2020 Edition

Background

A large portion of present-day Moldovan territory became a province of the Russian Empire in 1812 and then unified with Romania in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I. This territory was then incorporated into the Soviet Union at the close of World War II. Although Moldova has been independent from the Soviet Union since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Nistru River in the breakaway region of Transnistria. Years of Communist Party rule in Moldova from 2001 to 2009 ultimately ended with election-related violent protests and a rerun of parliamentary elections in 2009. A series of pro-Europe ruling coalitions governed Moldova from 2010 to 2019, but pro-Russia candidate Igor DODON won the presidency in 2016, and his Socialist Party of the Republic of Moldova won a plurality in the legislative election in 2019. Pro-EU reformist candidate Maia SANDU defeated DODON in his reelection bid in 2020, and SANDU's Party of Action and Solidarity won a parliamentary majority in an early legislative election in 2021. Prime Minister Natalia GAVRILITA and her cabinet took office in 2021. In early 2023, Moldova's parliament confirmed a new cabinet led by Prime Minister Dorin RECEAN, which retained the majority of the former ministers.  

Area

land

32,891 sq km

total

33,851 sq km

water

960 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly larger than Maryland

Climate

moderate winters, warm summers

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

highest point

Dealul Balanesti 430 m

lowest point

Dniester (Nistru) 2 m

mean elevation

139 m

Geographic coordinates

47 00 N, 29 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; has many types of sedimentary rocks and minerals, including sand, gravel, gypsum, and limestone

Irrigated land

2,150 sq km (2022)

Land boundaries

border countries

Romania 683 km; Ukraine 1202 km

total

1,885 km

Land use

agricultural land

74.1% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 56.8% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 8.1% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 9.4% (2023 est.)

forest

11.3% (2023 est.)

other

13.8% (2023 est.)

Location

Eastern Europe, northeast of Romania

Major rivers (by length in km)

Dunărea (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km; Nistru (Dniester) (shared with Ukraine [s/m]) - 1,411 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage

(Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

landslides

Natural resources

lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, limestone, arable land

Population distribution

pockets of agglomeration exist throughout the country, with the largest in the center of the country around the capital of Chisinau, followed by Tiraspol and Balti

Terrain

rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea

Age structure

0-14 years

14.8% (male 266,493/female 266,166)

15-64 years

70.2% (male 1,225,535/female 1,300,640)

65 years and over

15% (2024 est.) (male 206,221/female 334,473)

Alcohol consumption per capita

beer

1.53 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

7.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

3.57 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

8.35 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

68.7% (2020 est.)

Death rate

14.06 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

22.2 (2025 est.)

potential support ratio

4.5 (2025 est.)

total dependency ratio

43 (2025 est.)

youth dependency ratio

20.8 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 87.7% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 92% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 97.7% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 12.3% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 8% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 2.3% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP)

6.6% of GDP (2023 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

16% national budget (2024 est.)

Ethnic groups

Moldovan 75.1%, Romanian 7%, Ukrainian 6.6%, Gagauz 4.6%, Russian 4.1%, Bulgarian 1.9%, other 0.8% (2014 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.61 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

7.8% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

12.3% of national budget (2022 est.)

Hospital bed density

5.7 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Infant mortality rate

female

11.5 deaths/1,000 live births

male

16 deaths/1,000 live births

total

13.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Languages

Moldovan/Romanian 80.2% (official) (56.7% Moldovan; 23.5% Romanian), Russian 9.7%, Gagauz 4.2% (a Turkish language), Ukrainian 3.9%, Bulgarian 1.5%, Romani 0.3%, other 0.2% (2014)

major-language sample(s)

Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Moldovan/Romanian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

74.4 years

male

66.1 years

total population

70.1 years (2024 est.)

Major urban areas - population

488,000 CHISINAU (capital) (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

19 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Median age

female

41.3 years

male

38.6 years

total

40.4 years (2025 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

25.2 years (2019 est.)

Nationality

adjective

Moldovan

noun

Moldovan(s)

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

18.9% (2016)

Physician density

4.02 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Population

female

1,891,434

male

1,687,496

total

3,578,930 (2025 est.)

Population growth rate

-0.57% (2025 est.)

Religions

Orthodox 90.1%, other Christian 2.6%, other 0.1%, agnostic <0.1%, atheist 0.2%, unspecified 6.9% (2014 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 82.9% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 89.7% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 98.7% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 17.1% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 10.3% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 1.3% of population (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

15 years (2023 est.)

male

15 years (2023 est.)

total

15 years (2023 est.)

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1 male(s)/female

15-64 years

0.94 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.62 male(s)/female

at birth

1.07 male(s)/female

total population

0.89 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

female

6.4% (2025 est.)

male

54.2% (2025 est.)

total

28.7% (2025 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.27 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

0.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

43.4% of total population (2023)

Administrative divisions

32 districts (raioane, singular - raion), 3 municipalities (municipii, singular - municipiul), 1 autonomous territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala autonoma), and 1 territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala) districts: Anenii Noi, Basarabeasca, Briceni, Cahul, Cantemir, Calarasi, Causeni, Cimislia, Criuleni, Donduseni, Drochia, Dubasari, Edinet, Falesti, Floresti, Glodeni, Hincesti, Ialoveni, Leova, Nisporeni, Ocnita, Orhei, Rezina, Riscani, Singerei, Soldanesti, Soroca, Stefan Voda, Straseni, Taraclia, Telenesti, Ungheni municipalities: Balti, Bender, Chisinau autonomous territorial unit: Gagauzia territorial unit: Stinga Nistrului (Transnistria)

Capital

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology

origin unclear but may derive from the Old Moldovan word kishineu ("spring" or "artesian well") 

geographic coordinates

47 00 N, 28 51 E

name

Chisinau in Romanian (Kishinev in Russian)

time difference

UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Moldova

dual citizenship recognized

no

residency requirement for naturalization

10 years

Constitution

amendment process

proposed by voter petition (at least 200,000 eligible voters), by at least one third of Parliament members, or by the government; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament within one year of initial proposal; revisions to constitutional articles on sovereignty, independence, and neutrality require majority vote by referendum; articles on fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended

history

previous 1978; latest adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August 1994

Country name

conventional long form

Republic of Moldova

conventional short form

Moldova

etymology

named for the Moldova River in neighboring eastern Romania; the river's name probably comes from the Indoeuropean root word mel, meaning "dark" or "black"

former

Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic

local long form

Republica Moldova

local short form

Moldova

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d&rsquo;Affaires Nick PIETROWICZ (since 2025)

email address and website

ChisinauACS@state.gov https://md.usembassy.gov/

embassy

103 Mateevici Street, Chisinau MD-2009

FAX

[373] (22) 233-044

mailing address

7080 Chisinau Place, Washington DC 20521-7080

telephone

[373] (22) 408-300

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2101 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Vladislav KULMINSKI (since 5 September 2025)

email address and website

washington@mfa.gov.md https://sua.mfa.gov.md/en

FAX

[1] (202) 667-2624

telephone

[1] (202) 667-1130

Executive branch

cabinet

Cabinet proposed by the prime minister-designate, nominated by the president, approved through a vote of confidence in Parliament

chief of state

President Maia SANDU (since 24 December 2020)

election results

2024: In the second round of presidential elections, incumbent Maia SANDU (PAS) wins 55.4% of the vote, Alexandr STOIANOGLO (PSRM) 44.6; turnout is 54.3% 2020: Maia SANDU elected president in second round; percent of vote in second round - Maia SANDU (PAS) 57.7%, Igor DODON (PSRM) 42.3%

election/appointment process

president directly elected for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister designated by the president in consultation with Parliament; within 15 days from designation, the prime minister-designate must request a vote of confidence for his/her proposed work program from the Parliament

expected date of next election

2028

head of government

Prime Minister Alexandru MUNTEANU (since 1 November 2025)

most recent election date

3 November 2024

Flag

description: three equal vertical bands of Prussian blue (left side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red; the Moldavan coat of arms in the center is a dark gold Roman eagle outlined in black, with a red beak and talons; the eagle carries a yellow cross in its beak, a green olive branch in its right talons, and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on the eagle's breast is a red-and-blue shield divided horizontally, with a stylized aurochs head, star, rose, and crescent in black and outlined yellow; the reverse of the flag displays a mirror image of the coat of arms history: replaced the communist flag in 1990; the coat of arms is based on traditional designs

Government type

parliamentary republic

Independence

27 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, CIS, EAEU (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the chief judge, 3 deputy-chief judges, 45 judges, and 7 assistant judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president and 6 judges)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court of Justice judges appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Superior Council of Magistracy, an 11-member body of judicial officials; all judges serve 4-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed 2 each by Parliament, the president, and the Higher Council of Magistracy for 6-year terms; court president elected by other court judges for a 3-year term

subordinate courts

Courts of Appeal; Court of Business Audit; municipal courts

Legal system

civil law system with Germanic law influences; Constitutional Court reviews legislative acts

Legislative branch

electoral system

proportional representation

expected date of next election

September 2029

legislative structure

unicameral

legislature name

Parliament (Parlament)

most recent election date

9/28/2025

number of seats

101 (all directly elected)

parties elected and seats per party

Action and Solidarity Party (PAS) (55); Electoral Bloc “Patriotic of Socialists, Communists, Heart and Future of Moldova” (26); Alternative Bloc (8); Our Party (6); Democracy at Home Party (6)

percentage of women in chamber

37.6%

scope of elections

full renewal

term in office

4 years

National anthem(s)

history

adopted 1994; originally a 12-verse poem, but only stanzas 1, 2, 5, 9, and 12 are included in the anthem

lyrics/music

Alexei MATEEVICI/Alexandru CRISTEA

title

"Limba noastra" (Our Tongue)

National color(s)

blue, yellow, red

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

Struve Geodetic Arc

total World Heritage Sites

1 (cultural)

National holiday

Independence Day, 27 August (1991)

National symbol(s)

aurochs (type of wild cattle)

Political parties

Common Action Party - Civil Congress or PAC-CC Democracy at Home Party or PPDA Future of Moldova Party or PVM National Alternative Movement or MAN Our Party or PN Party of Action and Solidarity or PAS Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova or PCRM Party of Development and Consolidation of Moldova or PDCM Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova or PSRM

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

wheat, maize, sunflower seeds, grapes, apples, sugar beets, barley, milk, rapeseed, potatoes (2023)

Budget

expenditures

$6.037 billion (2023 est.)

revenues

$5.197 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2022

-$2.482 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

-$1.893 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2024

-$2.917 billion (2024 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 2023

$2.637 billion (2023 est.)

Economic overview

upper middle-income Eastern European economy; sustained growth reversed by COVID-19; significant remittances; Russian energy and regional dependence; agricultural exporter; declining workforce due to emigration and low fertility

Exchange rates

Currency

Moldovan lei (MDL) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

17.322 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

17.68 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

18.897 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

18.164 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

17.792 (2024 est.)

Exports

Exports 2022

$5.981 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$5.866 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2024

$5.717 billion (2024 est.)

Exports - commodities

insulated wire, garments, refined petroleum, seed oils, wheat (2023)

Exports - partners

Romania 31%, Ukraine 13%, Italy 6%, Germany 6%, Czechia 4% (2023)

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

31.4% (2024 est.)

government consumption

17.9% (2024 est.)

household consumption

86.8% (2024 est.)

imports of goods and services

-57.3% (2024 est.)

investment in fixed capital

20% (2024 est.)

investment in inventories

1.1% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

7.1% (2024 est.)

industry

16.8% (2024 est.)

services

62.3% (2024 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$18.2 billion (2024 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022

25.9 (2022 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

22.5% (2022 est.)

lowest 10%

4.5% (2022 est.)

Imports

Imports 2022

$10.265 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$9.84 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2024

$10.418 billion (2024 est.)

Imports - commodities

refined petroleum, natural gas, cars, packaged medicine, plastic products (2023)

Imports - partners

Romania 16%, Ukraine 13%, China 11%, Turkey 8%, Germany 7% (2023)

Industrial production growth rate

3.3% (2024 est.)

Industries

sugar processing, vegetable oil, food processing, agricultural machinery; foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines; hosiery, shoes, textiles

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

28.7% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

13.4% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

4.7% (2024 est.)

Labor force

1.358 million (2024 est.)

Population below poverty line

31.1% (2022 est.)

Public debt

Public debt 2023

34.3% of GDP (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$38.835 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$39.301 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$39.342 billion (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2022

-4.6% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

1.2% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

0.1% (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita

Real GDP per capita 2022

$15,400 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$16,000 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$16,500 (2024 est.)

Remittances

Remittances 2022

14% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

12% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2024

10.5% of GDP (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$4.474 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$5.453 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$5.484 billion (2024 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

18.6% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2022

0.9% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

1.6% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

1.5% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

3.3% (2024 est.)

male

3.4% (2024 est.)

total

3.3% (2024 est.)

Coal

consumption

90,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

imports

86,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity

consumption

5.674 billion kWh (2023 est.)

exports

94 million kWh (2023 est.)

imports

1.264 billion kWh (2023 est.)

installed generating capacity

779,000 kW (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

550.069 million kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Electricity generation sources

biomass and waste

0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

fossil fuels

88% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity

6.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar

1.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

wind

3.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

35.686 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Natural gas

consumption

2.223 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports

2.223 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

production

10,000 cubic meters (2021 est.)

Petroleum

refined petroleum consumption

22,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

27 (2023 est.)

total

841,000 (2023 est.)

Broadcast media

state-owned national radio-TV broadcaster operates 1 TV and 1 radio station; total of nearly 70 terrestrial TV channels and about 50 radio stations; Russian and Romanian channels are available (2019)

Internet country code

.md

Internet users

percent of population

80% (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

28 (2023 est.)

total subscriptions

847,000 (2023 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

120 (2024 est.)

total subscriptions

3.64 million (2024 est.)

Airports

10 (2025)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

ER

Heliports

1 (2025)

Merchant marine

by type

bulk carrier 1, container ship 1, general cargo 44, oil tanker 7, other 22

total

75 (2023)

Railways

broad gauge

1,157 km (2014) 1.520-m gauge

standard gauge

14 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge

total

1,171 km (2014)

Military - note

the National Army is responsible for defense against external aggression, suppressing illegal military violence along the state border or inside the country, and supporting other internal security forces in maintaining public order if necessary; its primary focuses are Transnistrian separatist forces and their Russian backers; the 1992 war between Moldovan forces and the Transnistrian separatists backed by Russian troops ended with a cease-fire; the separatists maintain several armed paramilitary combat units, plus other security forces and reserves; Russia maintains approximately 1,500 troops in the breakaway region, including some Transnistrian locals who serve as Russian troops; some of those troops are under the authority of a peacekeeping force known as a Joint Control Commission that also includes Moldovan and separatist personnel, while the remainder of the Russian contingent guard a depot of Soviet-era ammunition and train separatist forces Moldova is constitutionally neutral but has maintained a relationship with NATO since 1992 and since 2022 has enhanced bilateral security cooperation with some NATO members; it has contributed small numbers of troops to NATO’s Kosovo Force (KFOR) since 2014, and a civilian NATO liaison office was established in Moldova in 2017 at the request of the Moldovan Government to promote practical cooperation and facilitate support; in 2024, Moldova signed a security and defense partnership agreement with the EU; it maintains close security relations with Romania, a member of the EU and NATO (2025)

Military and security forces

Armed Forces of the Republic of Moldova (Forțele Armate ale Republicii Moldova): National Army (comprised of Land Forces, Air Force) Ministry of Internal Affairs: General Inspectorate of Police (GPI), Border Police Department, Carabinieri Troops Department (2025)

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 6,500 Moldovan Armed Forces (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military's inventory is limited and almost entirely comprised of Soviet-era equipment; in recent years, it has received small amounts of donated equipment from some Western European nations and the US (2025)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2020

0.4% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

0.4% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

0.4% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

0.6% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2024

0.6% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; male registration required at age 16; 12-month service obligation; conscientious objectors can perform non-military service in public institutions for a longer period (up to 24 months) (2025)

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs

6 (2024 est.)

refugees

136,845 (2024 est.)

stateless persons

3,164 (2024 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

219,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas

3.786 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

3.087 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

total emissions

7.093 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Environmental issues

soil and water pollution from heavy use of agricultural chemicals; extensive soil erosion and declining soil fertility from farming methods

International environmental agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol

Particulate matter emissions

12.3 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Total renewable water resources

12.27 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

55 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

industrial

583 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

municipal

160 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

3.981 million tons (2024 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

36.9% (2022 est.)