2021 Edition

Background

Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Devastating defeats and food shortages in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the ROMANOV Dynasty. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin's rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 led to the dissolution of the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent states. Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Area

land

16,377,742 sq km

total

17,098,242 sq km

water

720,500 sq km

Area - comparative

approximately 1.8 times the size of the US

Climate

ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast

Coastline

37,653 km

Elevation

highest point

Gora El'brus (highest point in Europe) 5,642 m

lowest point

Caspian Sea -28 m

mean elevation

600 m

Geographic coordinates

60 00 N, 100 00 E

Geography - note

note 1: largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture note 2: Russia's far east, particularly the Kamchatka Peninsula, lies along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire note 3: Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak; Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world, is estimated to hold one fifth of the world's fresh surface waternote 4: Kaliningrad oblast is an exclave annexed from Germany following World War II (it was formerly part of East Prussia); its capital city of Kaliningrad - formerly Koenigsberg - is the only Baltic port in Russia that remains ice free in the winter

Irrigated land

43,000 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

border countries

Azerbaijan 338 km, Belarus 1312 km, China (southeast) 4133 km and China (south) 46 km, Estonia 324 km, Finland 1309 km, Georgia 894 km, Kazakhstan 7644 km, North Korea 18 km, Latvia 332 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 261 km, Mongolia 3452 km, Norway 191 km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 209 km, Ukraine 1944 km

total

22,407 km

Land use

agricultural land

13.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 7.3% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 5.7% (2018 est.)

forest

49.4% (2018 est.)

other

37.5% (2018 est.)

Location

North Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean, extending from Europe (the portion west of the Urals) to the North Pacific Ocean

Major aquifers

Angara-Lena Basin, Pechora Basin, North Caucasus Basin, East European Aquifer System, West Siberian Basin, Tunguss Basin, Yakut Basin

Major lakes (area sq km)

Fresh water lake(s)

Lake Baikal - 31,500 sq km; Lake Ladoga - 18,130 sq km; Lake Onega - 9,720 sq km; Lake Khanka (shared with China) - 5,010 sq km; Lake Peipus - 4,300 sq km; Ozero Vygozero - 1,250 sq km; Ozero Beloye - 1,120 sq km

Salt water lake(s)

Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan) - 374,000 sq km; Ozero Malyye Chany - 2,500 sq km; Kurshskiy Zaliv/Kursiu Marios (shared with Lithuania) - 1,620 sq kmnote - the Caspian Sea is the World's largest lake

Major rivers (by length in km)

Yenisey-Angara - 5,539 km; Ob-Irtysh - 5,410 km;  Amur river mouth (shared with China [s] and Mongolia) - 4,444 km; Lena - 4,400 km; Volga - 3,645 km; Kolyma - 2,513 km; Ural river source (shared with Kazakhstan [m]) - 2,428 km; Dnieper river source (shared with Belarus and Ukraine [m]) - 2,287 km; Don - 1,870 km; Pechora - 1,809 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Arctic Ocean drainage: Kolyma (679,934 sq km), Lena (2,306,743 sq km), Ob (2,972,493 sq km), Pechora (289,532 sq km), Yenisei (2,554,388 sq km)Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km)Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: (Caspian Sea basin) Volga (1,410,951 sq km)

Map references

Asia

Maritime claims

contiguous zone

24 nm

continental shelf

200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russiavolcanism: significant volcanic activity on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands; the peninsula alone is home to some 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (4,835 m), which erupted in 2007 and 2010, is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky; see note 2 under "Geography - note"

Natural resources

wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, bauxite, reserves of rare earth elements, timber, note, formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources

Population distribution

population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south

Terrain

broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions

Age structure

0-14 years

17.24% (male 12,551,611/female 11,881,297)

15-24 years

9.54% (male 6,920,070/female 6,602,776)

25-54 years

43.38% (male 30,240,260/female 31,245,104)

55-64 years

14.31% (male 8,808,330/female 11,467,697)

65 years and over

15.53% (male 7,033,381/female 14,971,679) (2020 est.)

Birth rate

9.71 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

NA

Contraceptive prevalence rate

68% (2011)

note

note: percent of women aged 15-44

Current Health Expenditure

5.3% (2018)

Death rate

13.4 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

23.5

potential support ratio

4.3 (2020 est.)

total dependency ratio

51.2

youth dependency ratio

27.8

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 94.2% of population

improved: total

total: 97.1% of population

improved: urban

urban: 98.6% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 5.8% of population

unimproved: total

total: 2.9% of population (2017 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 1.4% of population

Education expenditures

4.7% of GDP (2018)

Ethnic groups

Russian 77.7%, Tatar 3.7%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% (2010 est.)

note

note: nearly 200 national and/or ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

1.2% (2017 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

1 million (2017 est.)

Hospital bed density

7.1 beds/1,000 population (2018)

Infant mortality rate

female

5.58 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)

male

7.38 deaths/1,000 live births

total

6.51 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Languages

Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1%; note - data represent native language spoken (2010 est.)

major-language sample(s)

Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

78.05 years (2021 est.)

male

66.61 years

total population

72.16 years

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

99.7% (2018)

male

99.7%

total population

99.7%

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk

intermediate (2020)

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial diarrhea

note

note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout the Russia; as of 6 October 2021, Russia has reported a total of 7,662,560 cases of COVID-19 or 5,250.69 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 145.7 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 5 October 2021, 33.4% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine

vectorborne diseases

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, tickborne encephalitis

Major urban areas - population

12.593 million MOSCOW (capital), 5.504 million Saint Petersburg, 1.676 million Novosibirsk, 1.513 million Yekaterinburg, 1.280 million Kazan, 1.255 million Nizhniy Novgorod (2021)

Maternal mortality ratio

17 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Median age

female

43.2 years (2020 est.)

male

37.5 years

total

40.3 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

25.2 years (2013 est.)

Nationality

adjective

Russian

noun

Russian(s)

Net migration rate

1.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

23.1% (2016)

Physicians density

3.75 physicians/1,000 population (2015)

Population

142,320,790 (July 2021 est.)

Population distribution

population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south

Population growth rate

-0.2% (2021 est.)

Religions

Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)

note

note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of official atheism under Soviet rule; Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as the country's traditional religions

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 78.1% of population

improved: total

total: 90.5% of population

improved: urban

urban: 94.8% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 21.9% of population

unimproved: total

total: 9.5% of population (2017 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 5.2% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

16 years (2019)

male

16 years

total

16 years

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.05 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.97 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.77 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.47 male(s)/female

at birth

1.06 male(s)/female

total population

0.86 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.6 children born/woman (2021 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

female

18.2% (2020 est.)

male

16%

total

17%

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

74.9% of total population (2021)

Administrative divisions

46 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respubliki, singular - respublika), 4 autonomous okrugs (avtonomnyye okrugi, singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 9 krays (kraya, singular - kray), 2 federal cities (goroda, singular - gorod), and 1 autonomous oblast (avtonomnaya oblast') oblasts: Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad, Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel, Penza, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver', Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl' republics: Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas), Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista), Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk), Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordoviya (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk) autonomous okrugs: Chukotka (Anadyr'), Khanty-Mansi-Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard) krays: Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm', Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol', Zabaykal'sk [Transbaikal] (Chita) federal cities: Moscow [Moskva], Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg] autonomous oblast: Yevreyskaya [Jewish] (Birobidzhan)

note

note 1: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) note 2: the United States does not recognize Russia's annexation of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol, nor their redesignation as the "Republic of Crimea" and the "Federal City of Sevastopol"

Capital

daylight saving time

does not observe daylight savings time

etymology

named after the Moskva River; the origin of the river's name is obscure but may derive from the appellation "Mustajoki" given to the river by the Finno-Ugric people who originally inhabited the area and whose meaning may have been "dark" or "turbid"

geographic coordinates

55 45 N, 37 36 E

name

Moscow

time difference

UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

time zone note

Russia has 11 time zones, the largest number of contiguous time zones of any country in the world; in 2014, two time zones were added and DST dropped

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Russia

dual citizenship recognized

yes

residency requirement for naturalization

3-5 years

Constitution

amendments

proposed by the president of the Russian Federation, by either house of the Federal Assembly, by the government of the Russian Federation, or by legislative (representative) bodies of the Federation's constituent entities; proposals to amend the government’s constitutional system, human and civil rights and freedoms, and procedures for amending or drafting a new constitution require formation of a Constitutional Assembly; passage of such amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of its total membership; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of valid votes; approval of proposed amendments to the government structure, authorities, and procedures requires approval by the legislative bodies of at least two thirds of the Russian Federation's constituent entities; amended several times, last in 2020

history

several previous (during Russian Empire and Soviet era); latest drafted 12 July 1993, adopted by referendum 12 December 1993, effective 25 December 1993

Country name

conventional long form

Russian Federation

conventional short form

Russia

etymology

Russian lands were generally referred to as Muscovy until PETER I officially declared the Russian Empire in 1721; the new name sought to invoke the patrimony of the medieval eastern European Rus state centered on Kyiv in present-day Ukraine; the Rus were a Varangian (eastern Viking) elite that imposed their rule and eventually their name on their Slavic subjects

former

Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

local long form

Rossiyskaya Federatsiya

local short form

Rossiya

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador John J. SULLIVAN (since 5 February 2021)

consulate(s) general

Vladivostok (suspended status), Yekaterinburg (suspended status)

email address and website

MoscowACS@state.govhttps://ru.usembassy.gov/

embassy

Bolshoy Deviatinsky Pereulok No. 8, Moscow 121099

FAX

[7] (495) 728-5090

mailing address

5430 Moscow Place, Washington DC  20521-5430

telephone

[7] (495) 728-5000

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007

chief of mission

Ambassador Anatoliy Ivanovich ANTONOV (since 8 September 2017)

consulate(s) general

Houston, New York

email address and website

rusembusa@mid.ruhttps://washington.mid.ru/en/

FAX

[1] (202) 298-5735

telephone

[1] (202) 298-5700

Executive branch

cabinet

the "Government" is composed of the premier, his deputies, and ministers, all appointed by the president; the premier is also confirmed by the Duma

chief of state

President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (since 7 May 2012)

election results

2018: Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 77.5%, Pavel GRUDININ (CPRF) 11.9%, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY (LDPR) 5.7%, other 5.8%; Mikhail MISHUSTIN (independent) approved as premier by Duma; vote - 383 to 02012: Vladimir PUTIN elected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (United Russia) 63.6%, Gennadiy ZYUGANOV (CPRF) 17.2%, Mikhail PROKHOROV (CP) 8%, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY (LDPR) 6.2%, Sergey MIRONOV (A Just Russia) 3.9%, other 1.1%; Dmitriy MEDVEDEV (United Russia) approved as premier by Duma; vote - 299 to 144

elections/appointments

president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (2020 constitutional amendments allow a second consecutive term); election last held on 18 March 2018 (next to be held in March 2024); note - for the 2024 presidential election, previous presidential terms are discounted; there is no vice president; premier appointed by the president with the approval of the Duma

head of government

Premier Mikhail MISHUSTIN (since 16 January 2020); First Deputy Premier Andrey Removich BELOUSOV (since 21 January 2020); Deputy Premiers Yuriy TRUTNEV (since 31 August 2013), Yuriy Ivanovich BORISOV, Tatiana Alekseyevna GOLIKOVA (since 18 May 2018), Dmitriy Yuriyevich GRIGORENKO, Viktoriya Valeriyevna ABRAMCHENKO, Aleksey Logvinovich OVERCHUK, Marat Shakirzyanovich KHUSNULLIN, Dmitriy Nikolayevich CHERNYSHENKO (since 21 January 2020), Aleksandr NOVAK (since 10 November 2020)

note

note: there is also a Presidential Administration that provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red

note

note: the colors may have been based on those of the Dutch flag; despite many popular interpretations, there is no official meaning assigned to the colors of the Russian flag; this flag inspired several other Slav countries to adopt horizontal tricolors of the same colors but in different arrangements, and so red, blue, and white became the Pan-Slav colors

Government type

semi-presidential federation

Independence

25 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union; Russian SFSR renamed Russian Federation); notable earlier dates: 1157 (Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal created); 16 January 1547 (Tsardom of Muscovy established); 22 October 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed); 30 December 1922 (Soviet Union established)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BSEC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

highest courts

Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (consists of 170 members organized into the Judicial Panel for Civil Affairs, the Judicial Panel for Criminal Affairs, and the Military Panel); Constitutional Court (consists of 11 members, including the chairperson and deputy); note - in February 2014, Russia’s Higher Court of Arbitration was abolished and its former authorities transferred to the Supreme Court, which in addition is the country’s highest judicial authority for appeals, civil, criminal, administrative, and military cases, and the disciplinary judicial board, which has jurisdiction over economic disputes

judge selection and term of office

all members of Russia's 3 highest courts nominated by the president and appointed by the Federation Council (the upper house of the legislature); members of all 3 courts appointed for life

subordinate courts

regional (kray) and provincial (oblast) courts; Moscow and St. Petersburg city courts; autonomous province and district courts; note - the 21 Russian Republics have court systems specified by their own constitutions

Legal system

civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

Legislative branch

description

bicameral Federal Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of:Federation Council or Sovet Federatsii (170 seats; 2 members in each of the 83 federal administrative units (see note below) - oblasts, krays, republics, autonomous okrugs and oblasts, and federal cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg - appointed by the top executive and legislative officials; members serve 4-year terms)State Duma or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats (see note below); as of February 2014, the electoral system reverted to a mixed electoral system for the 2016 election, in which one-half of the members are directly elected by simple majority vote and one-half directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)

election results

Federation Council (members appointed); composition (as of October 2021) - men 141, women 29, percent of women 17.1% State Duma - United Russia 50.9%, CPRF 19.3%, LDPR 7.7%, A Just Russia 7.6%, New People 5.3% other minor parties and Independents 9.2%; seats by party - United Russia 324, CPRF 57, LDPR 21, A Just Russia 27, New People 13; Rodina 1, CP 1, Party of Growth 1, independent 5; composition (as of October 2021) - men 377, women 73, percent of women 16.2%; note - total Federation Council percent of women 16.5%

elections

State Duma - last held 17 - 19 September 2021 (next to be held in September 2026)

note

note 1: the State Duma now includes 3 representatives from the "Republic of Crimea," while the Federation Council includes 2 each from the "Republic of Crimea" and the "Federal City of Sevastopol," both regions that Russia occupied and attempted to annex from Ukraine and that the US does not recognize as part of Russia

National anthem

lyrics/music

Sergey Vladimirovich MIKHALKOV/Aleksandr Vasilyevich ALEKSANDROV

name

"Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii" (National Anthem of the Russian Federation)

note

note: in 2000, Russia adopted the tune of the anthem of the former Soviet Union (composed in 1939); the lyrics, also adopted in 2000, were written by the same person who authored the Soviet lyrics in 1943

National holiday

Russia Day, 12 June (1990); note - commemorates the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)

National symbol(s)

bear, double-headed eagle; national colors: white, blue, red

Political parties and leaders

A Just Russia [Sergey MIRONOV]Civic Platform or CP [Rifat SHAYKHUTDINOV]Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy ZYUGANOV]Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY]New People  [Alexey NECHAYEV]Party of Growth [Irina MIRONOVA]Rodina [Aleksei ZHURAVLYOV]United Russia [Dmitriy MEDVEDEV]

note

note: 31 political parties are registered with Russia's Ministry of Justice (as of September 2021); 14 participated in the 2021 election, but only 8 parties maintain representation in Russia's national legislature

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

wheat, sugar beet, milk, potatoes, barley, sunflower seed, maize, poultry, oats, soybeans

Budget

expenditures

281.4 billion (2017 est.)

revenues

258.6 billion (2017 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-1.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Credit ratings

Fitch rating

BBB (2019)

Moody's rating

Baa3 (2019)

Standard & Poors rating

BBB- (2018)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2018

$115.68 billion (2018 est.)

Current account balance 2019

$65.311 billion (2019 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 2018

$484.355 billion (2018 est.)

Debt - external 2019

$479.844 billion (2019 est.)

Economic overview

Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a centrally planned economy towards a more market-based system. Both economic growth and reform have stalled in recent years, however, and Russia remains a predominantly statist economy with a high concentration of wealth in officials' hands. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable exceptions in the energy, transportation, banking, and defense-related sectors. The protection of property rights is still weak, and the state continues to interfere in the free operation of the private sector.Russia is one of the world's leading producers of oil and natural gas, and is also a top exporter of metals such as steel and primary aluminum. Russia is heavily dependent on the movement of world commodity prices as reliance on commodity exports makes it vulnerable to boom and bust cycles that follow the volatile swings in global prices. The economy, which had averaged 7% growth during the 1998-2008 period as oil prices rose rapidly, has seen diminishing growth rates since then due to the exhaustion of Russia’s commodity-based growth model.A combination of falling oil prices, international sanctions, and structural limitations pushed Russia into a deep recession in 2015, with GDP falling by close to 2.8%. The downturn continued through 2016, with GDP contracting another 0.2%, but was reversed in 2017 as world demand picked up. Government support for import substitution has increased recently in an effort to diversify the economy away from extractive industries.

Exchange rates

currency

Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2013

38.378 (2013 est.)

Exchange rates 2014

60.938 (2014 est.)

Exchange rates 2018

66.2 (2018 est.)

Exchange rates 2019

63.66754 (2019 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

73.7569 (2020 est.)

Exports

Exports 2018

$508.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)

Exports 2019

$481.76 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

Exports 2020

$379.12 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

Exports - commodities

crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, coal, wheat, iron (2019)

Exports - partners

China 14%, Netherlands 10%, Belarus 5%, Germany 5% (2019)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

26.2% (2017 est.)

government consumption

18% (2017 est.)

household consumption

52.4% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services

-20.6% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital

21.6% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories

2.3% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

4.7% (2017 est.)

industry

32.4% (2017 est.)

services

62.3% (2017 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$1,702,361,000,000 (2019 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2013

41.9 (2013)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018

37.5 (2018 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

32.2% (2012 est.)

lowest 10%

2.3%

Imports

Imports 2018

$343.58 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)

Imports 2019

$353.25 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

Imports 2020

$304.68 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

Imports - commodities

cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, aircraft, computers (2019)

Imports - partners

China 20%, Germany 13%, Belarus 6% (2019)

Industrial production growth rate

-1% (2017 est.)

Industries

complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components), shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017

3.7% (2017 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018

2.8% (2018 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019

4.4% (2019 est.)

Labor force

69.923 million (2020 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

9.4%

industry

27.6%

services

63% (2016 est.)

Population below poverty line

12.6% (2018 est.)

Public debt

note

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Public debt 2016

16.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

Public debt 2017

15.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

note

note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018

$3,913,980,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019

$3,993,550,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020

$3,875,690,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2017

1.83% (2017 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2018

2.54% (2018 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2019

1.34% (2019 est.)

Real GDP per capita

note

note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2018

$26,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2019

$27,200 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2020

$26,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016

$377.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017

$432.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

16.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2018

4.8% (2018 est.)

Unemployment rate 2019

4.6% (2019 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

female

18.2% (2020 est.)

male

16%

total

17%

Crude oil - exports

4.921 million bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - imports

76,220 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - production

10.759 million bbl/day (2018 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

80 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Electricity - consumption

909.6 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - exports

13.13 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

68% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

21% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

11% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

1% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - imports

3.194 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

244.9 million kW (2016 est.)

Electricity - production

1.031 trillion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population

100% (2020)

Natural gas - consumption

467.5 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - exports

210.2 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - imports

15.77 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - production

665.6 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

47.8 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

3.65 million bbl/day (2016 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

2.671 million bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

41,920 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

6.076 million bbl/day (2015 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

23.21 (2020 est.)

total

33,872,758 (2020)

Broadcast media

13 national TV stations with the federal government owning 1 and holding a controlling interest in a second; state-owned Gazprom maintains a controlling interest in 2 of the national channels; government-affiliated Bank Rossiya owns controlling interest in a fourth and fifth, while a sixth national channel is owned by the Moscow city administration; the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian military, respectively, own 2 additional national channels; roughly 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations with over two-thirds completely or partially controlled by the federal or local governments; satellite TV services are available; 2 state-run national radio networks with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; roughly 2,400 public and commercial radio stations

Internet country code

.ru; note - Russia also has responsibility for a legacy domain ".su" that was allocated to the Soviet Union and is being phased out

Internet users

percent of population

84.99% (2020 est.)

total

124 million (2021 est.)

Telecommunication systems

domestic

cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the telephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digital infrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, are available in many areas; in rural areas, telephone services are still outdated, inadequate, and low-density; 22 per 100 for fixed-line and mobile-cellular 164 per 100 persons (2019)

general assessment

telecom market is largest in Europe, centered in large cities; competition active in Moscow and St Petersburg; most users access Internet through mobile platforms; fiber broadband sector is growing, supported by government in aim to extend reach to outlying regions; tests of 5G with Moscow adopting smart city technology; government justifies censorship and website blocks under a range of laws and regulations; government program aims to provide 97% of households with fixed broadband by 2024; publicly accessible Internet connections in institutions such as hospitals, libraries, schools, and mass transit available in cities; in rural areas, the availability of public Internet connections remains limited; major importer of broadcasting equipment and computers from China (2020)

international

country code - 7; landing points for the Far East Submarine Cable System, HSCS, Sakhalin-Kuril Island Cable, RSCN, BCS North-Phase 2, Kerch Strait Cable and the Georgia-Russian submarine cable system connecting Russia, Japan, Finland, Georgia and Ukraine; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems (2019)

note

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

18.97 (2019 est.)

total subscriptions

27,674,128 (2019)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

163.6 (2020 est.)

total subscriptions

238,733,217 (2020)

Airports

total

1,218 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

123

2,438 to 3,047 m

197

914 to 1,523 m

95

over 3,047 m

54

total

594

under 914 m

125 (2017)

Airports - with unpaved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

69

2,438 to 3,047 m

13

914 to 1,523 m

81

over 3,047 m

4

total

624

under 914 m

457 (2013)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

RA

Heliports

49 (2013)

Merchant marine

by type

bulk carrier 13, container ship 17, general cargo 946, oil tanker 406, other 1,491 (2021)

total

2,873

National air transport system

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

6,810,610,000 mt-km (2018)

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

99,327,311 (2018)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

958

number of registered air carriers

32 (2020)

Pipelines

177700 km gas, 54800 km oil, 19300 km refined products (2016)

Ports and terminals

container port(s) (TEUs)

Saint Petersburg (2,221,724) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (export)

Sabetta, Sakhalin Island

major seaport(s)

Arctic Ocean: Arkhangelsk, MurmanskBaltic Sea: Kaliningrad, Primorsk, Saint PetersburgBlack Sea: NovorossiyskPacific Ocean: Nakhodka, Vladivostok, Vostochnyy

oil terminal(s)

Kavkaz oil terminal, Primorsk

river port(s)

Astrakhan, Kazan (Volga River); Rostov-on-Don (Don River); Saint Petersburg (Neva River)

Railways

broad gauge

86,200 km 1.520-m gauge (40,300 km electrified) (2014)

narrow gauge

957 km 1.067-m gauge (on Sakhalin Island) (2014)

note

note: an additional 30,000 km of non-common carrier lines serve industries

total

87,157 km (2014)

Roadways

paved

927,721 km (includes 39,143 km of expressways) (2012)

total

1,283,387 km (2012)

unpaved

355,666 km (2012)

Waterways

102,000 km (including 48,000 km with guaranteed depth; the 72,000-km system in European Russia links Baltic Sea, White Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and Black Sea) (2009)

Military - note

as of 2021, Russian military forces continued to conduct active combat operations in Syria; Russia intervened in the Syrian civil war at the request of the ASAD government in September 2015; Russian assistance included air support, special operations forces, military advisors, private military contractors, training, arms, and equipmentRussia is the leading member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and contributes approximately 8,000 troops to  CSTO's rapid reaction force (2021)

Military and security forces

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation: Ground Troops (Sukhoputnyye Voyskia, SV), Navy (Voyenno-Morskoy Flot, VMF), Aerospace Forces (Vozdushno-Kosmicheskiye Sily, VKS); Airborne Troops (Vozdushno-Desantnyye Voyska, VDV), and Missile Troops of Strategic Purpose (Raketnyye Voyska Strategicheskogo Naznacheniya, RVSN) referred to commonly as Strategic Rocket Forces, are independent "combat arms," not subordinate to any of the three branchesFederal National Guard Troops Service of the Russian Federation (National Guard (FSVNG), Russian Guard, or Rosgvardiya): created in 2016 as an independent agency for internal/regime security, combating terrorism and narcotics trafficking, protecting important state facilities and government personnel, and supporting border security; forces under the National Guard include the Special Purpose Mobile Units (OMON), Special Rapid Response Detachment (SOBR), and Interior Troops (VV); these troops were originally under the command of the Interior Ministry (MVD)Federal Security Services Border Troops (includes land and maritime forces) (2021)

note

note - the Air Force and Aerospace Defense Forces were merged into the VKS in 2015; VKS responsibilities also include launching military and dual‐use satellites, maintaining military satellites, and monitoring and defending against space threats

Military and security service personnel strengths

information varies; approximately 850,000 total active duty troops (375,000 Ground Troops, including about 40,000 Airborne Troops; 150,000 Navy; 160,000 Aerospace Forces; 70,000 Strategic Rocket Forces; 90,000 other uniformed personnel (approximately 20,000 special operations forces, plus command and control, cyber, support, logistics, security, etc.); est. 200-250,000 Federal National Guard Troops (2021)

Military deployments

information varies; est. 3,000-5,000 Armenia; est. 1,500 Belarus; est. 7,000-10,000 Georgia; est. 100 Central African Republic; est. 500 Kyrgyzstan; est. 1,500-2,000 Moldova (Trannistria); est. 3,000-5,000 Syria; est. 5,000-7,000 Tajikistan; est. 25,000-30,000 Ukraine (including Crimea) (2020)

note

note(s): since November 2020, Russia has deployed about 2,000 peacekeeping troops to the area in and around Nagorno-Karabakh as part of a truce agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan; fighting erupted between the two countries over the Nagorno-Karabakh region in September of 2020as of 2021, Russia was assessed to have 1-2,000 private military contractors in Libya and as many as 2,300 private military contractors in the Central African Republic 

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the Russian Federation's military and paramilitary services are equipped with domestically-produced weapons systems, although since 2010 Russia has imported limited amounts of military hardware from several countries, including Czechia, France, Israel, Italy, Turkey, and Ukraine; the Russian defense industry is capable of designing, developing, and producing a full range of advanced air, land, missile, and naval systems; Russia is the world's second largest exporter of military hardware (2020)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2016

5.4% of GDP (2016)

Military Expenditures 2017

4.2% of GDP (2017)

Military Expenditures 2018

3.8% of GDP (2018)

Military Expenditures 2019

3.9% of GDP (2019)

Military Expenditures 2020

4% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; males are registered for the draft at 17 years of age; one-year service obligation (Russia offers the option of serving on a two-year contract instead of completing a one-year conscription period); reserve obligation for non-officers to age 50; enrollment in military schools from the age of 16, cadets classified as members of the armed forces (2019)

note

note: in April of 2019, the Russian Government pledged its intent to end conscription as part of a decade-long effort to shift from a large, conscript-based military to a smaller, more professional force

Disputes - international

Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia's military support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with Georgia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following World War II but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; Russia and Estonia signed a technical border agreement in May 2005, but Russia recalled its signature in June 2005 after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia and Latvia; Russia remains involved in the conflict in eastern Ukraine while also occupying Ukraine’s territory of Crimea; Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov is suspended due to the occupation of Crimea by Russia; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on November 2005 and field demarcation should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US; Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission

Illicit drugs

a destination country for Afghan opium and heroin; a transit country for cocaine from South America, especially Ecuador to Europe, Belgium and Netherlands; synthetic drugs are produced in clandestine drug laboratories throughout the country; cannabis cultivated in Russian Far East and the North Caucasus; the majority of hashish is smuggled in from Northern Africa

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin)

18,428 (Ukraine) (2020)

stateless persons

60,185 (2020); note - Russia's stateless population consists of Roma, Meskhetian Turks, and ex-Soviet citizens from the former republics; between 2003 and 2010 more than 600,000 stateless people were naturalized; most Meskhetian Turks, followers of Islam with origins in Georgia, fled or were evacuated from Uzbekistan after a 1989 pogrom and have lived in Russia for more than the required five-year residency period; they continue to be denied registration for citizenship and basic rights by local Krasnodar Krai authorities on the grounds that they are temporary illegal migrants

Trafficking in persons

current situation

Russia is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children who are subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking, although labor trafficking is the predominant problem; people from Russia and other countries in Europe, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and Asia, including Vietnam and North Korea, are subjected to conditions of forced labor in Russia’s construction, manufacturing, agriculture, repair shop, and domestic services industries, as well as forced begging and narcotics cultivation; North Koreans contracted under bilateral government arrangements to work in the timber industry in the Russian Far East reportedly are subjected to forced labor; Russian women and children were reported to be victims of sex trafficking in Russia, Northeast Asia, Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East, while women from European, African, and Central Asian countries were reportedly forced into prostitution in Russia

tier rating

Tier 3 — Russia does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking, is not making significant efforts to do, and remains in Tier 3; the government took some steps to address trafficking by convicting some traffickers, facilitating the return of Russian children from Iraq and Syria, and identifying some victims, including foreign nationals; however, there was a government policy of forced labor, the number of victims identified was negligible, and authorities penalized potential victims without screening for signs of trafficking; the government offered no funding or programs for trafficking victims’ rehabilitation, prosecutions remained low compared with the scope of Russia’s trafficking problem, no national anti-trafficking strategy has been drafted, and government agencies have not been assigned roles or responsibilities (2020)

Terrorist group(s)

Aum Shimrikyo (AUM/Aleph); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Caucasus Province

note

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T

Air pollutants

carbon dioxide emissions

1,732.03 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions

851.52 megatons (2020 est.)

particulate matter emissions

13.75 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

Climate

ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast

Environment - current issues

air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; nuclear waste disposal; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides

Environment - international agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic- Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Land use

agricultural land

13.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 7.3% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 5.7% (2018 est.)

forest

49.4% (2018 est.)

other

37.5% (2018 est.)

Major aquifers

Angara-Lena Basin, Pechora Basin, North Caucasus Basin, East European Aquifer System, West Siberian Basin, Tunguss Basin, Yakut Basin

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk

intermediate (2020)

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial diarrhea

note

note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout the Russia; as of 6 October 2021, Russia has reported a total of 7,662,560 cases of COVID-19 or 5,250.69 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 145.7 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 5 October 2021, 33.4% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine

vectorborne diseases

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, tickborne encephalitis

Major lakes (area sq km)

Fresh water lake(s)

Lake Baikal - 31,500 sq km; Lake Ladoga - 18,130 sq km; Lake Onega - 9,720 sq km; Lake Khanka (shared with China) - 5,010 sq km; Lake Peipus - 4,300 sq km; Ozero Vygozero - 1,250 sq km; Ozero Beloye - 1,120 sq km

Salt water lake(s)

Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan) - 374,000 sq km; Ozero Malyye Chany - 2,500 sq km; Kurshskiy Zaliv/Kursiu Marios (shared with Lithuania) - 1,620 sq kmnote - the Caspian Sea is the World's largest lake

Major rivers (by length in km)

Yenisey-Angara - 5,539 km; Ob-Irtysh - 5,410 km;  Amur river mouth (shared with China [s] and Mongolia) - 4,444 km; Lena - 4,400 km; Volga - 3,645 km; Kolyma - 2,513 km; Ural river source (shared with Kazakhstan [m]) - 2,428 km; Dnieper river source (shared with Belarus and Ukraine [m]) - 2,287 km; Don - 1,870 km; Pechora - 1,809 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Arctic Ocean drainage: Kolyma (679,934 sq km), Lena (2,306,743 sq km), Ob (2,972,493 sq km), Pechora (289,532 sq km), Yenisei (2,554,388 sq km)Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km)Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: (Caspian Sea basin) Volga (1,410,951 sq km)

Revenue from coal

coal revenues

0.53% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from forest resources

forest revenues

0.29% of GDP (2018 est.)

Total renewable water resources

4,525,445,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

18.66 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial

28.04 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

municipal

17.71 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

74.9% of total population (2021)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

60 million tons (2012 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually

2.7 million tons (2012 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

4.5% (2012 est.)