2012 Edition

Background

Formerly an independent kingdom, Madagascar became a French colony in 1896 but regained independence in 1960. During 1992-93, free presidential and National Assembly elections were held ending 17 years of single-party rule. In 1997, in the second presidential race, Didier RATSIRAKA, the leader during the 1970s and 1980s, was returned to the presidency. The 2001 presidential election was contested between the followers of Didier RATSIRAKA and Marc RAVALOMANANA, nearly causing secession of half of the country. In April 2002, the High Constitutional Court announced RAVALOMANANA the winner. RAVALOMANANA achieved a second term following a landslide victory in the generally free and fair presidential elections of 2006. In early 2009, protests over increasing restrictions on opposition press and activities resulted in RAVALOMANANA stepping down and the presidency was conferred to the mayor of Antananarivo, Andry RAJOELINA. Numerous attempts have been made by regional and international organizations to resolve the subsequent political gridlock by forming a power-sharing government. As of late 2012, the country to be moving towards new elections sometime in 2013.

Area

587,041 sq km 581,540 sq km 5,501 sq km

total

587,041 sq km

water

5,501 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly less than twice the size of Arizona

Climate

tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south

Coastline

4,828 km

Elevation extremes

Indian Ocean 0 m Maromokotro 2,876 m

highest point

Maromokotro 2,876 m

lowest point

Indian Ocean 0 m

Environment - current issues

soil erosion results from deforestation and overgrazing; desertification; surface water contaminated with raw sewage and other organic wastes; several endangered species of flora and fauna unique to the island

Environment - international agreements

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands none of the selected agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

14.96 cu km/yr (3%/2%/96%) 804 cu m/yr (2000)

per capita

804 cu m/yr (2000)

total

14.96 cu km/yr (3%/2%/96%)

Geographic coordinates

20 00 S, 47 00 E

Geography - note

world's fourth-largest island; strategic location along Mozambique Channel

Irrigated land

10,860 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

0 km

Land use

5.03% 1.02% 93.95% (2005)

arable land

5.03%

other

93.95% (2005)

permanent crops

1.02%

Location

Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Mozambique

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

12 nm 24 nm 200 nm 200 nm or 100 nm from the 2,500-m isobath

contiguous zone

24 nm

continental shelf

200 nm or 100 nm from the 2,500-m isobath

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

periodic cyclones; drought; and locust infestation Madagascar's volcanoes have not erupted in historical times

volcanism

Madagascar's volcanoes have not erupted in historical times

Natural resources

graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, rare earth elements, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropower

Terrain

narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center

Total renewable water resources

337 cu km (1984)

Age structure

41.4% (male 4,593,719/ female 4,515,993) 55.5% (male 6,090,418/ female 6,118,424) 3.1% (male 311,810/ female 374,858) (2012 est.)

0-14 years

41.4% (male 4,593,719/ female 4,515,993)

15-64 years

55.5% (male 6,090,418/ female 6,118,424)

65 years and over

3.1% (male 311,810/ female 374,858) (2012 est.)

Birth rate

34 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

36.8% (2004)

Death rate

7.3 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)

Education expenditures

3% of GDP (2009)

Ethnic groups

Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers (mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry - Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian, Creole, Comoran

Health expenditures

6.2% of GDP (2009)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.2% (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

1,700 (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

24,000 (2009 est.)

Hospital bed density

0.3 beds/1,000 population (2005)

Infant mortality rate

47.4 deaths/1,000 live births 51.5 deaths/1,000 live births 43.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

female

43.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

total

47.4 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

French (official), Malagasy (official), English

Life expectancy at birth

64 years 61.97 years 66.1 years (2012 est.)

female

66.1 years (2012 est.)

total population

64 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 64.5% 67.4% 61.6% (2009 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

61.6% (2009 est.)

male

67.4%

total population

64.5%

Major cities - population

ANTANANARIVO (capital) 1.816 million (2009)

Major infectious diseases

very high bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever chikungunya, malaria, and plague schistosomiasis (2009)

degree of risk

very high

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases

chikungunya, malaria, and plague

water contact disease

schistosomiasis (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

240 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Median age

18.3 years 18 years 18.5 years (2012 est.)

female

18.5 years (2012 est.)

male

18 years

total

18.3 years

Nationality

Malagasy (singular and plural) Malagasy

adjective

Malagasy

noun

Malagasy (singular and plural)

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

2.1% (2005)

Physicians density

0.161 physicians/1,000 population (2007)

Population

22,005,222 (July 2012 est.)

Population growth rate

2.68% (2012 est.)

Religions

indigenous beliefs 52%, Christian 41%, Muslim 7%

Sanitation facility access

urban: 15% of population rural: 10% of population total: 11% of population urban: 85% of population rural: 90% of population total: 89% of population

rural

90% of population

total

89% of population

urban

85% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

11 years 11 years 11 years (2009)

female

11 years (2009)

male

11 years

total

11 years

Sex ratio

1.03 male(s)/female 1.01 male(s)/female 0.99 male(s)/female 0.79 male(s)/female 0.99 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

15-64 years

0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.79 male(s)/female

at birth

1.03 male(s)/female

total population

0.99 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

under 15 years

1.01 male(s)/female

Total fertility rate

4.45 children born/woman (2012 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

2.3% 1.7% 2.8% (2005)

female

2.8% (2005)

total

2.3%

Urbanization

30% of total population (2010) 3.9% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

3.9% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

30% of total population (2010)

Administrative divisions

6 provinces (faritany); Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliara

Capital

Antananarivo 18 55 S, 47 31 E UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

geographic coordinates

18 55 S, 47 31 E

name

Antananarivo

time difference

UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

passed by referendum 17 November 2010; promulgated 11 December 2010 (2010)

Country name

Republic of Madagascar Madagascar Republique de Madagascar/Repoblikan'i Madagasikara Madagascar/Madagasikara Malagasy Republic

conventional long form

Republic of Madagascar

conventional short form

Madagascar

former

Malagasy Republic

local long form

Republique de Madagascar/Repoblikan'i Madagasikara

local short form

Madagascar/Madagasikara

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador [vacant]; Charge d'Affaires Eric WONG 14-16 Rue Rainitovo, Antsahavola, Antananarivo 101 B. P. 620, Antsahavola, Antananarivo [261] (20) 22-212-57, 22-212-73, 22-209-56 [261] (20) 22-345-39

chief of mission

Ambassador [vacant]; Charge d'Affaires Eric WONG

embassy

14-16 Rue Rainitovo, Antsahavola, Antananarivo 101

FAX

[261] (20) 22-345-39

mailing address

B. P. 620, Antsahavola, Antananarivo

telephone

[261] (20) 22-212-57, 22-212-73, 22-209-56

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Velotiana Rakotoanosy RAOBELINA 2374 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 [1] (202) 265-5525 through 5526 [1] (202) 265-3034 Los Angeles, New York

chancery

2374 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Velotiana Rakotoanosy RAOBELINA

consulate(s) general

Los Angeles, New York

FAX

[1] (202) 265-3034

telephone

[1] (202) 265-5525 through 5526

Executive branch

President Andry Nirina RAJOELINA (since 18 March 2009) Prime Minister Jean Omer BERIZIKY (since 2 November 2011) Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 3 December 2006 (next to be held on 8 May 2013); prime minister appointed by the president; note - a power-sharing agreement in the summer of 2009 established a 15-month transition, concluding in general elections tentatively scheduled for 8 May 2013 after repeated delays percent of vote - Marc RAVALOMANANA 54.8%, Jean LAHINIRIKO 11.7%, Roland RATSIRAKA 10.1%, Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO 9.1%, Norbert RATSIRAHONANA 4.2%, Ny Hasina ANDRIAMANJATO 4.2%, Elia RAVELOMANANTSOA 2.6%, Pety RAKOTONIAINA 1.7%, other 1.6%; note - RAVALOMANANA stepped down on 17 March 2009 on 17 March 2009, democratically elected President Marc RAVALOMANANA stepped down handing the government over to the military, which in turn conferred the presidency on opposition leader and Antananarivo mayor Andry RAJOELINA, who will head the High Transitional Authority; a power-sharing agreement was reached in August 2009, establishing a 15-month transition period to conclude with general elections in 2010; as of December 2012 elections had still not been scheduled but the country appears to be moving towards elections in 2013

cabinet

Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

chief of state

President Andry Nirina RAJOELINA (since 18 March 2009)

election results

percent of vote - Marc RAVALOMANANA 54.8%, Jean LAHINIRIKO 11.7%, Roland RATSIRAKA 10.1%, Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO 9.1%, Norbert RATSIRAHONANA 4.2%, Ny Hasina ANDRIAMANJATO 4.2%, Elia RAVELOMANANTSOA 2.6%, Pety RAKOTONIAINA 1.7%, other 1.6%; note - RAVALOMANANA stepped down on 17 March 2009

elections

president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 3 December 2006 (next to be held on 8 May 2013); prime minister appointed by the president; note - a power-sharing agreement in the summer of 2009 established a 15-month transition, concluding in general elections tentatively scheduled for 8 May 2013 after repeated delays

head of government

Prime Minister Jean Omer BERIZIKY (since 2 November 2011)

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical white band of the same width on hoist side; by tradition, red stands for sovereignty, green for hope, white for purity

Government type

republic

Independence

26 June 1960 (from France)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, AU (suspended), CD, COMESA, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; High Constitutional Court or Haute Cour Constitutionnelle

Legal system

civil law system based on the old French civil code and customary law in matters of marriage, family, and obligation

Legislative branch

bicameral legislature consists of a Senate or Senat (100 seats; two-thirds of the members appointed by regional assemblies; the remaining one-third appointed by the president; members to serve four-year terms) and a National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (127 seats - reduced from 160 seats by an April 2007 national referendum; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) National Assembly - last held on 23 September 2007 (next to be held on 3 July 2013); note - a power-sharing agreement in the summer of 2009 established a 15-month transition, concluding in general elections tentatively scheduled for 3 July 2013 after repeated delays National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - TIM 106, LEADER/Fanilo 1, independents 20

election results

National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - TIM 106, LEADER/Fanilo 1, independents 20

elections

National Assembly - last held on 23 September 2007 (next to be held on 3 July 2013); note - a power-sharing agreement in the summer of 2009 established a 15-month transition, concluding in general elections tentatively scheduled for 3 July 2013 after repeated delays

National anthem

"Ry Tanindraza nay malala o" (Oh, Our Beloved Fatherland) Pasteur RAHAJASON/Norbert RAHARISOA adopted 1959

lyrics/music

Pasteur RAHAJASON/Norbert RAHARISOA

name

"Ry Tanindraza nay malala o" (Oh, Our Beloved Fatherland)

National holiday

Independence Day, 26 June (1960)

Political parties and leaders

Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar or AREMA [Pierrot RAJAONARIVELO]; Democratic Party for Union in Madagascar or PSDUM [Jean LAHINIRIKO]; Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action for National Recovery or LEADER/Fanilo [Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO]; Fihaonana Party or FP [Guy-Willy RAZANAMASY]; I Love Madagascar or TIM [Marc RAVALOMANANA]; Renewal of the Social Democratic Party or RPSD [Evariste MARSON]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Committee for the Defense of Truth and Justice or KMMR; Committee for National Reconciliation or CRN [Albert Zafy]; National Council of Christian Churches or FFKM

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, cloves, cocoa, rice, cassava (tapioca), beans, bananas, peanuts; livestock products

Budget

$1.738 billion $1.907 billion (2012 est.)

expenditures

$1.907 billion (2012 est.)

revenues

$1.738 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-1.7% of GDP (2012 est.)

Central bank discount rate

5% (31 December 2010 est.) NA% (31 December 2009 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

42% (31 December 2012 est.) 52.5% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance

-$2.322 billion (2012 est.) -$2.526 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$2.631 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $2.362 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

47.5 (2001) 38.1 (1999)

Economy - overview

After discarding socialist economic policies in the mid-1990s, Madagascar followed a World Bank- and IMF-led policy of privatization and liberalization that has been undermined since the start of the political crisis. This strategy placed the country on a slow and steady growth path from an extremely low level. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is a mainstay of the economy, accounting for more than one-fourth of GDP and employing 80% of the population. Exports of apparel boomed in recent years primarily due to duty-free access to the US, however, Madagascar's failure to comply with the requirements of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) led to the termination of the country's duty-free access in January 2010 and a sharp fall in textile production. Deforestation and erosion, aggravated by the use of firewood as the primary source of fuel, are serious concerns. The current political crisis, which began in early 2009, has dealt additional blows to the economy. Tourism dropped more than 50% in 2009 compared with the previous year, and many investors are wary of entering the uncertain investment environment. Growth was anemic during 2010 to 2012 although expansion in mining and agricultural sectors is expected to contribute to more growth in 2013.

Exchange rates

Malagasy ariary (MGA) per US dollar - 2,220 (2012 est.) 2,025.1 (2011 est.) 2,090 (2010 est.) 1,956.2 (2009) 1,654.78 (2008)

Exports

$1.533 billion (2012 est.) $1.394 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities

coffee, vanilla, shellfish, sugar, cotton cloth, clothing, chromite, petroleum products

Exports - partners

France 22.9%, Indonesia 15.5%, Singapore 6.7%, China 5.7%, Germany 5.5%, US 5% (2011)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition by sector

28.3% 16.5% 55.2% (2012 est.)

agriculture

28.3%

industry

16.5%

services

55.2% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$1,000 (2012 est.) $1,000 (2011 est.) $1,000 (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

1.9% (2012 est.) 1.8% (2011 est.) 0.4% (2010 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$10.05 billion (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$21.37 billion (2012 est.) $20.97 billion (2011 est.) $20.6 billion (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

Household income or consumption by percentage share

2.2% 34.7% (2010 est.)

highest 10%

34.7% (2010 est.)

lowest 10%

2.2%

Imports

$3.876 billion (2012 est.) $3.765 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities

capital goods, petroleum, consumer goods, food

Imports - partners

China 17.4%, France 13.3%, South Africa 5.7%, Singapore 4.9%, Bahrain 4.8%, Mauritius 4.6%, Kuwait 4.5%, India 4.1% (2011)

Industrial production growth rate

2% (2010 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

9.2% (2012 est.) 9.5% (2011 est.)

Investment (gross fixed)

18.7% of GDP (2012 est.)

Labor force

9.504 million (2007)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$NA

Population below poverty line

50% (2004 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$1.294 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $1.279 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$2.926 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $2.223 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$NA

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$NA

Stock of domestic credit

$1.349 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $1.048 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$1.823 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $1.445 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

17.3% of GDP (2012 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

3.384 million Mt (2010 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2009 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2009 est.)

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2012 est.)

Electricity - consumption

1.256 billion kWh (2009 est.)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

69.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

30.5% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2009 est.)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

406,000 kW (2009 est.)

Electricity - production

1.35 billion kWh (2009 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2006 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

17,480 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2008 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

14,250 bbl/day (2008 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2008 est.)

Broadcast media

state-owned Radio Nationale Malagasy (RNM) and Television Malagasy (TVM) have an extensive national network reach; privately-owned radio and TV broadcasters in cities and major towns; state-run radio dominates in rural areas; relays of 2 international broadcasters are available in Antananarivo (2007)

Internet country code

.mg

Internet hosts

38,392 (2012)

Internet users

319,900 (2009)

Telephone system

system is above average for the region; Antananarivo's main telephone exchange modernized in the late 1990s, but the rest of the analogue-based telephone system is poorly developed combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity about 40 per 100 persons country code - 261; landing point for the EASSy, SEACOM, and LION fiber-optic submarine cable systems; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intelsat - Indian Ocean, 1 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region)

domestic

combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity about 40 per 100 persons

general assessment

system is above average for the region; Antananarivo's main telephone exchange modernized in the late 1990s, but the rest of the analogue-based telephone system is poorly developed

international

country code - 261; landing point for the EASSy, SEACOM, and LION fiber-optic submarine cable systems; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intelsat - Indian Ocean, 1 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region)

Telephones - main lines in use

138,100 (2011)

Telephones - mobile cellular

8.665 million (2011)

Airports

82 (2012)

Airports - with paved runways

1 (2012)

1,524 to 2,437 m

6

2,438 to 3,047 m

2

914 to 1,523 m

16

over 3,047 m

1

total

26

under 914 m

1 (2012)

Airports - with unpaved runways

18 (2012)

1,524 to 2,437 m

2

914 to 1,523 m

36

total

56

under 914 m

18 (2012)

Merchant marine

cargo 1 1 (unknown 1) (2010)

registered in other countries

1 (unknown 1) (2010)

total

1

Ports and terminals

Antsiranana (Diego Suarez), Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliara (Tulear)

Railways

854 km 854 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)

total

854 km

Roadways

65,663 km 7,617 km 58,046 km (2003)

total

65,663 km

unpaved

58,046 km (2003)

Waterways

600 km (432 km navigable) (2011)

Manpower available for military service

4,900,729 4,909,061 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

4,909,061 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

4,900,729

Manpower fit for military service

3,390,071 3,682,180 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

3,682,180 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

3,390,071

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

248,184 246,769 (2010 est.)

female

246,769 (2010 est.)

male

248,184

Military branches

People's Armed Forces: Intervention Force, Development Force, and Aeronaval Force (navy and air); National Gendarmerie

People's Armed Forces

Intervention Force, Development Force, and Aeronaval Force (navy and air); National Gendarmerie

Military expenditures

1% of GDP (2006)

Military service age and obligation

18-25 years of age for male-only voluntary military service; no conscription; service obligation - 18 months (either military or equivalent civil service); 20-30 years of age for National Gendarmerie recruits (35 years of age for those with military experience) (2010)

Disputes - international

claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island (all administered by France); the vegetated drying cays of Banc du Geyser, which were claimed by Madagascar in 1976, also fall within the EEZ claims of the Comoros and France (Glorioso Islands, part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands)

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild varieties) used mostly for domestic consumption; transshipment point for heroin