1996 Edition

Location

44 00 N, 21 00 E -- Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Area

comparative area

slightly larger than Kentucky

land area

102,136 sq km

note

Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 sq km making it slightly larger than Maine; Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 sq km and a land area of 13,724 sq km making it slightly larger than Connecticut

total area

102,350 sq km

Climate

in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland

Coastline

199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)

Environment

current issues

pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube

international agreements

NA

natural hazards

destructive earthquakes

Geographic coordinates

44 00 N, 21 00 E

Geographic note

controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast

International disputes

disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian republic

Irrigated land

NA sq km

Land boundaries

border countries

Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia, 215 km with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia (south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km

note

the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km

total

2,246 km

Land use

arable land

30%

forest and woodland

25%

meadows and pastures

20%

other

20%

permanent crops

5%

Location

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

NA

Natural resources

oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome

Terrain

extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast

highest point

Daravica 2,656 m

lowest point

Adriatic Sea 0 m

Age structure

Montenegro - 0-14 years: 22% (male 71,075; female 67,402) Montenegro - 15-64 years: 67% (male 215,889; female 213,290) Montenegro - 65 years and over: 11% (male 27,868; female 39.918) (July 1996 est.) Serbia - 0-14 years: 21% (male 1,104,274; female 1,026,994) Serbia - 15-64 years: 66% (male 3,332,809; female 3,293,788) Serbia - 65 years and over: 13% (male 515,001; female 706,250) (July 1996 est.)

Ethnic divisions

Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%, other 13%

Languages

Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%

Literacy

NA

Montenegro

635,442 (July 1996 est.)

0.39% (1996 est.)

11.86 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

7.76 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

-0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

27.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

1.53 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Montenegro - all ages

0.98 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Montenegro - at birth

1.05 male(s)/female Montenegro - under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female Montenegro - 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female Montenegro - 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female

Montenegro - female

79.11 years (1996 est.)

Montenegro - male

70.86 years

Montenegro - total population

74.88 years

Nationality

adjective

Serbian and Montenegrin

noun

Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s)

Population

total population

10,614,558 (July 1996 est.)

Religions

Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%

Serbia

9,979,116 (July 1996 est.)

0.39% (1996 est.)

13.98 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

10.25 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

0.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

22.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

2 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Serbia - all ages

0.98 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Serbia - at birth

1.08 male(s)/female Serbia - under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female Serbia - 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female Serbia - 65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female

Serbia - female

75.22 years (1996 est.)

Serbia - male

68.97 years

Serbia - total population

71.98 years

Administrative divisions

2 republics (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 nominally autonomous provinces*; Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*

Capital

Belgrade

Chamber of Citizens

elections last held 20 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of votes by party NA; seats - (138 total, 108 Serbian, 30 Montenegrin) SPS 47, SRS 34, Depos 20, DPSCG 17, DS 5, SP 5, NS 4, DZVM 3, other 3

Chamber of Republics

elections last held 20 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total, 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin) seats by party NA; note - seats are filled on a proportional basis to reflect the composition of the legislatures of the republics of Montenegro and Serbia

Constitution

27 April 1992

Diplomatic representation in US

the US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic relations; the Embassy of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continues to function in the US

chancery

2410 California St. NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Counselor, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Zoran POPOVIC

telephone

[1] (202) 462-6566

Executive branch

cabinet

Federal Executive Council

chief of state

President Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993) was elected for a four-year term by the Federal Assembly; note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president of Serbia (since 9 December 1990); Momir BULATOVIC is president of Montenegro (since 23 December 1990); Federal Assembly elected Zoran LILIC on 25 June 1993

head of government

Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since 29 December 1992) was nominated by the president; Deputy Prime Ministers Jovan ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Uros KLIKOVAC (since 15 September 1994), and Nikola SAINOVIC (since 15 September 1995)

FAX

[381] (11) 645332

Independence

11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formed as self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - SFRY)

Judicial branch

Savezni Sud (Federal Court), judges are elected by the Federal Assembly; Constitutional Court, judges are elected by the Federal Assembly

Legal system

based on civil law system

Legislative branch

bicameral Federal Assembly

Montenegro

MW

Name of country

conventional long form

none

conventional short form

Serbia and Montenegro

local long form

none

local short form

Srbija-Crna Gora

note

Serbia and Montenegro has self-proclaimed itself the "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia," but the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its continuation

National holiday

St. Vitus Day, 28 June

Other political or pressure groups

NA

Political parties and leaders

Serbian Socialist Party (SPS, former Communist Party), Slobodan MILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party (SRS), Vojislav SESELJ; Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), Vuk DRASKOVIC, president; Democratic Party (DS), Zoran DJINDJIC; Democratic Party of Serbia (Depos), Vojlslav KOSTUNICA; Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPSCG), Momir BULATOVIC, president; People's Party of Montenegro (NS), Milan PAROSKI; Liberal Alliance of Montenegro, Slavko PEROVIC; Democratic Community of Vojvodina Hungarians (DZVM), Andras AGOSTON; League of Communists-Movement for Yugoslavia (SK-PJ), Dragan ATANASOVSKI; Democratic Alliance of Kosovo (LDK), Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA, president; Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Sulejman UGLJANIN; Civic Alliance of Serbia (GSS), Vesna PESIC, chairman; Socialist Party of Montenegro (SP), leader NA

Serbia

SR

Suffrage

16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Type of government

republic

US diplomatic representation

the US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic relations

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Chief of Mission Rudolf V. PERINA

embassy

address NA, Belgrade

mailing address

Unit 1310, APO AE 09213-1310

telephone

[381] (11) 645655

Agriculture

cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives; cattle, sheep, goats

Budget

expenditures

$NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

revenues

$NA

Currency

1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras

Economic aid

recipient

ODA, $NA

Economic overview

The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation in 1991 has been followed by highly destructive warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. Serbia and Montenegro faces major economic problems; output has dropped sharply, particularly in 1993. Like the other former Yugoslav republics, it depended on its sister republics for large amounts of energy supplies and manufactures. Wide differences in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology among the republics accentuated this interdependence, as did the communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of a communist government that is primarily interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform. Hyperinflation ended with the establishment of a new currency unit in June 1993; prices were relatively stable in 1994. Reliable statistics are hard to come by; the GDP estimate of $2,000 per capita is extremely rough. The economy is recovering extremely slowly following the suspension of UN sanctions in December 1995.

Electricity

capacity

10,400,000 kW

consumption per capita

2,400 kWh (1994 est.)

production

34 billion kWh

Exchange rates

Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - official

rate

1.5; black market rate: 2 to 3 (early 1995)

Exports

$NA

commodities

prior to the breakup of the federation, Yugoslavia exported machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials

partners

prior to the imposition of UN sanctions trade partners were the other former Yugoslav republics, Italy, Germany, other EC, the FSU countries, East European countries, US

External debt

$4.2 billion (1993 est.)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP

purchasing power parity - $20.6 billion (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector

agriculture

NA%

industry

NA%

services

NA%

GDP per capita

$2,000 (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate

4% (1995 est.)

Illicit drugs

transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route

Imports

$NA

commodities

prior to the breakup of the federation, Yugoslavia imported machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials including coking coal for the steel industry

partners

prior to the imposition of UN sanctions trade partners were the other former Yugoslav republics, the FSU countries, EC countries (mainly Italy and Germany), East European countries, US

Industrial production growth rate

NA%

Industries

machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

20% (1994 est.)

Labor force

2,640,909

by occupation

industry, mining 40% (1990)

Unemployment rate

more than 40% (1994 est.)

Branches

People's Army (includes Ground Forces with internal and border troops, Naval Forces, and Air and Air Defense Forces), Civil Defense

Defense expenditures

245 billion dinars, 4% to 6% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results

Manpower availability

Montenegro - males age 15-49: 173,942

Montenegro - males fit for military service

140,728 Montenegro - males reach military age (19) annually: 5,226 Serbia - males age 15-49: 2,546,549

Radio broadcast stations

AM 26, FM 9, shortwave 0

Radios

2.015 million

Serbia - males fit for military service

2,041,239 (1996 est.)

Telephone system

domestic

NA

international

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Telephones

700,000

Television broadcast stations

18

Televisions

1 million Defense

Airports

total

44 (Serbia 39, Montenegro 5)

with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m

5 (Serbia 4, Montenegro 1)

with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m

5 (Serbia 3, Montenegro 2)

with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m

2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)

with paved runways over 3 047 m

2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)

with paved runways under 914 m

14 (Serbia 14, Montenegro 0)

with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m

2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)

with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m

14 (Serbia 12, Montenegro 2) (1995 est.)

Highways

paved

26,949 km

total

46,019 km

unpaved

19,070 km (1990 est.)

Montenegro

total 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 326,133 GRT/544,600 DWT (controlled by Montenegrin beneficial owners)

note

ships operate under the flags of Malta, Panama, and Cyprus; no ships remain under Yugoslav flag (1995 est.)

ships by type

bulk 9, cargo 8, container 3, short-sea passenger ferry 1

Pipelines

crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas 2,110 km

Ports

Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat

Railways

standard gauge

3,960 km 1.435-m gauge (1,341 km electrified) (1992)

total

3,960 km

Serbia

total 2 bulk ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 42,916 GRT/77,103 DWT (controlled by Serbian beneficial owners)

note

all under the flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; no ships remain under Yugoslav flag (1995 est.)

Waterways

NA km