1998 Edition
CIA World Factbook 1998 (Internet Archive)
Geography
Area
total: 102,350 sq km (Serbia 88,412 sq km; Montenegro 13,938 sq km) land: 102,136 sq km (Serbia 88,412 sq km; Montenegro 13,724 sq km) water: 214 sq km (Serbia 0 sq km; Montenegro 214 sq km)
Area-comparative
slightly smaller than Kentucky (Serbia is slightly larger than Maine; Montenegro is slightly smaller than Connecticut)
Climate
in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland
Coastline
199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)
Elevation extremes
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m highest point: Daravica 2,656 m
Environment-current issues
pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube
Environment-international agreements
party to: none of the selected agreements signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geographic coordinates
44 00 N, 21 00 E
Geography-note
controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast
Irrigated land
NA sq km
Land boundaries
total: 2,246 km border countries: Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia, 215 km with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km (with Serbia), Croatia (north) 241 km (with Serbia), Croatia (south) 25 km (with Montenegro), Hungary 151 km (with Serbia), The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 221 km (with Serbia), Romania 476 km (with Serbia) note: the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km
Land use
arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% permanent pastures: NA% forests and woodland: NA% other: NA%
Location
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Map references
Europe
Maritime claims
NA
Natural hazards
destructive earthquakes
Natural resources
oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome
Terrain
extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast
People and Society
Age structure
0-14 years: Montenegro-22% (male 76,764; female 71,647); Serbia20% (male 1,121,483; female 1,043,535) 15-64 years: Montenegro-67% (male 231,849; female 227,268); Serbia67% (male 3,539,198; female 3,487,318) 65 years and over: Montenegro-11% (male 29,837; female 42,539); Serbia13% (male 575,697; female 758,904) (July 1998 est.)
Birth rate
Montenegro-13.55 births/1,000 population; Serbia-12.62 births/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Death rate
Montenegro-7.40 deaths/1,000 population; Serbia-9.67 deaths/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Ethnic groups
Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%, other 13%
Infant mortality rate
Montenegro-11.24 deaths/1,000 live births; Serbia-17.11 deaths/1,000 live births (1998 est.)
Languages
Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%
Life expectancy at birth
total population: Montenegro-76.14 years; Serbia-73.17 years male: Montenegro-72.67 years; Serbia-70.77 years female: Montenegro-79.92 years; Serbia-75.76 years (1998 est.)
Literacy
NA
Nationality
noun: Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s) adjective: Serbian and Montenegrin
Net migration rate
Montenegro: -5.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population;
Population
11,206,039 (July 1998 est.) (Montenegro-679,904; Serbia-10,526,135)
Population growth rate
Montenegro-0.07%; Serbia--0.02% (1998 est.)
Religions
Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%
Serbia
-3.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Sex ratio
at birth: Montenegro-1.09 male(s)/female; Serbia-1.08 male(s)/female under 15 years: Montenegro-1.07 male(s)/female; Serbia-1.07 male(s)/female 15-64 years: Montenegro-1.02 male(s)/female; Serbia-1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: Montenegro-0.70 male(s)/female; Serbia-0.75 male(s)/female (1998 est.)
Total fertility rate
Montenegro-1.76 children born/woman; Serbia-1.75 children born/woman (1998 est.)
Government
Administrative divisions
2 republics (republike, singular-republika); and 2 nominally autonomous provinces* (autonomn pokrajine, singular-autonomna pokrajina); Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*
Constitution
27 April 1992
Country name
conventional long form: none conventional short form: Serbia and Montenegro local long form: none local short form: Srbija-Crna Gora note: Serbia and Montenegro has self-proclaimed itself the "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia," but the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its continuation
Data code
Serbia-SR; Montenegro-MW
Executive branch
chief of state: President Slobodan MILOSEVIC (since 23 July 1997); note-Milan MILUTINOVIC is president of Serbia (since 21 December 1997); Milo DJUKANOVIC is president of Montenegro (since 21 December 1997) head of government: Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since 29 December 1992); Deputy Prime Ministers Nikola SAINOVIC (since 15 September 1995), Vojin DJUKANOVIC (since 20 March 1997), Jovan ZEBIC (since 9 April 1998), and Vladan KUTLESIC (since 20 March 1997) cabinet: Federal Executive Council elections: president elected by the Federal Assembly for a four-year term; election last held 23 July 1997 (next to be held NA 2001); prime minister nominated by the president election results: Slobodan MILOSEVIC elected president; percent of legislative vote - Slobodan MILOSEVIC 90%
FAX
[381] (11) 645332
Government type
republic
Independence
11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formed as self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia-SFRY)
Judicial branch
Federal Court or Savezni Sud, judges are elected by the Federal Assembly for a nine-year term; Constitutional Court, judges are elected by the Federal Assembly for a nine-year term Political parties and leaders: Serbian Socialist Party or SPS (former Communist Party) [Slobodan MILOSEVIC]; Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav SESELJ]; Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC, president]; Democratic Party or DS [Zoran DJINDJIC]; Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro or DPSCG [Milica PEJANOVIC-DJURISIC, president]; People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Novak KILIBARDA]; Socialist People's Party of Montenegro or SNP [Momir BULATOVIC]; Social Democratic Party of Montenegro or SDP [Zarko RAKCEVIE]; Liberal Alliance of Montenegro [Slavko PEROVIC]; Democratic Community of Vojvodina Hungarians or DZVM [Sandor PALL]; League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina or LSV [Nenad CANAK]; Reformist Democratic Party of Vojvodina or RDSV [Aleksandar POPOV]; Democratic Alliance of Vojvodina Croats or DSHV [Bela TONKOVIC]; League of Communists-Movement for Yugoslavia or SK-PJ [Dragomir DRASKOVIC]; Democratic Alliance of Kosovo or LDK [Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA, president]; New Democratic League of Kosovo or LDRK [Hydayet HYSENI]; Parliamentary Party of Kosovo or PPK [Adern DERNACI]; Party of Democratic Action or SDA [Dr. Sulejman UGLJANIN]; Civic Alliance of Serbia or GSS [Vesna PESIC, chairman]; Yugoslav United Left or JUL [Mirjana MARKOVIC (MILOSEVIC's wife)]; New Democracy or ND [Dusan MIHAJLOVIC]; Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Jozsef KASZA] Political pressure groups and leaders: NA Diplomatic representation in the US: the US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic relations; the Embassy of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continues to function in the chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Counselor, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Nebojsa VUJOVIC chancery: 2410 California St. NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 462-6566 Diplomatic representation from the US: the US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic relations chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chief of Mission Richard M. MILES embassy: Kneza Milosa 50, 11000 Belgrade mailing address: American Embassy, Belgrade, United States Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5070 (pouch); Unit 1310, APO AE 09213-1310 telephone: [381] (11) 645655
Legal system
based on civil law system
Legislative branch
bicameral Federal Assembly or Savezna Skupstina consists of the Chamber of Republics or Vece Republika (40 seats, 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin; members distributed on the basis of party representation in the republican assemblies to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Citizens or Vece Gradjana (138 seats, 108 Serbian with half elected by constituency majorities and half by proportional representation, 30 Montenegrin with six elected by constituency and 24 proportionally; members serve four-year terms) elections: Chamber of Republics-last held 24 December 1996 (next to be held NA 2000); Chamber of Citizens-last held 3 November 1996 (next to be held NA 2000) election results: Chamber of Republics-percent of vote by party-NA; seats by party - NA; note-seats are filled on a proportional basis to reflect the composition of the legislatures of the republics of Montenegro and Serbia; Chamber of Citizens-percent of vote by party-NA; seats by party-SPS/JUL/ND 64, Zajedno 22, DPSCG 20, SRS 16, NS 8, SVM 3, other 5; note-Zajedno coalition includes SPO, DS, GSS
National capital
Belgrade (Serbia), Podgorica (Montenegro)
National holiday
St. Vitus Day, 28 June
Suffrage
16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
Economy
Agriculture-products
cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives; cattle, sheep, goats
Budget
revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Currency
1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras
Debt-external
$11.2 billion (1995 est.)
Economic aid
recipient: ODA, $NA
Economy-overview
The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation in 1991 has been followed by highly destructive warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. Output in Serbia and Montenegro dropped by half in 1992-93. Like the other former Yugoslav republics, it had depended on its sister republics for large amounts of energy and manufactures. Wide differences in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology among the republics accentuated this interdependence, as did the communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia is the continuation in office of a communist government that is primarily interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform. Hyperinflation ended with the establishment of a new currency unit in June 1993; prices have been relatively stable since 1995. Reliable statistics continue to be hard to come by, and the GDP estimate is extremely rough. The economic boom anticipated by the government after the suspension of UN sanctions in December 1995 has failed to materialize. Until the government cooperates on such matters as human rights and war criminals, it will lack full support from international financial institutions.
Electricity-capacity
11.779 million kW (1995)
Electricity-consumption per capita
3,009 kWh (1995)
Electricity-production
33.4 billion kWh (1995)
Exchange rates
Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1-official rate: 5.85 (December 1997), 5.02 (September 1996), 1.5 (early 1995); black market rate: 8.9 (December 1997), 2 to 3 (early 1995)
Exports
total value: $2.8 billion (1996 est.) commodities: manufactured goods, food and live animals, raw materials partners: Russia, Italy, Germany
Fiscal year
calendar year Communications
GDP
purchasing power parity-$24.3 billion (1997 est.)
GDP-composition by sector
agriculture: 25% industry: 50% services: 25% (1994 est.)
GDP-per capita
purchasing power parity-$2,280 (1997 est.)
GDP-real growth rate
7% (1997 est.)
Imports
total value: $6.2 billion (1996 est.) commodities: machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials partners: Germany, Italy, Russia
Industrial production growth rate
8% (1997 est.)
Industries
machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; tanks and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery); metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium); mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone); consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances); electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals
Inflation rate-consumer price index
7% (1997)
Labor force
total: 2.178 million by occupation: industry 41%, services 35%, trade and tourism 12%, transportation and communication 7%, agriculture 5% (1994)
Radio broadcast stations
27 (public or state-owned 1, private 26)
Radios
2.015 million
Telephone system
domestic: NA international: satellite earth station-1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Telephones
700,000
Television broadcast stations
8 (state owned 1, privately owned 7) plus 1 Satellite TV down link and 48 cable distribution systems
Televisions
1 million
Unemployment rate
more than 35% (1995 est.)
Transportation
Airports
48 (Serbia 43, Montenegro 5) (1997 est.) Airports-with paved runways: total: 18 over 3,047 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0) 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 (Serbia 3, Montenegro 2) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 (Serbia 4, Montenegro 1) 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0) under 914 m: 4 (Serbia 4, Montenegro 0) (1997 est.) Airports-with unpaved runways: total: 30 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0) 914 to 1,523 m: 14 (Serbia 13, Montenegro 1) under 914 m: 14 (Serbia 13, Montenego 1) (1997 est.)
Highways
total: 49,525 km paved: 28,873 km unpaved: 20,652 km (1996 est.)
Merchant marine
total: 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 322,391 GRT/533,935 DWT (owned by Montenegro) ships by type: bulk 6, cargo 11, container 3 note: Montenegrin ships operate under the flag of Malta (1997 est.)
Pipelines
crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas 2,110 km Ports and harbors: Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat, Zelenika
Railways
total: 3,987 km standard gauge: 3,987 km 1.435-m gauge (1,341 km partially electrified) (1997)
Waterways
NA km
Military and Security
Military branches
People's Army (includes Ground Forces with internal and border troops, Naval Forces, and Air and Air Defense Forces), Civil Defense
Military expenditures-dollar figure
6.55 billion dinars (1998 est.); note-conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results
Military expenditures-percent of GDP
6% (1998 est.)
Military manpower-availability
males age 15-49: Montenegro-187,131; Serbia2,731,102 (1998 est.) Military manpower-fit for military service: males: Montenegro-150,666 (1998 est.); Serbia-2,187,111 (1998 est.)
Military manpower-military age
Montenegro-19; Serbia-NA
Military manpower-reaching military age annually
males: Montenegro-5,591; Serbia-NA (1998 est.)
Transnational Issues
Disputes-international
disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina over Serbian populated areas; Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian republic; Serbia and Montenegro is disputing Croatia's claim to the Prevlaka Peninsula in southern Croatia because it controls the entrance to Boka Kotorska in Montenegro; Prevlaka is currently under observation by the UN military observer mission in Prevlaka (UNMOP); the border commission formed by The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia and Montenegro in April 1996 to resolve differences in delineation of their mutual border has made no progress so far
Illicit drugs
major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route