Dusan PETROVIC] Together for Sumadija [Veroljub STEVANOVIC] as of April 2016, Serbia had 111 registered political parties and citizens' associations

note

as of April 2016, Serbia had 111 registered political parties and citizens' associations

Political pressure groups and leaders

Independent Association of Journalists of Serbia or NUNS Journalists Association of Serbia (Udruzenje novinara Srbije) or UNS Obraz (Orthodox clero-fascist organization) SNP 1389 (Serbian nationalist movement) SNP NASI 1389 (Serbian National Movement NASI) Eastern Alternative (pro-Russian association)

Suffrage

18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal

Agriculture - products

wheat, maize, sunflower, sugar beets, grapes/wine, fruits (raspberries, apples, sour cherries), vegetables (tomatoes, peppers, potatoes), beef, pork, and meat products, milk and dairy products

Budget

$15.58 billion $16.95 billion this is the consolidated budget, including both central government and local goverment budgets (2015 est.)

expenditures

$16.95 billion

note

this is the consolidated budget, including both central government and local goverment budgets (2015 est.)

revenues

$15.58 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-3.8% of GDP (2015 est.)

Central bank discount rate

9.5% (18 March 2014) 11.75% (6 February 2013)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

11% (31 December 2015 est.) 14.81% (31 December 2014 est.)

Current account balance

-$1.765 billion (2015 est.) -$2.632 billion (2014 est.)

Debt - external

$32.44 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $33.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

38.7 (2014 est.) 28.2 (2008 est.)

Economy - overview

Serbia has a transitional economy largely dominated by market forces, but the state sector remains significant in certain areas and many institutional reforms are needed. The economy relies on manufacturing and exports, driven largely by foreign investment. MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of international economic sanctions, civil war, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999 left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. After former Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC was ousted in September 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government implemented stabilization measures and embarked on a market reform program. Serbia renewed its membership in the IMF in December 2000 and rejoined the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Serbia has made progress in trade liberalization and enterprise restructuring and privatization, but many large enterprises - including the power utilities, telecommunications company, natural gas company, and others - remain state-owned. Serbia has made some progress towards EU membership, signing a Stabilization and Association Agreement with Brussels in May 2008, and with full implementation of the Interim Trade Agreement with the EU in February 2010, gained candidate status in March 2012. In January 2014, Serbia's EU accession talks officially opened. Serbia's negotiations with the WTO are advanced, with the country's complete ban on the trade and cultivation of agricultural biotechnology products representing the primary remaining obstacle to accession. Serbia's program with the IMF was frozen in early 2012 because the 2012 budget approved by parliament deviated from the program parameters; the arrangement is now void. In late 2014, Serbia and the IMF announced a tentative plan for a precautionary loan worth approximately $1 billion, but the government will be challenged to implement IMF-mandated reforms that will target social spending and the large public sector. High unemployment and stagnant household incomes are ongoing political and economic problems. Structural economic reforms needed to ensure the country's long-term prosperity have largely stalled since the onset of the global financial crisis. Growing budget deficits constrain the use of stimulus efforts to revive the economy and contribute to growing concern of a public debt crisis, given that Serbia's total public debt as a share of GDP more than doubled between 2008 and 2014. Serbia's concerns about inflation and exchange-rate stability preclude the use of expansionary monetary policy. During 2014 the SNS party addressed issues with the fiscal deficit, state-owned enterprises, the labor market, construction permits, bankruptcy and privatization, and other areas. Major challenges ahead include: high unemployment rates and the need for job creation; high government expenditures for salaries, pensions, healthcare, and unemployment benefits; a growing need for new government borrowing; rising public and private foreign debt; attracting new foreign direct investment; and getting the IMF program back on track. Other serious longer-term challenges include an inefficient judicial system, high levels of corruption, and an aging population. Factors favorable to Serbia's economic growth include its strategic location, a relatively inexpensive and skilled labor force, and free trade agreements with the EU, Russia, Turkey, and countries that are members of the Central European Free Trade Agreement.

Major challenges ahead include

high unemployment rates and the need for job creation; high government expenditures for salaries, pensions, healthcare, and unemployment benefits; a growing need for new government borrowing; rising public and private foreign debt; attracting new foreign direct investment; and getting the IMF program back on track. Other serious longer-term challenges include an inefficient judicial system, high levels of corruption, and an aging population. Factors favorable to Serbia's economic growth include its strategic location, a relatively inexpensive and skilled labor force, and free trade agreements with the EU, Russia, Turkey, and countries that are members of the Central European Free Trade Agreement.

Exchange rates

Serbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar - 108.811 (2015 est.) 88.405 (2014 est.) 88.405 (2013 est.) 87.99 (2012 est.) 72.455 (2011 est.)

Exports

$12.6 billion (2015 est.) $14.14 billion (2014 est.)

Exports - commodities

iron and steel, rubber, clothes, wheat, fruit and vegetables, nonferrous metals, electric appliances, metal products, weapons and ammunition, automobiles

Exports - partners

Italy 16.2%, Germany 12.6%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.7%, Romania 5.6%, Russia 5.4% (2015)

GDP - composition, by end use

81.4% 11.4% 18.1% -1.1% 47.7% -57.4% (2015 est.)

exports of goods and services

47.7%

government consumption

11.4%

household consumption

81.4%

imports of goods and services

-57.4% (2015 est.)

investment in fixed capital

18.1%

investment in inventories

-1.1%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

9.5% 41.9% 48.6% (2015 est.)

agriculture

9.5%

industry

41.9%

services

48.6% (2015 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$13,700 (2015 est.) $13,600 (2014 est.) $13,800 (2013 est.) data are in 2015 US dollars

note

data are in 2015 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

0.7% (2015 est.) -1.8% (2014 est.) 2.6% (2013 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$36.51 billion (2015 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$97.5 billion (2015 est.) $96.78 billion (2014 est.) $98.59 billion (2013 est.) data are in 2015 US dollars

note

data are in 2015 US dollars

Gross national saving

12.2% of GDP (2015 est.) 11.5% of GDP (2014 est.) 11.5% of GDP (2013 est.)

Imports

$17.03 billion (2015 est.) $19.58 billion (2014 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials

Imports - partners

Germany 12.4%, Italy 10.6%, Russia 9.6%, China 8.5%, Hungary 4.8%, Poland 4.2% (2015)

Industrial production growth rate

4.7% (2015 est.)

Industries

automobiles, base metals, furniture, food processing, machinery, chemicals, sugar, tires, clothes, pharmaceuticals

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1.5% (2015 est.) 2.1% (2014 est.)

Labor force

2.9 million (2015 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

21.9% 15.6% 62.5% (2014 est.)

agriculture

21.9%

industry

15.6%

services

62.5% (2014 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$7.696 billion (31 December 2014 est.) $8.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.) $7.451 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Population below poverty line

9.2% (2013 est.)

Public debt

77% of GDP (2015 est.) 70.4% of GDP (2014 est.) data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued or owned by government entities other than the treasury (for which the Government of Singapore issued guarantees); the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities (for which the GOS also issued guarantees), as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

note

data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued or owned by government entities other than the treasury (for which the Government of Singapore issued guarantees); the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities (for which the GOS also issued guarantees), as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$11.35 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $12.05 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Stock of broad money

$18.37 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $18.75 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$NA

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$36.67 billion (31 December 2009 est.) $11.95 billion (2006 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$19.81 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $20.59 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$4.535 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $4.332 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

42.7% of GDP (2015 est.)

Unemployment rate

19.3% (2015 est.) 19.7% (2014 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

46 million Mt (2014 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Crude oil - imports

31,730 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Crude oil - production

20,330 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

100 million bbl (1 January 2016 es)

Electricity - consumption

26.91 billion kWh (2014 est.)

Electricity - exports

4.806 billion kWh (2014 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

59.2% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

40.6% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0.2% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)

Electricity - imports

6.864 billion kWh (2014 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

7.368 million kW (2014 est.)

Electricity - production

34.4 billion kWh (2014 est.)

Electricity access

100% (2016)

electrification - total population

100% (2016)

Natural gas - consumption

2.43 billion cu m (2014 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2013 est.)

Natural gas - imports

1.889 billion cu m (2014 est.)

Natural gas - production

562.2 million cu m (2014 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

48.14 billion cu m (1 January 2016 es)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

74,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

12,050 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

20,080 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

61,590 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Internet country code

.rs

Internet users

4.688 million 65.3% (July 2015 est.)

percent of population

65.3% (July 2015 est.)

total

4.688 million

Telephone system

replacements of, and upgrades to, telecommunications equipment damaged during the 1999 war resulted in a modern digitalized telecommunications system wireless service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing very rapidly; best telecommunications services are centered in urban centers; 3G mobile network launched in 2007 country code - 381 (2011)

domestic

wireless service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing very rapidly; best telecommunications services are centered in urban centers; 3G mobile network launched in 2007

general assessment

replacements of, and upgrades to, telecommunications equipment damaged during the 1999 war resulted in a modern digitalized telecommunications system

international

country code - 381 (2011)

Telephones - fixed lines

2,770,462 39 (July 2015 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

39 (July 2015 est.)

total subscriptions

2,770,462

Telephones - mobile cellular

9.156 million 128 (July 2015 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

128 (July 2015 est.)

total

9.156 million

Airports

26 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

2 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

3

2,438 to 3,047 m

3

914 to 1,523 m

2 (2013)

over 3,047 m

2

total

10

Airports - with unpaved runways

5 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

1

914 to 1,523 m

10

total

16

under 914 m

5 (2013)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

YU (2016)

Heliports

2 (2012)

National air transport system

2,424,886 2.748 million mt-km (2015)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

2.748 million mt-km (2015)

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

2,424,886

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

21

number of registered air carriers

2

Ports and terminals

Belgrade (Danube)

river port(s)

Belgrade (Danube)

Railways

3,808 km 3,808 km 1.435-m gauge (1,196 km electrified) (2014)

standard gauge

3,808 km 1.435-m gauge (1,196 km electrified) (2014)

total

3,808 km

Roadways

44,248 km 28,000 km 16,248 km (2010)

paved

28,000 km

total

44,248 km

unpaved

16,248 km (2010)

Waterways

587 km (primarily on the Danube and Sava rivers) (2009)

Military branches

Serbian Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije, VS): Land Forces (includes Riverine Component, consisting of a river flotilla on the Danube), Air and Air Defense Forces (2016)

Serbian Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije, VS)

Land Forces (includes Riverine Component, consisting of a river flotilla on the Danube), Air and Air Defense Forces (2016)

Military expenditures

1.37% of GDP (2016 est.) 1.41% of GDP (2015) 1.49% of GDP (2014) 1.48% of GDP (2013) 1.77% of GDP (2012)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished December 2010; reserve obligation to age 60 for men and age 50 for women (2013)

Disputes - international

Serbia with several other states protest the US and other states' recognition of Kosovo's declaration of its status as a sovereign and independent state in February 2008; ethnic Serbian municipalities along Kosovo's northern border challenge final status of Kosovo-Serbia boundary; several thousand NATO-led Kosovo Force peacekeepers under UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo authority continue to keep the peace within Kosovo between the ethnic Albanian majority and the Serb minority in Kosovo; Serbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute

Illicit drugs

transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable to money laundering

Refugees and internally displaced persons

25,996 (Croatia); 9,288 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (2015) 220,002 (most are Kosovar Serbs, some are Roma, Ashkalis, and Egyptian (RAE); some RAE IDPs are unregistered) (2015) 2,700 (includes stateless persons in Kosovo) (2015) 670,425 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (2015 - November 2016)

IDPs

220,002 (most are Kosovar Serbs, some are Roma, Ashkalis, and Egyptian (RAE); some RAE IDPs are unregistered) (2015)

note

670,425 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (2015 - November 2016)

refugees (country of origin)

25,996 (Croatia); 9,288 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (2015)

stateless persons

2,700 (includes stateless persons in Kosovo) (2015)