2020 Edition

Background

The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. Under Ottoman control beginning in 1496, Montenegro was a semi-autonomous theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes until 1852, when it became a secular principality. Montenegro fought a series of wars with the Ottomans and eventually won recognition as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. In 1918, the country was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. At the end of World War II, Montenegro joined the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). When the SFRY dissolved in 1992, Montenegro and Serbia created the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), which shifted in 2003 to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Montenegro voted to restore its independence on 3 June 2006. Montenegro became an official EU candidate in 2010 and joined NATO in 2017.

Area

land

13,452 sq km

total

13,812 sq km

water

360 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Connecticut; slightly larger than twice the size of Delaware

Climate

Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland

Coastline

293.5 km

Elevation

highest point

Zia Kolata 2,534 m

lowest point

Adriatic Sea 0 m

mean elevation

1,086 m

Geographic coordinates

42 30 N, 19 18 E

Geography - note

strategic location along the Adriatic coast

Irrigated land

24 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

border countries

Albania 186 km; Bosnia and Herzegovina 242 km; Croatia 19 km; Kosovo 76 km; Serbia 157 km

total

680 km

Land use

agricultural land

19.6% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 0.7% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.4% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 18.5% (2023 est.)

forest

61.5% (2023 est.)

other

18.9% (2023 est.)

Location

Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s)

Lake Scutari (shared with Albania) - 400 sq km note - largest lake in the Balkans

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage

(Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

continental shelf

defined by treaty

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

destructive earthquakes

Natural resources

bauxite, hydroelectricity

Population distribution

highest population density is concentrated in the south and southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area

Terrain

highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus

Age structure

0-14 years

17.7% (male 54,608/female 51,594)

15-64 years

64.4% (male 192,631/female 193,515)

65 years and over

17.9% (2024 est.) (male 47,243/female 60,258)

Alcohol consumption per capita

beer

3.83 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

3.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

9.91 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

2.68 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

10.77 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Child marriage

men married by age 18

3.2% (2018)

women married by age 15

1.9% (2018)

women married by age 18

5.8% (2018)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

3.7% (2018 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

57.6% (2018 est.)

Death rate

10.29 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

27.8 (2024 est.)

potential support ratio

3.6 (2024 est.)

total dependency ratio

55.3 (2024 est.)

youth dependency ratio

27.5 (2024 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 98.2% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 98.9% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 99.2% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 1.8% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 1.1% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0.8% of population (2022 est.)

Ethnic groups

Montenegrin 45%, Serbian 28.7%, Bosniak 8.7%, Albanian 4.9%, Muslim 3.3%, Romani 1%, Croat 1%, other 2.6%, unspecified 4.9% (2011 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.88 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

10.6% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

16.3% of national budget (2022 est.)

Hospital bed density

3.8 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate

female

3.7 deaths/1,000 live births

male

2.7 deaths/1,000 live births

total

3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Languages

Serbian 42.9%, Montenegrin (official) 37%, Bosnian 5.3%, Albanian 5.3%, Serbo-Croat 2%, other 3.5%, unspecified 4% (2011 est.)

major-language sample(s)

Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian)  Knjiga svjetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Montenegrin/Bosnian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

80.7 years

male

75.8 years

total population

78.2 years (2024 est.)

Literacy

female

97.9% (2018 est.)

male

99.2% (2018 est.)

total population

98.5% (2018 est.)

Major urban areas - population

177,000 PODGORICA (capital) (2018)

Maternal mortality ratio

6 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Median age

female

42.5 years

male

39.5 years

total

41.5 years (2025 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

26.3 years (2010 est.)

Nationality

adjective

Montenegrin

noun

Montenegrin(s)

Net migration rate

-5.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

23.3% (2016)

Physician density

2.78 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Population

female

305,367

male

294,482

total

599,849 (2024 est.)

Population growth rate

-0.46% (2025 est.)

Religions

Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.6% (2011 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 93.9% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 98.1% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 6.1% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 1.9% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

16 years (2023 est.)

male

15 years (2023 est.)

total

16 years (2023 est.)

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.78 male(s)/female

at birth

1.04 male(s)/female

total population

0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

female

33.1% (2025 est.)

male

29.9% (2025 est.)

total

31.6% (2025 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.8 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

68.5% of total population (2023)

Administrative divisions

25 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Gusinje, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Petnjica, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Tuzi, Ulcinj, Zabljak, Zeta

Capital

daylight saving time

+1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology

the Slavic name translates as "under the mountain," from pod (under) and gora (mountain)

geographic coordinates

42 26 N, 19 16 E

name

Podgorica

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Montenegro

dual citizenship recognized

no

residency requirement for naturalization

10 years

Constitution

amendment process

proposed by the president of Montenegro, by the government, or by at least 25 members of the Assembly; passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, followed by a public hearing; passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; changes to certain constitutional articles, such as sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional change procedures, require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum

history

several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007

Country name

conventional long form

none

conventional short form

Montenegro

etymology

the name in Italian means "dark mountain" and is a translation of the Serbo-Croatian name Crna Gora; both refer to the dark coniferous forests in the mountainous region

former

People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro

local long form

none

local short form

Crna Gora

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Judy Rising REINKE (since 20 December 2018)

email address and website

PodgoricaACS@state.gov https://me.usembassy.gov/

embassy

Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica

FAX

[382] (0) 20-241-358

mailing address

5570 Podgorica Place, Washington DC 20521-5570

telephone

[382] (0) 20-410-500

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009

chief of mission

Ambassador Jovan MIRKOVIĆ (since 18 September 2024)

consulate(s) general

New York

email address and website

usa@mfa.gov.me United States of America - Embassies and consulates of Montenegro and visa regimes for foreign citizens (www.gov.me)

FAX

[1] (202) 234-6109

telephone

[1] (202) 234-6108

Executive branch

cabinet

ministers serve as the cabinet

chief of state

President Jakov MILATOVIC (since 20 May 2023)

election results

2023: Jakov MILATOVIC elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Milo DUKANOVIC (DPS) 35.4%, Jakov MILATOVIC (Europe Now!) 28.9%, Andrija MANDIC (DF) 19.3%, Aleksa BECIC (DCG) 11.1%, other 5.3%; percent of vote in second round - Jakov MILATOVIC 58.9%, Milo DUKANOVIC 41.1% 2018: Milo DJUKANOVIC elected president in first round; percent of vote - Milo DJUKANOVIC (DPS) 53.9%, Mladen BOJANIC (independent) 33.4%, Draginja VUKSANOVIC (SDP) 8.2%, Marko MILACIC (PRAVA) 2.8%, other 1.7%

election/appointment process

president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister nominated by the president, approved by the Assembly

expected date of next election

2028

head of government

Prime Minister Milojko SPAJIC (since 31 October 2023)

most recent election date

19 March 2023, with a runoff on 2 April 2023

Flag

description: a red field bordered with a narrow golden-yellow stripe; the Montenegrin coat of arms in the center is a double-headed golden eagle, with a crown above; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the eagle's breast shield shows a golden lion on a green field in front of a blue sky meaning: the eagle symbolizes the unity of church and state; the lion is a symbol of episcopal authority, a reference to the three-and-a-half centuries when Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy

Government type

parliamentary republic

Independence

3 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 13 March 1852 (Principality of Montenegro established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Montenegrin independence); 28 August 1910 (Kingdom of Montenegro established)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (consists of the court president, deputy president, and 15 judges); Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 7 judges)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court president proposed by general session of the Supreme Court and elected by the Judicial Council, a 9-member body consisting of judges, lawyers designated by the Assembly, and the minister of judicial affairs; Supreme Court president elected for a single renewable, 5-year term; other judges elected by the Judicial Council for life; Constitutional Court judges - 2 proposed by the president of Montenegro and 5 by the Assembly, and elected by the Assembly; court president elected from among the court members; court president elected for a 3-year term, other judges serve 9-year terms

subordinate courts

Administrative Courts; Appellate Court; Commercial Courts; High Courts; basic courts

Legal system

civil law

Legislative branch

electoral system

proportional representation

expected date of next election

June 2027

legislative structure

unicameral

legislature name

Parliament (Skupstina)

most recent election date

6/11/2023

number of seats

81 (all directly elected)

parties elected and seats per party

Europe now! (Evropa sad) (24); Together! For the future that belongs to you (DPS – SD – DUA – LP - UDSh) (21); For the future of Montenegro (New Serb Democracy; Democratic People’s Party of Montenegro, Labour Party) (13); Bravery counts! (HRABRO se broji!) (11); It’s clear! (Jasno je!) – Bosniak Party (6); Other (6)

percentage of women in chamber

27.2%

scope of elections

full renewal

term in office

4 years

National anthem(s)

history

adopted 2004; music based on a Montenegrin folk song

lyrics/music

Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC

title

"Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May)

National color(s)

red, gold

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor (c); Durmitor National Park (n); Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards (c); Fortified City of Kotor Venetian Defense Works (c)

total World Heritage Sites

4 (3 cultural, 1 natural)

National holiday

Statehood Day, 13 July (1878, 1941)

National symbol(s)

double-headed eagle

Political parties

Albanian Alliance (electoral coalition includes FORCA, PD, DSCG) Albanian Alternative or AA Albanian Democratic League or LDSH Albanian Forum (electoral coalition includes AA, LDSH, UDSH) Aleksa and Dritan - Count Bravely! (electoral coalition includes Democrats, URA) Bosniak Party or BS  Civic Movement United Reform Action or United Reform Action or URA  Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI  Democratic Alliance or DEMOS  Democratic League in Montenegro or DSCG Democratic Montenegro or Democrats Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS  Democratic People's Party or DNP  Democratic Union of Albanians or UDSH Europe Now! For the Future of Montenegro or ZBCG (coalition includes NSD, DNP, RP) Liberal Party or LP  New Democratic Power or FORCA New Serb Democracy or NSD or NOVA  Social Democrats or SD Socialist People's Party or SNP  Together! (electoral coalition includes DPS, SD, LP, UDSH) United Montenegro or UCG (split from DEMOS) Workers' Party or RP 

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

milk, potatoes, watermelons, grapes, sheep milk, cabbages, oranges, eggs, goat milk, figs (2023)

Average household expenditures

on alcohol and tobacco

5.6% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

on food

24.8% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

Budget

expenditures

$1.491 billion (2015 est.)

revenues

$1.463 billion (2015 est.)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2022

-$817.858 million (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

-$851.525 million (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2024

-$1.406 billion (2024 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 2023

$3.643 billion (2023 est.)

Economic overview

upper-middle-income, small Balkan economy; uses euro as de facto currency; reduced growth due to slowdown in tourism and industrial production; new impetus for EU accession under Europe Now government; energy price cap and declining food and services prices easing inflation rate  

Exchange rates

Currency

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

0.877 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

0.845 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

0.951 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

0.925 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

0.924 (2024 est.)

Exports

Exports 2022

$3.177 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$3.769 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2024

$3.629 billion (2024 est.)

Exports - commodities

electricity, aluminum, copper ore, aluminum ore, packaged medicine (2023)

Exports - partners

Italy 38%, Serbia 13%, Spain 6%, Slovenia 5%, Bosnia & Herzegovina 4% (2023)

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

44.9% (2024 est.)

government consumption

17.9% (2024 est.)

household consumption

76.3% (2024 est.)

imports of goods and services

-67.5% (2024 est.)

investment in fixed capital

20.2% (2024 est.)

investment in inventories

8.3% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

5.2% (2024 est.)

industry

11.6% (2024 est.)

services

62.1% (2024 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$8.07 billion (2024 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021

34.3 (2021 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

24.7% (2021 est.)

lowest 10%

2.1% (2021 est.)

Imports

Imports 2022

$4.614 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$5.167 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2024

$5.478 billion (2024 est.)

Imports - commodities

refined petroleum, cars, electricity, packaged medicine, aluminum (2023)

Imports - partners

Serbia 21%, China 10%, Germany 8%, Croatia 6%, Italy 6% (2023)

Industrial production growth rate

-1.7% (2024 est.)

Industries

steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

13% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

8.6% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

3.3% (2024 est.)

Labor force

245,300 (2024 est.)

Population below poverty line

20.3% (2021 est.)

Public debt

Public debt 2017

67.2% of GDP (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$15.857 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$16.862 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$17.375 billion (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2022

6.4% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

6.3% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

3% (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita

Real GDP per capita 2022

$25,400 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$27,000 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$27,900 (2024 est.)

Remittances

Remittances 2022

13.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

10.7% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2024

10.6% of GDP (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$2.041 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$1.574 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$1.741 billion (2024 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2022

14.9% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

14.7% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

14.1% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

23.6% (2024 est.)

male

27.5% (2024 est.)

total

25.9% (2024 est.)

Coal

consumption

1.658 million metric tons (2023 est.)

exports

205,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

imports

2.8 metric tons (2022 est.)

production

1.862 million metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves

337 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity

consumption

2.719 billion kWh (2023 est.)

exports

6.288 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports

5.421 billion kWh (2023 est.)

installed generating capacity

1.082 million kW (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

601.023 million kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels

39.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity

53% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar

0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

wind

7.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

63.407 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Petroleum

refined petroleum consumption

9,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

32 (2023 est.)

total

203,000 (2023 est.)

Broadcast media

state-funded national radio and TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; 4 local public TV stations and 14 private TV stations; 14 local public radio stations, 35 private radio stations, and several online media (2019)

Internet country code

.me

Internet users

percent of population

90% (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

30 (2023 est.)

total subscriptions

190,000 (2023 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

203 (2022 est.)

total subscriptions

1.31 million (2023 est.)

Airports

5 (2025)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

4O

Heliports

1 (2025)

Merchant marine

by type

bulk carrier 4, other 14

total

18 (2023)

Ports

key ports

Bar, Kotor, Risan, Tivat

large

0

medium

0

ports with oil terminals

1

small

1

total ports

4 (2024)

very small

3

Railways

standard gauge

250 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (224 km electrified)

total

250 km (2017)

Military - note

the Army of Montenegro is responsible for the defense of Montenegro’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, cooperating in international and multinational security, and assisting civil authorities during emergencies such as natural disasters; since Montenegro joined NATO in 2017, another focus has been integrating into the Alliance, including adapting NATO standards for planning and professionalization, structural reforms, and modernization by replacing its Soviet-era equipment; the Army trains and exercises with NATO partners and actively supports NATO missions and operations, committing small numbers of troops in Afghanistan, Kosovo, and NATO’s Enhanced Forward Presence mission in Eastern Europe; a few personnel have also been deployed on EU- and UN-led operations (2025)

Military and security forces

Army of Montenegro (Vojska Crne Gore or VCG): Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy  Ministry of Interior: Police Directorate of Montenegro (2025)

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 2,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military's inventory is small and consists largely of Soviet-era equipment inherited from the former Yugoslavia military, along with a limited but growing mix of imported Western systems (2025)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2021

1.6% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

1.4% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2024

1.7% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military Expenditures 2025

2% of GDP (2025 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18-30 for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2006 (2025)

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees

18,820 (2024 est.)

stateless persons

423 (2024 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

1.543 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

1.265 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

total emissions

2.808 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Environmental issues

pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets; serious air pollution in some cities from lignite power plants and household use of coal and wood for heating

International environmental agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Particulate matter emissions

17.9 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

6.76 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

industrial

2.079 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

municipal

121.32 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

329,800 tons (2024 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

6.4% (2022 est.)