2003 Edition

Administrative divisions

2 republics (republike, singular - republika); and 2 nominally autonomous provinces* (autonomn pokrajine, singular - autonomna pokrajina); Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*

Age structure

0-14 years: 19.3% (male 1,062,625; female 990,071) 15-64 years: 65.4% (male 3,422,543; female 3,548,058) 65 years and over: 15.3% (male 696,716; female 935,761) (2003 est.)

Agriculture - products

cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives; cattle, sheep, goats

Airports

45 (2002)

Airports - with paved runways

over 3,047 m

2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 2

total

19

under 914 m

4 (2002) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6

Airports - with unpaved runways

total

26 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 12

under 914 m

12 (2002)

Area

land

102,136 sq km

total

102,350 sq km

water

214 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Kentucky

Background

The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 was resisted by various paramilitary bands that fought themselves as well as the invaders. The group headed by Marshal TITO took full control upon German expulsion in 1945. Although Communist, his new government successfully steered its own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In the early 1990s, post-TITO Yugoslavia began to unravel

along ethnic lines

Slovenia, Croatia, and The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia all declared their independence in 1991; Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" (FRY) in 1992 and, under President Slobodan MILOSEVIC, Serbia led various military intervention efforts to unite Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia." All of these efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. In 1999, massive expulsions by FRY forces and Serb paramilitaries of ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo provoked an international response, including the NATO bombing of Serbia and the stationing of NATO, Russian, and other peacekeepers in Kosovo. Federal elections in the fall of 2000, brought about the ouster of MILOSEVIC and installed Vojislav KOSTUNICA as president. The arrest of MILOSEVIC in 2001 allowed for his subsequent transfer to the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in The Hague to be tried for crimes against humanity. In 2001, the country's suspension was lifted, and it was once more accepted into UN organizations under the name of Yugoslavia. Kosovo has been governed by the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) since June 1999, under the authority of UN Security Council Resolution 1244. In 2002, the Serbian and Montenegrin components of Yugoslavia began negotiations to forge a looser relationship. These talks became a reality in February 2003 when lawmakers restructured the country into a loose federation of two republics called Serbia and Montenegro. An agreement was also reached to hold a referendum in each republic in three years on full independence. Geography Serbia and Montenegro

Birth rate

12.74 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Budget

expenditures

$4.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)

revenues

$3.9 billion

Capital

Belgrade; note - Podgorica is the judicial capital

Climate

in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland

Coastline

199 km

Constitution

4 February 2003

Country name

conventional long form

Serbia and Montenegro

conventional short form

none

local long form

Srbija i Crna Gora

local short form

none

Currency

new Yugoslav dinar (YUM); note - in Montenegro the euro is legal tender; in Kosovo both the euro and the Yugoslav dinar are legal (2002)

Currency code

YUM

Death rate

10.62 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Debt - external

$9.2 billion (2001 est.)

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador William D. MONTGOMERY

embassy

Kneza Milosa 50, 11000 Belgrade

mailing address

5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070

telephone

[381] (11) 361-9344

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Ivan VUJACIC

consulate(s) general

Chicago

Disputes - international

the Albanian government calls for the protection of the rights of ethnic Albanians outside its borders in the Kosovo region of Serbia and Montenegro while continuing to seek regional cooperation; several ethnic Albanian groups in Kosovo voice union with Albania; has delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute; in late 2002, Serbia and Montenegro and Croatia adopted an interim agreement to settle the disputed Prevlaka Peninsula, allowing the withdrawal of the UN monitoring mission (UNMOP), but discussions could be complicated by the inability of Serbia and Montenegro to come to an agreement on the economic aspects of the new federal union

Economic aid - recipient

$2 billion pledged in 2001 (disbursements to follow for several years)

Economy - overview

MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of economic sanctions, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry during the war in Kosovo have left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. Since the ousting of former Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC in October 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government has implemented stabilization measures and embarked on an aggressive market reform program. After renewing its membership in the IMF in December 2000, Yugoslavia continued to reintegrate into the international community by rejoining the World Bank (IBRD) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). A World Bank-European Commission sponsored Donors' Conference held in June 2001 raised $1.3 billion for economic restructuring. An agreement rescheduling the country's $4.5 billion Paris Club government debts was concluded in November 2001; it will write off 66% of the debt; a similar debt relief agreement on its $2.8 billion London Club commercial debt is still pending. The smaller republic of Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and continues to maintain its own central bank, uses the euro instead of the Yugoslav dinar as official currency, collects customs tariffs, and manages its own budget. Kosovo, while technically still part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (now Serbia and Montenegro) according to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, is moving toward local autonomy under United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and is dependent on the international community for financial and technical assistance. The euro and the Yugoslav dinar are official currencies, and UNMIK collects taxes and manages the budget. The complexity of Serbia and Montenegro political relationships, slow progress in privatization, and stagnation in the European economy are holding back the economy. Arrangements with the IMF, especially requirements for fiscal discipline, are an important element in policy formation. Severe unemployment remains a key political economic problem.

Electricity - consumption

32.37 billion kWh (2001)

Electricity - exports

446 million kWh (2001)

Electricity - imports

3.33 billion kWh (2001)

Electricity - production

31.71 billion kWh (2001)

Electricity - production by source

fossil fuel

62.9%

hydro

37.1%

nuclear

0%

other

0% (2001)

Elevation extremes

highest point

Daravica 2,656 m

lowest point

Adriatic Sea 0 m

Environment - current issues

pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube

Environment - international agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

Biodiversity

Ethnic groups

Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%, Hungarian 3.3%, other 12.6% (1991)

Exchange rates

new Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - official rate: 65 (2002), 10.0 (December 1998); black market rate: 14.5 (December 1998)

Executive branch

cabinet

Federal Ministries act as Cabinet

chief of state

President Svetozar MAROVIC (since 7 March 2003)

election results

Svetozar MAROVIC elected president by the Parliament; vote was Svetozar MAROVIC 65, other 47

elections

president elected by the Parliament for a four-year term; election last held 7 March 2003 (next to be held NA 2007); prime minister appointed by the president

head of government

Prime Minister Dragisa PESIC (since 24 July 2001); Deputy Prime Minister Miroljub LABUS (since 25 January 2001)

Exports

$2.4 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Exports - commodities

manufactured goods, food and live animals, raw materials

Exports - partners

Italy 32%, Germany 19.5%, Greece 7%, Austria 6.1%, France 4.6% (2002)

FAX

[1] (202) 332-3933

[381] (11) 361-8230

telephone

[1] (202) 332-0333

Fiscal year

calendar year Communications Serbia and Montenegro

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red Economy Serbia and Montenegro

GDP

purchasing power parity - $23.15 billion (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture

26%

industry

36%

services

38% (2001 est.)

GDP - per capita

purchasing power parity - $2,200 (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

4% (2002 est.)

Geographic coordinates

44 00 N, 21 00 E

Geography - note

controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast People Serbia and Montenegro

Government type

republic

Heliports

4 (2002) Military Serbia and Montenegro

Highways

paved

31,029 km (including 560 km of expressways)

total

49,805 km

unpaved

18,776 km (2000)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.2% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

less than 100 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

10,000 (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

NA%

lowest 10%

NA%

Illicit drugs

transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable to money laundering This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

Imports

$6.3 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Imports - commodities

machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials

Imports - partners

Germany 19.4%, Italy 18%, Austria 8.5%, Slovenia 5.6%, Greece 4.4%, France 4.3%, Bulgaria 4.2%, Romania 4.1% (2002)

Independence

27 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or FRY formed as self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or SFRY)

Industrial production growth rate

1.7% (2002 est.)

Industries

machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; tanks and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery); metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium); mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone); consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances); electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals

Infant mortality rate

female

15.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)

male

18.57 deaths/1,000 live births

total

16.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

19% (2002 est.)

International organization participation

ABEDA, BIS, CE (guest), CEI, EBRD, FAO, G- 9, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMISET, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)

Internet country code

.yu

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

9 (2000)

Internet users

400,000 (2001) Transportation Serbia and Montenegro

Irrigated land

570 sq km

Judicial branch

Federal Court or Savezni Sud; Constitutional Court; judges for both courts are elected by the Federal Assembly for nine-year terms

note

after the promulgation of the new Constitution, the Federal Court will have constitutional and administrative functions; it will have an equal number of judges from each republic

Labor force

3 million (2001 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Land boundaries

border countries

Albania 287 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km, Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia (south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km

total

2,246 km

Land use

arable land

36.34%

other

60.22% (1998 est.)

permanent crops

3.44%

Languages

Serbian 95%, Albanian 5%

Legal system

based on civil law system

Legislative branch

unicameral Parliament (126 seats - 91 Serbian, 35 Montenegrin - filled by nominees of the two state parliaments for the first two years, after which the president will call for public elections

election results

percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - DOS 37, DLECG 19, DSS 17, ZP 14, SPS 12, SRS 8, SDP 5, SSJ 5, other 9

elections

last held 25 February 2003 (next to be held NA 2005)

Life expectancy at birth

female

77.16 years (2003 est.)

male

71.03 years

total population

73.97 years

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

88.9% (1991) Government Serbia and Montenegro

male

97.2%

total population

93%

Location

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

NA

Median age

female

37.9 years (2002)

male

34.3 years

total

36.2 years

Military branches

Army (VJ) (including ground forces with border troops, naval forces, air and air defense forces)

Military expenditures - dollar figure

$654 million (2002)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP

NA% Transnational Issues Serbia and Montenegro

Military manpower - availability

males age 15-49

2,579,620 (2003 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service

males age 15-49

2,077,660 (2003 est.)

Military manpower - military age

19 years of age (2003 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually

males

81,547 (2003 est.)

National holiday

National Day, 27 April

Nationality

adjective

Serbian; Montenegrin

noun

Serb(s); Montenegrin(s)

Natural gas - consumption

602 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - production

602 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

24.07 billion cu m (37257)

Natural hazards

destructive earthquakes

Natural resources

oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome, hydropower, arable land

Net migration rate

-1.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Oil - consumption

64,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports

NA (2001)

Oil - imports

NA (2001)

Oil - production

15,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - proved reserves

38.75 million bbl (37257)

Pipelines

gas 3,177 km; oil 393 km (2003)

Political parties and leaders

Democratic Opposition of Serbia or DOS (a coalition of many small parties including DSS) [leader NA]; Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Jozsef KASZA]; Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA, president]; Democratic List for European Montenegro or DLECG [Milo DJUKANOVIC, Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]; Democratic Party or DS [collective interim leadership led by Cedomir JOVANOVIC]; Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Party of Serb Unity or SSJ [Borislav PELEVIC]; Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Tomislav NIKOLIC]; Serbian Socialist Party or SPS (former Communist Party and party of Slobodan MILOSEVIC) [Zoran ANDJELKOVIC, general secretary]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Rasim LJAJIC]; Together for Changes or ZP [leader NA]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK [Ramush HARADINAJ]; Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Ibrahim RUGOVA]; Democratic Party of Kosovo or PDK [Hashim THACI]; Group of 17 Independent Economists or G-17 [leader NA]; National Movement for the Liberation of Kosovo or LKCK [Sabit GASHI]; Otpor Student Resistance Movement [leader NA]; Political Council for Presevo, Meveda and Bujanovac or PCPMB [leader NA]; The People's Movement for Kosovo or LPK [Emrush XHEMAJLI]

Population

10,655,774

note

a census was taken in Serbia 1-15 April 2002 (July 2003 est.)

Population below poverty line

30%

Population growth rate

0.07% (2003 est.)

Ports and harbors

Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat, Zelenika

Radio broadcast stations

AM 113, FM 194, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios

3.15 million (1997)

Railways

standard gauge

4,059 km 1.435-m gauge (1,364 km electrified) (2002)

total

4,059 km

Religions

Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%

Sex ratio

at birth

1.08 male(s)/female

total population

0.95 male(s)/female (2003 est.)

under 15 years

1.07 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female

Suffrage

16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Telephone system

domestic

NA

general assessment

NA

international

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Telephones - main lines in use

2.017 million (1995)

Telephones - mobile cellular

87,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations

more than 771 (including 86 strong stations and 685 low-power stations, plus 20 repeaters in the principal networks; also numerous local or private stations in Serbia and Vojvodina) (1997)

Televisions

2.75 million (1997)

Terrain

extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast

Total fertility rate

1.77 children born/woman (2003 est.)

Unemployment rate

32% (2002 est.)

Waterways

587 km

note

the Danube River, central Europe's connection to the Black Sea, runs through Serbia; since early 2000, a pontoon bridge, replacing a destroyed conventional bridge, has obstructed river traffic at Novi Sad; the obstruction is bypassed by a canal system, but the inadequate lock size limits the size of vessels which may pass; the pontoon bridge can be opened for large ships but has slowed river traffic (2001)