2020 Edition

Background

North Macedonia gained its independence peacefully from Yugoslavia in 1991 under the name of "Macedonia." Greece objected to the new country’s name, insisting it implied territorial pretensions to the northern Greek province of Macedonia, and democratic backsliding for several years stalled North Macedonia's movement toward Euro-Atlantic integration. Immediately after Macedonia declared independence, Greece sought to block its efforts to gain UN membership if the name "Macedonia" was used. The country was eventually admitted to the UN in 1993 as "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia," and at the same time it agreed to UN-sponsored negotiations on the name dispute. In 1995, Greece lifted a 20-month trade embargo and the two countries agreed to normalize relations, but the issue of the name remained unresolved amid ongoing negotiations. As an interim measure, the US and over 130 other nations recognized Macedonia by its constitutional name, Republic of Macedonia. Ethnic Albanian grievances over perceived political and economic inequities escalated into an armed conflict in 2001 that eventually led to the internationally brokered Ohrid Framework Agreement, which ended the fighting and established guidelines for constitutional amendments and new laws that enhanced the rights of minorities. In 2018, the government adopted a new law on languages, which elevated the Albanian language to an official language at the national level and kept the Macedonian language as the sole official language in international relations, but ties between ethnic Macedonians and ethnic Albanians remain complicated. In 2018, Macedonia and Greece signed the Prespa Agreement whereby Macedonia agreed to change its name to North Macedonia, and the agreement went in to force on 12 February 2019. North Macedonia joined NATO in 2020 after amending its constitution as agreed and opened EU accession talks in 2022 after a two-year veto by Bulgaria over identity, language, and historical disputes. The 2014 legislative and presidential election triggered a political crisis that lasted almost three years and escalated in 2015 when the opposition party began releasing wiretapped material revealing alleged widespread government corruption and abuse. The country still faces challenges, including fully implementing reforms to overcome years of democratic backsliding, stimulating economic growth and development, and fighting organized crime and corruption. 

Area

land

25,433 sq km

total

25,713 sq km

water

280 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly larger than Vermont; almost four times the size of Delaware

Climate

warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

highest point

Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,764 m

lowest point

Vardar River 50 m

mean elevation

741 m

Geographic coordinates

41 50 N, 22 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe

Irrigated land

844 sq km (2016)

Land boundaries

border countries

Albania 181 km; Bulgaria 162 km; Greece 234 km; Kosovo 160 km; Serbia 101 km

total

838 km

Land use

agricultural land

49.6% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 16.5% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 1.6% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 31.5% (2023 est.)

forest

40.9% (2023 est.)

other

9.5% (2023 est.)

Location

Southeastern Europe, north of Greece

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage

(Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

high seismic risks

Natural resources

low-grade iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, manganese, nickel, tungsten, gold, silver, asbestos, gypsum, timber, arable land

Population distribution

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Terrain

mountainous with deep basins and valleys; three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line; country bisected by the Vardar River

Age structure

0-14 years

16% (male 176,423/female 164,945)

15-64 years

68.4% (male 740,649/female 719,627)

65 years and over

15.6% (2024 est.) (male 147,655/female 186,323)

Alcohol consumption per capita

beer

1.93 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

0.9 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

3.9 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

1.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

10.07 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Child marriage

women married by age 15

0.3% (2019)

women married by age 18

7.5% (2019)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

0.9% (2019 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

66.1% (2021 est.)

Death rate

9.62 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

23.6 (2025 est.)

potential support ratio

4.2 (2025 est.)

total dependency ratio

46.9 (2025 est.)

youth dependency ratio

23.3 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 97.4% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 97.8% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 98.1% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 2.6% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 2.2% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 1.9% of population (2022 est.)

Ethnic groups

Macedonian 58.4%, Albanian 24.3%, Turkish 3.9%, Romani 2.5%, Serb 1.3%, other 2.3%, no ethnic affiliation data available 7.2% (2021 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.74 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

8.5% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

12.4% of national budget (2022 est.)

Hospital bed density

4.2 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate

female

6 deaths/1,000 live births

male

7.9 deaths/1,000 live births

total

6.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Languages

Macedonian (official) 61.4%, Albanian (official) 24.3%, Turkish 3.4%, Romani 1.7%, other (includes Aromanian (Vlach) and Bosnian) 2%, unspecified 7.2% (2021 est.)

major-language sample(s)

Книга на Светски Факти, неопходен извор на основни информации. (Macedonian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

79.6 years

male

75.3 years

total population

77.3 years (2024 est.)

Literacy

female

97.8% (2018 est.)

Major urban areas - population

611,000 SKOPJE (capital) (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

3 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Median age

female

41.6 years

male

39.4 years

total

40.9 years (2025 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

26.9 years (2020 est.)

Nationality

adjective

Macedonian

noun

Macedonian(s)

Net migration rate

0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

22.4% (2016)

Physician density

2.94 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Population

female

1,071,922

male

1,065,634

total

2,137,556 (2025 est.)

Population growth rate

0.08% (2025 est.)

Religions

Orthodox 46.1%, Islam 32.2%, Christian 13.2%, Other 7.2%; less than 1%: atheist, Catholic, other religions, not specified, Protestant (2021 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 99.4% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 0.6% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

15 years (2022 est.)

male

14 years (2022 est.)

total

15 years (2022 est.)

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.07 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.79 male(s)/female

at birth

1.07 male(s)/female

total population

0.99 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.53 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

59.5% of total population (2023)

Administrative divisions

80 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina) and 1 city* (grad); Aracinovo, Berovo, Bitola, Bogdanci, Bogovinje, Bosilovo, Brvenica, Caska, Centar Zupa, Cesinovo-Oblesevo, Cucer Sandevo, Debar, Debarca, Delcevo, Demir Hisar, Demir Kapija, Dojran, Dolneni, Gevgelija, Gostivar, Gradsko, Ilinden, Jegunovce, Karbinci, Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kocani, Konce, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krivogastani, Krusevo, Kumanovo, Lipkovo, Lozovo, Makedonska Kamenica, Makedonski Brod, Mavrovo i Rostuse, Mogila, Negotino, Novaci, Novo Selo, Ohrid, Pehcevo, Petrovec, Plasnica, Prilep, Probistip, Radovis, Rankovce, Resen, Rosoman, Skopje*, Sopiste, Staro Nagoricane, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Studenicani, Sveti Nikole, Tearce, Tetovo, Valandovo, Vasilevo, Veles, Vevcani, Vinica, Vrapciste, Zelenikovo, Zelino, Zrnovci *the Greater Skopje area is composed of 10 municipalities: Aerodrom, Butel, Centar, Chair, Gazi Baba, Gjorce Petrov, Karposh, Kisela Voda, Saraj, and Shuto Orizari

Capital

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology

the name is of Illyrian or Macedonian origin, and the meaning is unclear; derives from Scupi, its name during the Roman era

geographic coordinates

42 00 N, 21 26 E

name

Skopje

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of North Macedonia

dual citizenship recognized

no

residency requirement for naturalization

8 years

Constitution

amendment process

proposed by the president of the republic, by the government, by at least 30 members of the Assembly, or by petition of at least 150,000 citizens; final approval requires a two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly

history

several previous (since 1944); latest adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991

Country name

conventional long form

Republic of North Macedonia

conventional short form

North Macedonia

etymology

the name derives from the ancient kingdom of Macedon (7th to 2nd centuries B.C.), whose name origin is unclear; it may derive from the mythological Macedon, the son of the Greek god Zeus; alternatively, it may come from the Greek word makednos, meaning "tail," or the Illyrian word maketia, meaning "cattle"

former

Democratic Federal Macedonia, People's Republic of Macedonia, Socialist Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Macedonia

local long form

Republika Severna Makedonija

local short form

Severna Makedonija

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Angela AGGELER (since 8 November 2022)

email address and website

SkopjeACS@state.gov https://mk.usembassy.gov/

embassy

Str. Samoilova, Nr. 21, 1000 Skopje

FAX

[389] (2) 310-2499

mailing address

7120 Skopje Place, Washington, DC 20521-7120

telephone

[389] (2) 310-2000

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2129 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Zoran POPOV (since 16 September 2022)

consulate(s) general

Chicago, Detroit, New York

email address and website

washington@mfa.gov.mk United States (mfa.gov.mk)

FAX

[1] (202) 667-2104

telephone

[1] (202) 667-0501

Executive branch

cabinet

Council of Ministers elected by the Assembly by simple majority vote

chief of state

President Gordana SILJANOVSKA-DAVKOVA (since 12 May 2024)

election results

2024: Hristijan MICKOSKI elected prime minister; Assembly vote - 77 for, 22 against 2024: Gordana SILJANOVSKA-DAVKOVA elected president in the second round; percent of vote - Gordana SILJANOVSKA-DAVKOVA (VMRO-DPMNE) 69%, Stevo PENDAROVSKI (SDSM) 31% 2024: Talat XHAFERI elected caretaker prime minister; Assembly vote - 65 for (opposition boycott) 2022: Dimitar KOVACEVSKI elected prime minister; Assembly vote - NA

election/appointment process

president directly elected using a modified 2-round system; a candidate can only be elected in the first round with an absolute majority from all registered voters; in the second round, voter turnout must be at least 40% for the result to be valid; president elected for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); following legislative elections, the Assembly usually elects the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister

expected date of next election

2029

head of government

Prime Minister Hristijan MICKOSKI (since 23 June 2024)

most recent election date

24 April and 8 May 2024

Flag

description: a red field with a yellow sun (the Sun of Liberty) in the center, with eight broadening rays extending to the edges meaning: the red and yellow colors have long been associated with Macedonia

Government type

parliamentary republic

Independence

8 September 1991 (referendum endorsed independence from Yugoslavia)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Court (consists of 22 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court judges nominated by the Judicial Council, a 7-member body of legal professionals, and appointed by the Assembly; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the Assembly for nonrenewable, 9-year terms

subordinate courts

Courts of Appeal; Basic Courts

Legal system

civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

Legislative branch

electoral system

mixed system

expected date of next election

May 2028

legislative structure

unicameral

legislature name

Assembly of the Republic (Sobranie)

most recent election date

5/8/2024

number of seats

123 (all directly elected)

parties elected and seats per party

Coalition "Your Macedonia" (led by VMRO-DPMNE) (58); Coalition "European Front" (led by the Democratic Union for Integration – DUI) (18); Coalition "For a European Future" (led by the Social Democratic Union of Macedonia – SDSM) (18); Coalition VLEN (14); ZNAM (Movement "I know": For our Macedonia) (6); The Left (Levica) (6)

percentage of women in chamber

39.2%

scope of elections

full renewal

term in office

4 years

National anthem(s)

history

written in 1943 and adopted in 1991, the song previously served as the anthem of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, when it was part of Yugoslavia

lyrics/music

Vlado MALESKI/Todor SKALOVSKI

title

"Denes nad Makedonija" (Today Over Macedonia)

National color(s)

red, yellow

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid Region; Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians

total World Heritage Sites

2 (both natural)

National holiday

Independence Day, 8 September (1991), also known as National Day

National symbol(s)

eight-rayed sun

Political parties

Alliance for Albanians or AfA or ASH Alternative (Alternativa) or AAA Besa Movement or BESA Citizen Option for Macedonia or GROM  Democratic Alliance or DS Democratic Movement or LD  Democratic Party of Albanians or PDSH Democratic Party of Serbs or DPSM Democratic Renewal of Macedonia or DOM Democratic Union for Integration or BDI European Democratic Party or PDE  Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or VMRO-DPMNE Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - People's Party or VMRO-NP Liberal Democratic Party or LDP New Social-Democratic Party or NSDP Social Democratic Union of Macedonia or SDSM Socialist Party of Macedonia or SPM Srpska Stranka in Macedonia or SSM The Left (Levica)  The People Movement or LP Turkish Democratic Party or TDP  Turkish Movement Party or THP  We Can! (coalition includes SDSM/BESA/VMRO-NP, DPT, LDP)

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

chillies/peppers, milk, wheat, potatoes, grapes, barley, cabbages, maize, watermelons, tomatoes (2023)

Average household expenditures

on alcohol and tobacco

4.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on food

30.6% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Budget

expenditures

$5.514 billion (2023 est.)

revenues

$4.787 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2022

-$868.965 million (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

$56.573 million (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2024

-$374.385 million (2024 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 2023

$5.637 billion (2023 est.)

Economic overview

upper-middle-income European economy; GDP growth driven by private consumption, public infrastructure investments, and wage growth; stalled progress on EU accession; public debt rising due to high pensions, wages, and interest payments; structural challenges of emigration, low productivity growth, and governance

Exchange rates

Currency

Macedonian denars (MKD) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

54.144 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

52.102 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

58.574 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

56.947 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

56.873 (2024 est.)

Exports

Exports 2022

$10.123 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$10.691 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2024

$10.445 billion (2024 est.)

Exports - commodities

reaction and catalytic products, insulated wire, electricity, garments, seats (2023)

Exports - partners

Germany 39%, Serbia 8%, Bulgaria 6%, Greece 5%, Czechia 3% (2023)

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

62.7% (2024 est.)

government consumption

16.8% (2024 est.)

household consumption

67.9% (2024 est.)

imports of goods and services

-75.8% (2024 est.)

investment in fixed capital

28.4% (2024 est.)

investment in inventories

0% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

6% (2024 est.)

industry

22.7% (2024 est.)

services

59.2% (2024 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$16.685 billion (2024 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019

33.5 (2019 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

22.9% (2019 est.)

lowest 10%

1.9% (2019 est.)

Imports

Imports 2022

$13.009 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$12.748 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2024

$12.644 billion (2024 est.)

Imports - commodities

platinum, refined petroleum, laboratory ceramic ware, cars, natural gas (2023)

Imports - partners

UK 12%, Germany 10%, Greece 9%, China 9%, Serbia 8% (2023)

Industrial production growth rate

1.8% (2024 est.)

Industries

food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, iron, steel, cement, energy, pharmaceuticals, automotive parts

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

14.2% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

9.4% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

3.5% (2024 est.)

Labor force

779,200 (2024 est.)

Population below poverty line

21.8% (2019 est.)

Public debt

Public debt 2017

39.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$41.801 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$42.668 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$43.844 billion (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2022

2.8% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

2.1% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

2.8% (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita

Real GDP per capita 2022

$22,800 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$23,300 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$24,500 (2024 est.)

Remittances

Remittances 2022

3.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

2.9% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2024

2.7% of GDP (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$4.12 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$5.015 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$5.252 billion (2024 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

17.9% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2022

14.5% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

13.2% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

13.5% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

32.3% (2024 est.)

male

29.2% (2024 est.)

total

30.3% (2024 est.)

Coal

consumption

5.344 million metric tons (2023 est.)

exports

58,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

imports

41,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

production

4 million metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves

332 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity

consumption

5.896 billion kWh (2023 est.)

exports

7.081 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports

7.232 billion kWh (2023 est.)

installed generating capacity

2.467 million kW (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

993.662 million kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Electricity generation sources

biomass and waste

0.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

fossil fuels

68.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity

24% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar

4.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

wind

2.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

56.104 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Natural gas

consumption

348.078 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports

347.981 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Petroleum

refined petroleum consumption

24,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

28 (2022 est.)

total

515,000 (2022 est.)

Broadcast media

public TV broadcaster Macedonian Radio and Television operates 5 national terrestrial TV channels and 2 satellite TV channels; 11 regional TV stations broadcast nationally; 29 regional and local broadcasters; a large number of cable operators offer domestic and international programming; the public radio broadcaster operates 3 stations; 4 privately owned national radio stations and 60 regional and local operators (2023)

Internet country code

.mk

Internet users

percent of population

87% (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

24 (2022 est.)

total subscriptions

439,000 (2022 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

108 (2024 est.)

total subscriptions

1.98 million (2024 est.)

Airports

13 (2025)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Z3

Heliports

13 (2025)

Railways

total

699 km (2020) 313 km electrified

Military - note

the Army of the Republic of North Macedonia (ARSM) is responsible for the defense of the country’s territory and independence, fulfilling North Macedonia’s commitments to NATO and European security, and contributing to EU, NATO, and UN peace and security missions; the ARSM has participated in multinational missions and operations in Afghanistan (NATO), Bosnia and Herzegovina (EU), Eastern Europe (NATO), Iraq (NATO), Kosovo (NATO), and Lebanon (UN); a key area of focus over the past decade has been improving capabilities and bringing the largely Soviet-era-equipped ARSM up to NATO standards; it has increased its participation in NATO training exercises since becoming the 30th member of the Alliance in 2020 and currently has small numbers of combat troops deployed to Bulgaria and Romania as part of NATO’s Enhance Forward Presence mission implemented because of Russian military aggression against Ukraine (2025)

Military and security forces

Army of the Republic of North Macedonia (ARSM or ARNM): joint force with air, ground, reserve, special operations, and support forces (2025)

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 6,000 active military personnel (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military's inventory is a mix of Russian/Soviet-era armaments and growing quantities of more modern equipment from countries such as Türkiye, the UK, and the US (2025)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2021

1.5% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

1.6% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

1.7% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2024

1.9% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military Expenditures 2025

2% of GDP (2025 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2007 (2025)

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees

20,937 (2024 est.)

stateless persons

159 (2024 est.)

Terrorist group(s)

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

3.014 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas

673,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

3.682 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

total emissions

7.369 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Environmental issues

air pollution from metallurgical plants, smoke from wood-burning stoves, and vehicle emissions

International environmental agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Particulate matter emissions

28.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Total renewable water resources

6.4 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

139 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

industrial

31.54 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

municipal

305.4 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

627,000 tons (2024 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

4.9% (2022 est.)