Russia

Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy emerged from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and gradually conquered and absorbed surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Devastating defeats and food shortages in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow of the ROMANOV Dynasty in 1917. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist control and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal US adversary during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin's rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism. His initiatives inadvertently released political and economic forces that by December 1991 led to the dissolution of the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent states. In response to the ensuing turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. In 2014, Russia purported to annex Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula and occupied large portions of two eastern Ukrainian oblasts. In sporadic fighting over the next eight years, more than 14,000 civilians were killed or wounded as a result of the Russian invasion in eastern Ukraine. On 24 February 2022, Russia escalated its conflict with Ukraine by invading the country on several fronts in what has become the largest conventional military attack on a sovereign state in Europe since World War II. The invasion received near-universal international condemnation, and many countries imposed sanctions on Russia and supplied humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. In September 2022, Russia unilaterally declared its annexation of four Ukrainian oblasts -- Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia -- even though none were fully under Russian control. The annexations remain unrecognized by the international community. 

land

16,377,742 sq km

total

17,098,242 sq km

water

720,500 sq km

approximately 1.8 times the size of the US

ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast

37,653 km

highest point

Gora El'brus (highest point in Europe) 5,642 m

lowest point

Caspian Sea -28 m

mean elevation

600 m

60 00 N, 100 00 E

note 1: largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture note 2: Russia's far east, particularly the Kamchatka Peninsula, lies along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire note 3: Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak; Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world, is estimated to hold one fifth of the world's fresh surface waternote 4: Kaliningrad oblast is an exclave annexed from Germany following World War II (it was formerly part of East Prussia); its capital city of Kaliningrad -- formerly Koenigsberg -- is the only Baltic port in Russia that remains ice free in the winter

43,000 sq km (2012)

border countries

Azerbaijan 338 km; Belarus 1,312 km; China (southeast) 4,133 km and China (south) 46 km; Estonia 324 km; Finland 1,309 km; Georgia 894 km; Kazakhstan 7,644 km; North Korea 18 km; Latvia 332 km; Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 261 km; Mongolia 3,452 km; Norway 191 km; Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 209 km; Ukraine 1,944 km

total

22,407 km

agricultural land

13.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 7.3% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 5.7% (2018 est.)

forest

49.4% (2018 est.)

other

37.5% (2018 est.)

North Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean, extending from Eastern Europe (the portion west of the Urals) to the North Pacific Ocean

Angara-Lena Basin, Pechora Basin, North Caucasus Basin, East European Aquifer System, West Siberian Basin, Tunguss Basin, Yakut Basin

fresh water lake(s)

Lake Baikal - 31,500 sq km; Lake Ladoga - 18,130 sq km; Lake Onega - 9,720 sq km; Lake Khanka (shared with China) - 5,010 sq km; Lake Peipus - 4,300 sq km (shared with Estonia); Ozero Vygozero - 1,250 sq km; Ozero Beloye - 1,120 sq km

salt water lake(s)

Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan) - 374,000 sq km; Ozero Malyye Chany - 2,500 sq km; Curonian Lagoon (shared with Lithuania) - 1,620 sq kmnote - the Caspian Sea is the World's largest lake

Yenisey-Angara - 5,539 km; Ob-Irtysh - 5,410 km;  Amur river mouth (shared with China [s] and Mongolia) - 4,444 km; Lena - 4,400 km; Volga - 3,645 km; Kolyma - 2,513 km; Ural river source (shared with Kazakhstan [m]) - 2,428 km; Dnepr (Dnieper) river source (shared with Belarus and Ukraine [m]) - 2,287 km; Don - 1,870 km; Pechora - 1,809 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Arctic Ocean drainage: Kolyma (679,934 sq km), Lena (2,306,743 sq km), Ob (2,972,493 sq km), Pechora (289,532 sq km), Yenisei (2,554,388 sq km)Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km)Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: (Caspian Sea basin) Volga (1,410,951 sq km)

Asia

contiguous zone

24 nm

continental shelf

200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russiavolcanism: significant volcanic activity on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands; the peninsula alone is home to some 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (4,835 m), which erupted in 2007 and 2010, is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky; see note 2 under "Geography - note"

wide natural-resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, bauxite, reserves of rare earth elements, timber

note

note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources

population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south

broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions

0-14 years

16.5% (male 11,956,284/female 11,313,829)

15-64 years

65.7% (male 45,007,073/female 47,518,221)

65 years and over

17.8% (2024 est.) (male 8,533,448/female 16,491,955)

beer

3.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0.12 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

3.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

7.29 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

0.97 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

8.4 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

women married by age 15

0.3%

women married by age 18

6.2% (2017 est.)

NA

68% (2011)

note

note: percent of women aged 15-44

7.6% of GDP (2020)

53.1% (2023 est.)

14 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

elderly dependency ratio

23.4

potential support ratio

4.3 (2021 est.)

total dependency ratio

50

youth dependency ratio

26.6

improved: rural

rural: 93.1% of population

improved: total

total: 97.6% of population

improved: urban

urban: 99.1% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 6.9% of population

unimproved: total

total: 2.4% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0.9% of population

3.7% of GDP (2020 est.)

Russian 77.7%, Tatar 3.7%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% (2010 est.)

note

note: nearly 200 national and/or ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census

0.74 (2024 est.)

7.1 beds/1,000 population (2018)

female

5.8 deaths/1,000 live births

male

7.2 deaths/1,000 live births

total

6.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

Languages

Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1% (2010 est.)

major-language sample(s)

Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

note

note: data represent native language spoken

female

77.4 years

male

67.4 years

total population

72.3 years (2024 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

99.7% (2018)

male

99.7%

total population

99.7%

12.680 million MOSCOW (capital), 5.561 million Saint Petersburg, 1.695 million Novosibirsk, 1.528 million Yekaterinburg, 1.292 million Kazan, 1.251 million Nizhniy Novgorod (2023)

14 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

female

44.5 years

male

39.4 years

total

41.9 years (2024 est.)

25.2 years (2013 est.)

adjective

Russian

noun

Russian(s)

0.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

23.1% (2016)

3.82 physicians/1,000 population (2020)

female

75,324,005 (2024 est.)

male

65,496,805

total

140,820,810

population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south

-0.49% (2024 est.)

Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)

note

note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of official atheism under Soviet rule; Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as the country's traditional religions

improved: rural

rural: 72.3% of population

improved: total

total: 89.4% of population

improved: urban

urban: 95.2% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 27.7% of population

unimproved: total

total: 10.6% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 4.8% of population

female

16 years (2019)

male

16 years

total

16 years

0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years

0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.52 male(s)/female

at birth

1.06 male(s)/female

total population

0.87 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

female

12.8% (2020 est.)

male

40.8% (2020 est.)

total

26.8% (2020 est.)

1.52 children born/woman (2024 est.)

rate of urbanization

0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

75.3% of total population (2023)

46 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respubliki, singular - respublika), 4 autonomous okrugs (avtonomnyye okrugi, singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 9 krays (kraya, singular - kray), 2 federal cities (goroda, singular - gorod), and 1 autonomous oblast (avtonomnaya oblast') oblasts: Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad (Gatchina), Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel, Penza, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan, Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver, Tyumen, Ulyanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl republics: Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas), Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista), Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk), Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordoviya (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), Tatarstan (Kazan), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk) autonomous okrugs: Chukotka (Anadyr'), Khanty-Mansi-Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard) krays: Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol, Zabaykalsk [Transbaikal] (Chita) federal cities: Moscow [Moskva], Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg] autonomous oblast: Yevreyskaya [Jewish] (Birobidzhan)

note

note 1: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) note 2: the United States does not recognize Russia's annexation of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol, nor their redesignation as the "Republic of Crimea" and the "Federal City of Sevastopol"; it similarly does not recognize the annexation of the Ukrainian oblasts Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson

daylight saving time

does not observe daylight savings time (DST)

etymology

named after the Moskva River; the origin of the river's name is obscure but may derive from the appellation "Mustajoki" given to the river by the Finno-Ugric people who originally inhabited the area and whose meaning may have been "dark" or "turbid"

geographic coordinates

55 45 N, 37 36 E

name

Moscow

time difference

UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

time zone note

Russia has 11 time zones, the largest number of contiguous time zones of any country in the world; in 2014, two time zones were added and DST dropped

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Russia

dual citizenship recognized

yes

residency requirement for naturalization

3-5 years

amendments

proposed by the president of the Russian Federation, by either house of the Federal Assembly, by the government of the Russian Federation, or by legislative (representative) bodies of the Federation's constituent entities; proposals to amend the government’s constitutional system, human and civil rights and freedoms, and procedures for amending or drafting a new constitution require formation of a Constitutional Assembly; passage of such amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of its total membership; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of valid votes; approval of proposed amendments to the government structure, authorities, and procedures requires approval by the legislative bodies of at least two thirds of the Russian Federation's constituent entities; amended several times, last in 2020 (major revisions)

history

several previous (during Russian Empire and Soviet era); latest drafted 12 July 1993, adopted by referendum 12 December 1993, effective 25 December 1993

conventional long form

Russian Federation

conventional short form

Russia

etymology

Russian lands were generally referred to as Muscovy until PETER I officially declared the Russian Empire in 1721; the new name sought to invoke the patrimony of the medieval eastern European Rus state centered on Kyiv in present-day Ukraine; the Rus were a Varangian (eastern Viking) elite that imposed their rule and eventually their name on their Slavic subjects

former

Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

local long form

Rossiyskaya Federatsiya

local short form

Rossiya

chief of mission

Ambassador Lynne M. TRACY (30 January 2023)

consulate(s) general

Vladivostok (suspended status), Yekaterinburg (suspended status)

email address and website

MoscowACS@state.govhttps://ru.usembassy.gov/

embassy

55,75566° N, 37,58028° E

FAX

[7] (495) 728-5090

mailing address

5430 Moscow Place, Washington DC  20521-5430

telephone

[7] (495) 728-5000

chancery

2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007

chief of mission

Ambassador Anatoly Ivanovich ANTONOV (since 8 September 2017)

consulate(s) general

Houston, New York

email address and website

rusembusa@mid.ruhttps://washington.mid.ru/en/

FAX

[1] (202) 298-5735

telephone

[1] (202) 298-5700

cabinet

the government is composed of the premier, his deputies, and ministers, all appointed by the president; the premier is also confirmed by the Duma

chief of state

President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (since 7 May 2012)

election results

2024: Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 88.5%, Nikolay KHARITONOV (Communist Party) 4.4%, Vladislav DAVANKOV (New People party) 3.9%, Leonid SLUTSKY (Liberal Democrats) 3.2%2018: Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 77.5%, Pavel GRUDININ (CPRF) 11.9%, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY (LDPR) 5.7%, other 4.9%; Mikhail MISHUSTIN (independent) approved as premier by Duma; vote - 383 to 0

elections/appointments

president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (2020 constitutional amendments allow a second consecutive term); election last held on 15 to 17 March 2024 (next to be held 2030)

head of government

Premier Mikhail Vladimirovich MISHUSTIN (since 16 January 2020)

note

note: there is also a Presidential Administration that provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president

three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red

note

note: the Russian flag was created when Russia built its first naval vessels, and was used mostly as a naval ensign until the nineteenth century; the colors may have been based on those of the Dutch flag; despite many popular interpretations, there is no official meaning assigned to the colors of the Russian flag; the flag inspired several other Slavic countries to adopt horizontal tricolors of the same colors but in different arrangements, and so red, blue, and white became the Pan-Slav colors

semi-presidential federation

25 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union; Russian SFSR renamed Russian Federation); notable earlier dates: 1157 (Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal created); 16 January 1547 (Tsardom of Muscovy established); 22 October 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed); 30 December 1922 (Soviet Union established)

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BSEC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

highest court(s)

Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (consists of 170 members organized into the Judicial Panel for Civil Affairs, the Judicial Panel for Criminal Affairs, and the Military Panel); Constitutional Court (consists of 11 members, including the chairperson and deputy); note - in February 2014, Russia’s Higher Court of Arbitration was abolished and its former authorities transferred to the Supreme Court, which in addition is the country’s highest judicial authority for appeals, civil, criminal, administrative, and military cases, and the disciplinary judicial board, which has jurisdiction over economic disputes

judge selection and term of office

all members of Russia's 3 highest courts nominated by the president and appointed by the Federation Council (the upper house of the legislature); members of all 3 courts appointed for life

subordinate courts

regional (kray) and provincial (oblast) courts; Moscow and St. Petersburg city courts; autonomous province and district courts; note - the 21 Russian Republics have court systems specified by their own constitutions

civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

description

bicameral Federal Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of:Federation Council or Sovet Federatsii (170 seats statutory, 169 as of April 2023; 2 members in each of the 83 federal administrative units (see note below) - oblasts, krays, republics, autonomous okrugs and oblasts, and federal cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg - appointed by the top executive and legislative officials; members serve 4-year terms)State Duma or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats (see note below); as of February 2014, the electoral system reverted to a mixed electoral system for the 2016 election, in which one-half of the members are directly elected by simple majority vote and one-half directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)

election results

Federation Council - composition - men 137, women 32, percentage women 18.9% State Duma - percent vote by party - United Russia 50.9%, CPRF 19.3%, LDPR 7.7%, A Just Russia 7.6%, New People 5.3% other minor parties and independents 9.2%; seats by party - United Russia 324, CPRF 57, LDPR 21, A Just Russia 27, New People 13; Rodina 1, CP 1, Party of Growth 1, independent 5; composition - men 376, women 74, percentage women 16.4%; total Federal Assembly percentage women 17.1%

elections

State Duma - last held 17 - 19 September 2021 (next to be held in September 2026)

note

note 1: the State Duma now includes 3 representatives from the "Republic of Crimea," while the Federation Council includes 2 each from the "Republic of Crimea" and the "Federal City of Sevastopol," both regions that Russia occupied and attempted to annex from Ukraine and that the US does not recognize as part of Russia

lyrics/music

Sergey Vladimirovich MIKHALKOV/Aleksandr Vasilyevich ALEKSANDROV

name

"Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii" (National Anthem of the Russian Federation)

note

note: in 2000, Russia adopted the tune of the anthem of the former Soviet Union (composed in 1939); the lyrics, also adopted in 2000, were written by the same person who authored the Soviet lyrics in 1943

selected World Heritage Site locales

Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments (c); Kizhi Pogost (c); Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow (c); Cultural and Historic Ensemble of the Solovetsky Islands (c); Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings (c); White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal (c); Architectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad (c); Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye (c); Virgin Komi Forests (n); Lake Baikal (n); Volcanoes of Kamchatka (n); Golden Mountains of Altai (n); Western Caucasus (n); Curonian Spit (c); Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery (c); Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan Kremlin (c); Central Sikhote-Alin (n); Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent (c); Uvs Nuur Basin (n); Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent(c); Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve (n); Historical Centre of the City of Yaroslavl (c); Struve Geodetic Arc (c); Putorana Plateau (n); Lena Pillars Nature Park (n); Bolgar Historical and Archaeological Complex (c); Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of the town-island of Sviyazhsk (c); Landscapes of Dauria (n); Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture (c); Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea (c); Astronomical Observatories of Kazan Federal University (c); Cultural Landscape of Kenozero Lake (c)

total World Heritage Sites

32 (21 cultural, 11 natural)

Russia Day, 12 June (1990); note - commemorates the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)

bear, double-headed eagle; national colors: white, blue, red

A Just Russia or SRZPCivic Platform or GPCommunist Party of the Russian Federation or KPRFLiberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPRNew People NLParty of Growth PRRodinaUnited Russia ER

18 years of age; universal

wheat, sugar beets, milk, barley, potatoes, sunflower seeds, maize, soybeans, chicken, pork (2022)

note

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

on alcohol and tobacco

7.3% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

on food

28.9% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

expenditures

$719.521 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

revenues

$776.897 billion (2022 est.)

Fitch rating

BBB (2019)

Moody's rating

Baa3 (2019)

note

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

Standard & Poors rating

BBB- (2018)

Current account balance 2021

$124.953 billion (2021 est.)

Current account balance 2022

$237.678 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

$50.224 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Debt - external 2022

$135.301 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

natural resource-rich Eurasian economy; leading energy exporter to Europe and Asia; decreased oil export reliance; endemic corruption, Ukrainian invasion, and lack of green infrastructure limit investment and have led to sanctions

Currency

Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2019

64.738 (2019 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

72.105 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

73.654 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

68.485 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

85.162 (2023 est.)

Exports 2021

$549.717 billion (2021 est.)

Exports 2022

$640.709 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$465.432 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

crude petroleum, natural gas, refined petroleum, coal, fertilizers (2022)

note

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

China 21%, India 8%, Germany 6%, Turkey 5%, Italy 5% (2022)

note

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

exports of goods and services

23.1% (2023 est.)

government consumption

18.5% (2023 est.)

household consumption

49.8% (2023 est.)

imports of goods and services

-18.7% (2023 est.)

investment in fixed capital

21.9% (2023 est.)

investment in inventories

3.8% (2023 est.)

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

agriculture

3.3% (2023 est.)

industry

30.6% (2023 est.)

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

services

56.9% (2023 est.)

$2.021 trillion (2023 est.)

note

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2020

36 (2020 est.)

note

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

highest 10%

29% (2020 est.)

lowest 10%

3.1% (2020 est.)

note

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Imports 2021

$376.923 billion (2021 est.)

Imports 2022

$347.384 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$378.615 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

packaged medicine, broadcasting equipment, cars, garments, plastic products (2022)

note

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

China 39%, Germany 8%, Turkey 5%, Kazakhstan 5%, South Korea 3% (2022)

note

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

3.56% (2023 est.)

note

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components), shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019

4.47% (2019 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020

3.38% (2020 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021

6.69% (2021 est.)

note

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

72.408 million (2023 est.)

note

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

11% (2021 est.)

note

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

note

note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Public debt 2022

19.51% of GDP (2022 est.)

note

note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021

$5.732 trillion (2021 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$5.614 trillion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$5.816 trillion (2023 est.)

note

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2021

5.61% (2021 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2022

-2.07% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

3.6% (2023 est.)

note

note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2021

$38,900 (2021 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2022

$38,300 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$39,800 (2023 est.)

note

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2021

0.52% of GDP (2021 est.)

Remittances 2022

0.15% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

0.34% of GDP (2023 est.)

note

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021

$632.242 billion (2021 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$581.71 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$597.217 billion (2023 est.)

10.97% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

note

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

note

note: % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2021

4.72% (2021 est.)

Unemployment rate 2022

3.87% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

3.33% (2023 est.)

female

13.2% (2023 est.)

male

12.3% (2023 est.)

note

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

total

12.7% (2023 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke

517.718 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from consumed natural gas

907.83 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

414.253 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

total emissions

1.84 billion metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

consumption

310.958 million metric tons (2022 est.)

exports

220.306 million metric tons (2022 est.)

imports

23.074 million metric tons (2022 est.)

production

508.19 million metric tons (2022 est.)

proven reserves

162.166 billion metric tons (2022 est.)

consumption

1.026 trillion kWh (2022 est.)

exports

18.582 billion kWh (2022 est.)

imports

1.532 billion kWh (2022 est.)

installed generating capacity

301.123 million kW (2022 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

95.804 billion kWh (2022 est.)

electrification - rural areas

100%

electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

electrification - urban areas

99.1%

biomass and waste

0.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

fossil fuels

60.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

hydroelectricity

19.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

nuclear

19.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

solar

0.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

wind

0.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Total energy consumption per capita 2022

225.235 million Btu/person (2022 est.)

consumption

472.239 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

exports

176.056 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

imports

8.129 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

production

617.83 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

proven reserves

47.805 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors

26.8GW (2023 est.)

Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down

11 (2023)

Number of nuclear reactors under construction

4 (2023)

Number of operational nuclear reactors

36 (2023)

Percent of total electricity production

18.4% (2023 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves

80 billion barrels (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption

3.684 million bbl/day (2022 est.)

total petroleum production

10.727 million bbl/day (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

23 (2020 est.)

total

33,893,305 (2020 est.)

13 national TV stations with the federal government owning 1 and holding a controlling interest in a second; state-owned Gazprom maintains a controlling interest in 2 of the national channels; government-affiliated Bank Rossiya owns controlling interest in a fourth and fifth, while a sixth national channel is owned by the Moscow city administration; the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian military, respectively, own 2 additional national channels; roughly 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations with over two-thirds completely or partially controlled by the federal or local governments; satellite TV services are available; 2 state-run national radio networks with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; roughly 2,400 public and commercial radio stations

.ru; note - Russia also has responsibility for a legacy domain ".su" that was allocated to the Soviet Union and is being phased out

percent of population

88% (2021 est.)

total

132 million (2021 est.)

domestic

16 per 100 for fixed-line and mobile-cellular is 169 per 100 persons (2022)

general assessment

the telecom market is the largest in Europe, supported by a population of about 143 million; the overall market is dominated by the western regions, particularly Moscow and St Petersburg which are the main cities and economic centers; many other regions in the east and north of the country were settled during the Soviet period; the telecommunication companies continue to deploy and modernize fixed-line network infrastructure to offer improved broadband services as well as a range of IP-delivered content; the number of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) connections continues to decrease as subscribers are migrated to fiber; the development of 5G services has been hindered by the lack of frequencies; the 3.4GHz range commonly used for 5G in Europe has been restricted for use in Russia by the military and intelligence agencies; the Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) have an equal share in a joint venture, New Digital Solutions, aimed at developing a strategy to deploy 5G using a shared network (2024)

international

country code - 7; landing points for the Far East Submarine Cable System, HSCS, Sakhalin-Kuril Island Cable, RSCN, BCS North-Phase 2, Kerch Strait Cable and the Georgia-Russian submarine cable system connecting Russia, Japan, Finland, Georgia and Ukraine; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems (2019)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

16 (2021 est.)

total subscriptions

23.864 million (2021 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

169 (2021 est.)

total subscriptions

245.267 million (2022 est.)

904 (2024)

RA

383 (2024)

by type

bulk carrier 15, container ship 20, general cargo 976, oil tanker 387, other 1,512

total

2,910 (2023)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

6,810,610,000 (2018) mt-km

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

99,327,311 (2018)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

958

number of registered air carriers

32 (2020)

177,700 km gas, 54,800 km oil, 19,300 km refined products (2017)

key ports

Arkhangels'k, De Kastri, Dudinka, Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Novorossiysk, Sankt-Peterburg, Vladivostok, Vyborg

large

4

medium

5

ports with oil terminals

32

size unknown

1

small

19

total ports

67 (2024)

very small

38

narrow gauge

957 km

total

85,494 km (2019)

paved

927,721 km (includes 39,143 km of expressways)

total

1,283,387 km

unpaved

355,666 km (2012)

Russia operates the largest polar-class icebreaker fleet in the world with 52 vessels, seven of which are the world's only nuclear-powered heavy icebreakers; the primary mission includes keeping open ports, terminals, and shipping lanes along the Northern Sea Route (see Arctic Ocean map), in the Baltic Sea, and in the Russian Far East, including the Sea of Okhotsk

102,000 km (2009) (including 48,000 km with guaranteed depth; the 72,000-km system in European Russia links Baltic Sea, White Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and Black Sea)

the Russian military is a mixed force of conscripts and professionals (contract servicemen) that is capable of conducting the full range of air, land, maritime, and strategic missile operations; it is also active in the areas of cyber warfare, electronic warfare, and space; in addition to protecting Russia’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, the military supports Moscow’s national security objectives, which include maintaining and projecting influence and power outside Russia, particularly in the former Soviet republics, and deterring perceived external threats from the US and NATOin recent years, the Russian military has conducted combat operations in both Ukraine and Syria; in February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, and the military continues to be heavily engaged there in what is the largest war in Europe since World War II ended in 1945; Russia has occupied Ukraine’s province of Crimea and backed separatist forces in the Donbas region of Ukraine since 2014 with arms, equipment, and training, as well as Russian military troops, although Moscow denied their presence prior to 2022; Russia intervened in the Syrian civil war at the request of the ASAD government in September 2015 in what was Moscow’s first overseas expeditionary operation since the Soviet era; Russian assistance has included air support, arms and equipment, intelligence, military advisors, private military contractors, special operations forces, and trainingprior to its military operations in Syria and Ukraine, Russia seized the Georgian regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by force in 2008 (2024)

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation: Ground Troops (Sukhoputnyye Voyskia, SV), Navy (Voyenno-Morskoy Flot, VMF), Aerospace Forces (Vozdushno-Kosmicheskiye Sily, VKS); Airborne Troops (Vozdushno-Desantnyye Voyska, VDV), and Missile Troops of Strategic Purpose (Raketnyye Voyska Strategicheskogo Naznacheniya, RVSN) referred to commonly as Strategic Rocket Forces, are independent "combat arms," not subordinate to any of the three branchesFederal National Guard Troops Service of the Russian Federation (FSVNG, National Guard, Russian Guard, or Rosgvardiya)Federal Security Services (FSB): Federal Border Guard Service (includes land and maritime forces) (2023)

note

note 1: the Air Force and Aerospace Defense Forces were merged into the VKS in 2015; VKS responsibilities also include launching military and dual‐use satellites, maintaining military satellites, and monitoring and defending against space threatsnote 2: the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Federal Security Service, Investigative Committee, Office of the Prosecutor General, and National Guard are responsible for law enforcement; the Federal Security Service is responsible for state security, counterintelligence, and counterterrorism, as well as for fighting organized crime and corruption; the national police force, under the Ministry of Internal Affairs, is responsible for combating all crimenote 3: the National Guard was created in 2016 as an independent agency for internal/regime security, combating terrorism and narcotics trafficking, protecting important state facilities and government personnel, and supporting border security; it also participates in armed defense of the country’s territory in coordination with the Armed Forces; forces under the National Guard include the Special Purpose Mobile Units (OMON), Special Rapid Response Detachment (SOBR), and Interior Troops (VV); these troops were originally under the command of the Interior Ministry (MVD)

approximately 1.3 million Armed Forces personnel; estimated 350,000-plus Federal National Guard Troops (2024)

note

note: in September 2024, President PUTIN ordered the Russian military to increase in size to 1.5 million personnel

information varies and may not reflect troops transferred to support Russian military operations in Ukraine; approximately 3,000 Armenia; up to 5,000 Belarus; up to 10,000 Georgia; approximately 500 Kyrgyzstan; approximately 1,500 Moldova (Transnistria); estimated 2,000-5,000 Syria; approximately 3-5,000 Tajikistan (2024)

note

note 1: in February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine with an estimated 150,000 troops, some of which were staged out of Belarus; prior to the invasion, it maintained an estimated 30,000 troops in areas of Ukraine occupied since 2014; in 2024, the Russian Government claimed to have more than 600,000 troops in the occupied portions of Ukrainenote 2: as of 2024, Russia was assessed to have thousands private military contractors and other security personnel conducting operations in Africa and the Middle East, including in Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Libya, Mali, Niger, Sudan, and Syria

the Russian Federation's military and paramilitary services are equipped with domestically produced weapons systems, although in recent years Russia has imported considerable amounts of military hardware from external suppliers such as Iran and North Korea; the Russian defense industry is capable of designing, developing, and producing a full range of advanced air, land, missile, and naval systems; Russia is the world's second largest exporter of military hardware (2024)

Military Expenditures 2019

3.8% of GDP (2019 est.)

Military Expenditures 2020

4% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

4% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

4% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

5% of GDP (2023 est.)

18-27 years of age for compulsory service for men; 18-40 for voluntary/contractual service; women and non-Russian citizens (18-30) may volunteer; men are registered for the draft at 17 years of age; 12-month service obligation (Russia offers the option of serving on a 24-month contract instead of completing a 12-month conscription period); reserve obligation for non-officers to age 50 (Russian men who have completed their compulsory service to re-enter the army up to the age of 55); enrollment in military schools from the age of 16 (2023)

note

note 1: in May 2022, Russia's parliament approved a law removing the upper age limit for contractual service in the military; in November 2022, President Vladimir PUTIN signed a decree allowing dual-national Russians and those with permanent residency status in foreign countries to be drafted into the army for military servicenote 2: historically, the Russian military has taken in about 260,000 conscripts each year in two semi-annual drafts (Spring and Fall)note 3: prior to the invasion of Ukraine in 2022, approximately 40-45,000 women served in the Russian Armed Forcesnote 4: since 2015, foreigners 18-30 with a good command of Russian have been allowed to join the military on five-year contracts and become eligible for Russian citizenship after serving three years; in October 2022, the Interior Ministry opened up recruitment centers for foreigners to sign a one-year service contract with the armed forces, other troops, or military formations participating in the invasion of Ukraine with the promise of simplifying the process of obtaining Russian citizenship

a destination country for heroin and other Afghan opiates; a transit country for cocaine from South America, especially Ecuador to Europe, Belgium and Netherlands; synthetic drugs are produced in clandestine drug laboratories throughout the country; marijuana cultivated in Russian Far East and the North Caucasus; the majority of hashish is smuggled in from Northern Africa  

IDPs

7,500 (2022)

refugees (country of origin)

1,212,585 (Ukraine) (as of 30 June 2023)

stateless persons

56,960 (mid-year 2021); note - Russia's stateless population consists of Roma, Meskhetian Turks, and ex-Soviet citizens from the former republics; between 2003 and 2010 more than 600,000 stateless people were naturalized; most Meskhetian Turks, followers of Islam with origins in Georgia, fled or were evacuated from Uzbekistan after a 1989 pogrom and have lived in Russia for more than the required five-year residency period; they continue to be denied registration for citizenship and basic rights by local Krasnodar Krai authorities on the grounds that they are temporary illegal migrants

tier rating

Tier 3 — Russia does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so, therefore, Russia remained on Tier 3; for more details, go to:  https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/russia/

State Space Corporation of the Russian Federation (Roscosmos); Roscosmos was established in 2015 from a merger of the Federal Space Agency and the state-owned United Rocket and Space Corporation; began as the Russian Space Agency (RSA or RKA) in 1992 and restructured in 1999 and 2004 as the Russian Aviation and Space Agency and then the Federal Space Agency); the Russian Space Forces (Kosmicheskie voyska Rossii, KV) are part of the Russian Aerospace Forces (Vozdushno-Kosmicheskiye Sily, VKS) (2024)

note

note: Russia’s space strategy is defined jointly by Roscosmos and the Ministry of Defense; prior to the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, the USSR’s space program was dispersed amongst several civil and military organizations

Baikonur Cosmodrome (Kazakhstan); Vostochny Cosmodrome (Amur Oblast); Plesetsk Cosmodrome (Arkhangel'sk Oblast); Kapustin Yar (Astrakhan Oblast); Yasny Launch Base (Orenburg Oblast) (2024)

note

note 1: the Baikonur cosmodrome and the surrounding area are leased and administered by Russia until 2050 for approximately $115 million/year; the cosmodrome was originally built by the Soviet Union in the mid-1950s and is the site of the World's first successful satellite launch (Sputnik) in 1957; it is also the largest space launch facility in the World, comprising 15 launch pads for space launch vehicles, four launch pads for testing intercontinental ballistic missiles, more than 10 assembly and test facilities, and other infrastructure note 2: in 2018, Kazakhstan and Russia agreed that Kazakhstan would build, maintain, and operate a new space launch facility (Baiterek) at the Baikonur space center (estimated to be ready for operations in 2025)

has one of the world’s largest space programs and is active across all areas of the space sector; builds, launches, and operates rockets/space launch vehicles (SLVs), satellites, space stations, interplanetary probes, and manned, robotic, and re-usable spacecraft; has astronaut (cosmonaut) training program and conducts human space flight; researching and developing a broad range of other space-related technologies; participates in international space programs such as the International Space Station (ISS); prior to Russia’s 2022 full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Russia had relations with dozens of foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of China, the European Space Agency (ESA), India, Japan, and the US; Roscosmos and its public subsidiaries comprise the majority of the Russian space industry; Roscosmos has eight operating areas, including manned space flights, launch systems, unmanned spacecraft, rocket propulsion, military missiles, space avionics, special military space systems, and flight control systems; private companies are also involved in a range of space systems, including satellites, telecommunications, remote-sensing, and geo-spatial services (2024)

note

note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

note

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

carbon dioxide emissions

1,732.03 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions

851.52 megatons (2020 est.)

particulate matter emissions

8.88 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast

air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; nuclear waste disposal; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

global geoparks and regional networks

Yangan-Tau (2023)

total global geoparks and regional networks

1

agricultural land

13.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 7.3% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 5.7% (2018 est.)

forest

49.4% (2018 est.)

other

37.5% (2018 est.)

Angara-Lena Basin, Pechora Basin, North Caucasus Basin, East European Aquifer System, West Siberian Basin, Tunguss Basin, Yakut Basin

fresh water lake(s)

Lake Baikal - 31,500 sq km; Lake Ladoga - 18,130 sq km; Lake Onega - 9,720 sq km; Lake Khanka (shared with China) - 5,010 sq km; Lake Peipus - 4,300 sq km (shared with Estonia); Ozero Vygozero - 1,250 sq km; Ozero Beloye - 1,120 sq km

salt water lake(s)

Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan) - 374,000 sq km; Ozero Malyye Chany - 2,500 sq km; Curonian Lagoon (shared with Lithuania) - 1,620 sq kmnote - the Caspian Sea is the World's largest lake

Yenisey-Angara - 5,539 km; Ob-Irtysh - 5,410 km;  Amur river mouth (shared with China [s] and Mongolia) - 4,444 km; Lena - 4,400 km; Volga - 3,645 km; Kolyma - 2,513 km; Ural river source (shared with Kazakhstan [m]) - 2,428 km; Dnepr (Dnieper) river source (shared with Belarus and Ukraine [m]) - 2,287 km; Don - 1,870 km; Pechora - 1,809 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Arctic Ocean drainage: Kolyma (679,934 sq km), Lena (2,306,743 sq km), Ob (2,972,493 sq km), Pechora (289,532 sq km), Yenisei (2,554,388 sq km)Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km)Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: (Caspian Sea basin) Volga (1,410,951 sq km)

0.53% of GDP (2018 est.)

0.29% of GDP (2018 est.)

4.53 trillion cubic meters (2020 est.)

agricultural

18.64 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial

29.03 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

municipal

17.15 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

rate of urbanization

0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

75.3% of total population (2023)

municipal solid waste generated annually

60 million tons (2012 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually

2.7 million tons (2012 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

4.5% (2012 est.)