1984 Edition

Agriculture

main crops — rice, wheat, other grains, oilseed, cotton; agriculture mainly subsistence; grain imports 15 million metric tons in 1982

principal food crops — grain (especially wheat), potatoes; main industrial crops — sugar beets, cotton, sunflowers, and flax; degree of self-sufficiency depends on fluctuations in crop yields

main crops — grains, vegetables, fruits; virtually self -sufficient in good crop years

Aid

economic — total extended to nonCommunist less developed countries (195481), $22 billion

economic commitments — US authorizations, $1.9 billion, including Ex-Im (FY70-82); other Western bilateral (OD A and OOF), $545.0 million (1970-79); military authorizations—US, $1.19 billion (FY70-82)

Airfields

325 total; 256 with permanentsurface runways; 13 with runways 3,500 m and over; 63 with runways 2,500 to 3,499 m; 221 with runways 1,200 to 2,499 m; 28 with runways less than 1,200 m; 2 seaplane stations; 10 airfields under construction Defense Forces

(including Balearic and Canary Islands) 118 total, 113 usable; 61 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways over 3,659 m, 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 32 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Area

9.6 million km2; 74.3% desert, waste, or urban (32% of this area consists largely of denuded wasteland, plains, rolling hills, and basins from which about 3% could be reclaimed); 11% cultivated (sown area extended by multicropping); 12.7% forest and woodland; 2%-3% inland water

256,409 km2; 34% forest, 32% arable, 25% meadow and pasture, 9% other

Branches

control is exercised by Chinese Communist Party, through State Council, which supervises ministries, commissions, bureaus, etc., all technically under the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

Chinese People's Liberation Army (CPLA), CPLA Navy, CPLA Air Force

executive — USSR Council of Ministers, legislative — USSR Supreme Soviet, judicial — Supreme Court of USSR

Ground Forces, Navy, Air Defense Forces, Air Forces, Strategic Rocket Forces

executive, with King's acts subject to counter signature, Prime Minister (Presidente) and his ministers responsible to lower house; bicameral legislature — Cortes Generales, consisting of more powerful Congress of Deputies (350 members) and Senate (208 members), with possible addition of one to six members from each new autonomous region; judiciary, independent Spain (continued)

Army, Navy, Air Force

Budget

(1982 central government) revenues $27 billion, expenditures $37 billion, deficit $10 billion

Capital

Beijing (Peking)

Moscow

Madrid

Civil air

153 major transport aircraft

Coastline

14,500 km People

2,414 km People

4,964 km (includes Balearic Islands, 677 km, and Canary Islands, 1, 158 km) People

1,521 km (mainland), plus 2,414 km (offshore islands) People

Communists

about 39 million party members in 1981

over 18 million party members

PCE membership has declined from a possible high of 160,000 in 1977 to roughly 60,000 today; the party lost 64% of its voters and 20 deputies in the 1982 election; remaining strength is in labor where it dominates the Workers Commissions trade union, which claims a membership of about 1 million; experienced a modest recovery in 1983 municipal election, receiving 8% of the vote

Crude steel

37.2 million metric tons produced, 37 kg per capita (1982) Colombia

170 million metric ton capacity as of 1 January 1984; 147 million metric tons produced in 1982, 539 kg per capita

13.2 million metric tons produced (1982), 348.9 kg per capita

Elections

elections held for People's Congress representatives at county level Political parties and leaders: Chinese Communist Party (CCP), headed by Hu Yaobang; Hu is General Secretary of Central Committee; General Secretary became head of the party when position of Chairman was abolished at 12th Party Congress, held in September 1981

to Supreme Soviet every five years; 1,500 deputies elected in 1979; 71.7% party members

parliamentary election 28 October 1982 for four-year term; local elections for municipal councils April 1983; regional elections staggered Political parties and leaders: principal national parties in the 1982 elections, from right to left — Popular Alliance (AP), Manuel Fraga Iribarne; Popular Democratic Party (PDF), Oscar Alzaga; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Adolfo Suarez; Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), Felipe Gonzalez Marques, Spanish Communist Party (PCE), Gerardo Iglesias; chief regional parties — Convergence and Unity (CiU), Jordi Pujol, in Catalonia; Republican Left of Catalonia (ERG), Herribert Barrera; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), Carlos Garaicoechea; Basque radical coalitions Popular Unity (HB) and Basque Left (EE); Andalusian Socialist Party (PSA), Luis Urufluela

Electric power

73,000,000 kW capacity (1983); 345.0 billion kWh produced (1983), 325 kWh per capita

296,000,000 kW capacity (1983); 1,405.0 billion kWh produced (1983), 146 kWh per capita

35,600,000 kW capacity (1983); 115.5 billion kWh produced (1983), 3,020 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

93.3% Han Chinese; 6.7% Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and numerous lesser nationalities

58% mestizo, 20% Caucasian, 14% mulatto, 4% black, 3% mixed blackIndian, 1% Indian

homogeneous composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types

36.2% Serb, 19.7% Croat, 8.9% Muslim, 7.8% Slovene, 7.7% Albanian, 5.9% Macedonian, 5. 4% Yugoslav, 2.5% Montenegrin, 1.9% Hungarian, 4.0% other (1981 census)

Exports

$23.5 billion (f.o.b., 1982); manufactured goods, agricultural products, oil, minerals

$87.168 billion (f.o.b., 1982); petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, metals, wood, agricultural products, and a wide variety of manufactured goods (primarily capital goods)

$20.6 billion (f.o.b., 1982); principal items — iron and steel products, machinery, automobiles, fruits and vegetables, textiles, footwear

Fiscal year

calendar year Communications

calendar year Communications

calendar year Communications

Fishing

catch 10.0 million metric tons (1982); exports 302,708 metric tons (1982), imports 44,222 metric tons (1982)

landed 1,248,882 metric tons (1982)

Freight carried

rail — 3,725 million metric tons, 3,464.4 billion metric ton/km (1982); highways — 25.2 billion metric tons, 464 billion metric ton/km (1982); waterway — 604 million metric tons, 262.5 billion metric ton/km, excluding Caspian Sea (1982)

GNP

$313 billion (1983 est.), $308 per capita

$1,715 billion (1982, in 1982 geometric mean prices), 6,352 per capita; in 1981 percentage shares were — 54% consumption, 33% investment, 13% government and other, including defense (based on 1970 GNP in rubles at adjusted factor cost); average annual growth rate of real GNP (1971-82), 3.0%, average annual growth rate (1976-82), 2.2%, (1982)2.2%

$179.7 billion (1982); 70% private consumption, 12% government consumption, 19% gross fixed capital investment; —2% net exports; real growth rate 1.2% (1982)

Government leaders

ZHAO Ziyang, Premier of State Council; LI Xiannian, President; PENG Zhen, Chairman of NPC Standing Committee

Konstantin Ustinovich CHERNENKO, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Supreme Soviet; Nikolay Aleksandrovich TIKHONOV, Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers

JUAN CARLOS I, King; Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez, Prime Minister (Presidente)

Highways

about 1,001,000 km all types roads; about 250,000 km unimproved natural earth roads and tracks; about 581 ,000 km improved earth roads; about 170,000 paved roads

1,387,100 km total; 402,000 km asphalt, concrete, stone block; 359,000 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 626,100 km earth (1982)

149,352 km total; 82,070 km national— 2,433 km limited-access divided highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038 km intermediate bituminous, concrete, or stone block; the remaining 67,282 km are provincial or local roads (bituminous treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone block)

Imports

$16.6 billion (f.o.b., 1982); grain, chemical fertilizer, steel, industrial raw materials, machinery, equipment

$77.847 billion (f.o.b., 1982); grain and other agricultural products, machinery and equipment, steel products (particularly large diameter pipe), consumer manufactures

$31.5 billion (c.i.f., 1982); principal items — fuels (30-40%), machinery, chemicals, iron and steel, vegetables, automobiles

Inland waterways

138,600 km; about 136,000 km navigable

138,900 km navigable, exclusive of Caspian Sea (1982)

1,045 km; of minor importance as transport arteries and contribute little to economy

Labor force

est. 447.1 million (December 1983); 74.4% agriculture, 15% industry and commerce, 10.6% other Government

9 million (1982); 53% services, 26% agriculture, 21% industry, (1980); 12% official unemployment (1983)

civilian 147 million (midyear 1982), 20% agriculture, 80% industry and other nonagricultural fields; unemployed not reported; shortage of skilled labor reported Government

13.0 million (1982); 43% services, 25% industry, 16% agriculture, 10% construction; unemployment now estimated at nearly 18% of labor force

9.2 million (1981); 29% agriculture, 27% mining and manufacturing, 20% noneconomic activities; estimated unemployment averaged at least 10% of domestic labor force in 1981 Government

Land boundaries

24,000 km Water

6,035 km Water

1,899 km Water

3,001 km Water

Language

Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect); also Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Can, Hakka dialects, and minority languages (see ethnic divisions)

Spanish

Castilian Spanish (official); but 17% speak Catalan, 7% Galician, and 2% Basque

Languages

Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian (all official); Albanian, Hungarian, and Italian

Legal system

a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal; little ostensible development of uniform code of administrative and civil law; highest judicial organ is Supreme People's Court, which reviews lower court decisions; laws and legal procedure subordinate to priorities of party policy; regime has attempted to write civil and Communist codes; new legal codes in effect 1 January 1980; party and state constitutions revised in September and November 1982, respectively; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil and commercial law

civil law system as modified by Communist legal theory; revised constitution adopted 1977; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at 18 universities and 4 law institutes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

civil law system, with regional applications; new constitution provides for rule of law, established jury system as well as independent constitutional court to rule on unconstitutionality of laws and to serve as court of last resort in protecting liberties and rights granted in constitution; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

12 nm

12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm)

12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone)

12 nm

Literacy

over 75%

81%

99.8%

97%

85%

Major industries

iron, steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum

diversified, highly developed capital goods industries; consumer goods industries comparatively less developed

textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles

Major trade partners

Japan, Hong Kong, US, FRG, Canada, Australia, Singapore, (1982)

$165.0 billion (1982 total turnover); trade 54% with Communist countries, 32% with industrialized West, and 14% with less developed countries

(1982) 46% EC, 7% US, 11% other developed countries, 3% Communist countries, 33% less developed countries

Member of

FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, ITU, Multifiber Arrangement, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy

CEMA, Geneva Disarmament Conference, IAEA, IBEC, ICAC, ICAO, ICCAT, ICCO, ICES, ILO, IMO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, INRO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Whaling Commission, IWC — International Wheat Council, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy

Andean Pact (observer), ASSIMER, Council of Europe, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO; applied for full membership in the EC 28 July 1977 Economy

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $1.029 million; 14.3% of the central government budget Colombo' SRI LANKA

Military manpower

males 15-49, 277,707,000; 155,464,000 fit for military service; 13,159,000 reach military age (18) annually CSee reference map IV) Land 1,139,600 km2; 72% unsettled (mostly forest and savannah); 28% settled (consisting of 5% crop and fallow, 14% pasture, 6% forest, swamp, and water, and 3% urban and other)

males 15-49, 69,270,000; 55,020,000 fit for military service; 2,050,000 reach military age (17) annually Land 507,606 km2, including Canary (7,511 km2) and Balearic Islands (5,025 km2); 41% arable and crop, 27% meadow and pasture, 22% forest, 10% urban or other

males 15-49, 9,249,000; 7,516,000 fit for military service; 342,000 reach military age (20) annually

Monetary conversion rate

1.9875 renminbi yuan=US$l (30 November 1983)

156.30 pesetas=US$l (February 1984)

National holiday

National Day, 1 October

October Revolution Day, 7 November

24 June

Nationality

noun — Chinese (sing., pi.); adjective — Chinese

noun — Colombian(s); adjective — Colombian

noun — Spaniard(s); adjective — Spanish

noun — Yugoslav(s); adjective — Yugoslav

Official monetary conversion rate

0.7878 rubles=US$l (9 January 1984)

Official name

People's Republic of China

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Spanish State

Socialist Federal Republic of

Organized labor

1,418,321 members (1982)

labor unions legalized April 1977; probably represent no more than a quarter of the labor force (1983) Government

Other political or pressure groups

such opposition as exists consists of loose coalitions that vary by issue rather than organized groups; the People's Liberation Army has conventionally been seen as a major force, but its political influence has been much reduced over the past few years

Komsomol, trade unions, and other organizations that facilitate Communist control

on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the First of October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose the government; on the extreme right, the Spanish-Basque Batallion and the Anticommunist Apostolic Alliance (AAA) have in the past carried out vigilante attacks on ETA members and other leftists; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the Communist-dominated Workers Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union of Workers (UGT), and the independent Workers Syndical Union (USO); the Catholic Church; business and landowning interests; Opus Dei; Catholic Action; university students

Pipelines

crude, 5,600 km; refined products, 1,100 km; natural gas, 3,000 km

79,000 km crude oil; 20,000 km refined products; 150,000 km natural gas Spain

265 km crude oil; 1 ,625 km refined products; 1,000 km natural gas

Political party

Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) only party permitted

Political subdivisions

21 provinces, 3 centrally governed municipalities, and 5 autonomous regions

15 union republics, consisting of 20 autonomous republics, 6 krays, 123 oblasts, 8 autonomous oblasts, and 10 autonomous okrugs

metropolitan Spain, including the Canaries and Balearics, divided into 50 provinces, which form 17 autonomous regions — assuming numerous powers previously exercised by the central government; also five places of sovereignty (presidios) on the Mediterranean coast of Morocco; transferred administration of Spanish Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania on 26 February 1976

Population

1,034,907,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 1.2%

28,248,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2. 1 %

38,435,000 (July 1984), including the Balearic and Canary Islands and Ceuta and Melilla (two towns on the Moroccan coast); average annual growth rate 0.5%

22,997,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 0.7%

Ports

15 major, approximately 180 minor

53 major (most important — Leningrad, Riga, Tallinn, Kaliningrad, Liepaja, Ventspils, Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Odessa, Novorossiysk, Il'ichevsk, Nikolayev, Sevastopol, Vladivostok, Nakhodka); over 180 selected minor; 58 major inland ports (some of the more important — Astrakhan, Baku, Gorkiy, Kazan, Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kuybyshev, Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd, and Kiev (1982) Defense Forces

23 major, 175 minor Sri Lanka

Railroads

networks total about 52,500 route km common carrier lines; about 600 km 1.000-meter gauge; rest 1.435-meter standard gauge; all single track except approximately 9,345 km double track on standard gauge lines; approximately 1,500 km electrified; about 10,000 km industrial lines (gauges range from 0.762 to 1.067 meters)

143,000 km total; 141,467 km 1.524-meterbroad gauge; 1,833 km mostly 0.750-meter narrow gauge; 112,915 km broad gauge single track; 45,700 km electrified; does not include industrial lines (1982)

16,282 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates 13,543 km 1.668-meter gauge, 6,156 km electrified, and 2,295 km double track; FEVE (governmentowned narrow-gauge railways) operates 1,821 km, of predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, and 441 km electrified; privately owned railways operate 918 km, of predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km electrified, and 56 km double track

Religion

officially atheist; most people, even before 1949, have been pragmatic and eclectic, not seriously religious; most important elements of religion are Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, ancestor worship; about 2-3% Muslim, 1% Christian

95% Roman Catholic

99% Roman Catholic, 1% other sects

41% Serbian Orthodox, 32% Roman Catholic, 12% Muslim, 3% other, 12% none (1953 census)

Shortages

complex machinery and equipment, highly skilled scientists and technicians, energy, and transport

natural rubber, bauxite and alumina, tantalum, tin, tungsten, fluorspar, molybdenum, and finished steel products

Suffrage

universal over age 18

universal over age 18; direct, equal

universal at age 18

Telecommunications

generally adequate, modern facilities; 13.3 million telephones (35.0 per 100 popl.); 175 AM, 293 FM, and 1,405 TV stations; 20 coaxial submarine cables; 2 satellite stations with total of 5 antennas Defense Forces

Type

Communist state; real authority lies with Communist Party's Political Bureau; the National People's Congress, in theory the highest organ of government, usually ratifies the party's programs; the State Council actually directs the government

Communist state

parliamentary monarchy defined by new constitution of December 1978, that completed transition from authoritarian regime of the late Generalissimo Franco and confirmed Juan Carlos I as monarch, but without the exceptional powe's inherited from Franco on being proclaimed King 22 November 1975

Voting strength

(1979 election) 174,944,173 persons over 18; allegedly 99.99% voted

(1982 parliamentary election in lower house) PSOE 46%, and 202 seats (26 seats over a majority); AP and PDP in coalition 25.4%, 106 seats; UCD 7.31%, 12 seats; PCE 3.9%, 4 seats; CDS 2.9%, 2 seats; CiU 3.7%, 12 seats; PNV 1.9%, 8 seats; HB 1%, 2 seats; EE .47%, 1 seat; ERG .47%, 1 seat; PSA .33% 0 seats