2021 Edition

Background

Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and an independent state under the Netherlands. It lost more than half of its territory to Belgium in 1839 but gained a larger measure of autonomy. In 1867, Luxembourg attained full independence under the condition that it promise perpetual neutrality. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, it ended its neutrality in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and when it joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the EEC (later the EU), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency zone.

Area

land

2,586 sq km

total

2,586 sq km

water

0 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Rhode Island; about half the size of Delaware

Climate

modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

highest point

Buurgplaatz 559 m

lowest point

Moselle River 133 m

mean elevation

325 m

Geographic coordinates

49 45 N, 6 10 E

Geography - note

landlocked; the only grand duchy in the world

Irrigated land

0 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

border countries

Belgium 130 km, France 69 km, Germany 128 km

total

327 km

Land use

agricultural land

50.7% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 24% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 26.1% (2018 est.)

forest

33.5% (2018 est.)

other

15.8% (2018 est.)

Location

Western Europe, between France and Germany

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

occasional flooding

Natural resources

iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land

Population distribution

most people live in the south, on or near the border with France

Terrain

mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast

Age structure

0-14 years

16.73% (male 54,099/female 51,004)

15-24 years

11.78% (male 37,946/female 36,061)

25-54 years

43.93% (male 141,535/female 134,531)

55-64 years

12.19% (male 39,289/female 37,337)

65 years and over

15.37% (male 43,595/female 52,984) (2020 est.)

Birth rate

11.62 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

NA

Contraceptive prevalence rate

NA

Current Health Expenditure

5.3% (2018)

Death rate

7.26 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

20.5

potential support ratio

4.9 (2020 est.)

total dependency ratio

42.8

youth dependency ratio

22.2

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 98.8% of population

improved: total

total: 99% of population

improved: urban

urban: 100% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 1.2% of population

unimproved: total

total: 1% of population (2017 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population

Education expenditures

3.7% of GDP (2018)

Ethnic groups

Luxembourger 51.1%, Portuguese 15.7%, French 7.5%, Italian 3.6%, Belgian 3.3%, German 2.1%, Spanish 1.1%, British 1%, other 14.6% (2019 est.)

note

note: data represent population by nationality

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.3% (2018 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

1,200 (2018 est.)

Hospital bed density

4.3 beds/1,000 population (2019)

Infant mortality rate

female

2.87 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)

male

3.7 deaths/1,000 live births

total

3.3 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Luxembourgish (official administrative and judicial language and national language (spoken vernacular)) 55.8%, Portuguese 15.7%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 12.1%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 3.1%, Italian 2.9%, English 2.1%, other 8.4% (2011 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

female

85.39 years (2021 est.)

male

80.31 years

total population

82.78 years

Major urban areas - population

120,000 LUXEMBOURG (capital) (2018)

Maternal mortality ratio

5 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Median age

female

40 years (2020 est.)

male

38.9 years

total

39.5 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

31.1 years (2019 est.)

Nationality

adjective

Luxembourg

noun

Luxembourger(s)

Net migration rate

12.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

22.6% (2016)

Physicians density

3.01 physicians/1,000 population (2017)

Population

639,589 (July 2021 est.)

Population distribution

most people live in the south, on or near the border with France

Population growth rate

1.7% (2021 est.)

Religions

Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 70.6%, Muslim 2.3%, other (includes Buddhist, folk religions, Hindu, Jewish) 0.4%, unaffiliated 26.7%% (2020 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 99.9% of population

improved: total

total: 100% of population

improved: urban

urban: 100% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 0.1% of population

unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2017 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

14 years (2019)

male

14 years

total

14 years

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.05 male(s)/female

25-54 years

1.05 male(s)/female

55-64 years

1.05 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.82 male(s)/female

at birth

1.06 male(s)/female

total population

1.02 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.63 children born/woman (2021 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

female

21.3% (2020 est.)

male

24.8%

total

23.2%

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

91.7% of total population (2021)

Administrative divisions

12 cantons (cantons, singular - canton); Capellen, Clervaux, Diekirch, Echternach, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg, Mersch, Redange, Remich, Vianden, Wiltz

Capital

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology

the name derives from the Celtic "lucilem" (little) and the German "burg" (castle or fortress) to produce the meaning of the "little castle"; the name is actually ironic, since for centuries the Fortress of Luxembourg was one of Europe's most formidable fortifications; the name passed to the city that grew around the fortress

geographic coordinates

49 36 N, 6 07 E

name

Luxembourg

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

limited to situations where the parents are either unknown, stateless, or when the nationality law of the parents' state of origin does not permit acquisition of citizenship by descent when the birth occurs outside of national territory

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Luxembourg

dual citizenship recognized

yes

residency requirement for naturalization

7 years

Constitution

amendments

proposed by the Chamber of Deputies or by the monarch to the Chamber; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Chamber in two successive readings three months apart; a referendum can be substituted for the second reading if approved by more than a quarter of the Chamber members or by 25,000 valid voters; adoption by referendum requires a majority of all valid voters; amended many times, last in 2020

history

previous 1842 (heavily amended 1848, 1856); latest effective 17 October 1868

Country name

conventional long form

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

conventional short form

Luxembourg

etymology

the name derives from the Celtic "lucilem" (little) and the German "burg" (castle or fortress) to produce the meaning of the "little castle"; the name is actually ironic, since for centuries the Fortress of Luxembourg was one of Europe's most formidable fortifications; the name passed to the surrounding city and then to the country itself

local long form

Grand Duche de Luxembourg

local short form

Luxembourg

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Casey MACE (since 20 January 2021)

email address and website

Luxembourgconsular@state.govhttps://lu.usembassy.gov/

embassy

22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City

FAX

[352] 46-14-01

mailing address

5380 Luxembourg Place, Washington DC  20521-5380

telephone

[352] 46-01-23-00

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Nicole BINTNER-BAKSHIAN (since 19 August 2021)

consulate(s) general

New York, San Francisco

email address and website

washington.amb@mae.etat.luhttps://washington.mae.lu/en.html

FAX

[1] (202) 328-8270

telephone

[1] (202) 265-4171

Executive branch

cabinet

Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister, appointed by the monarch

chief of state

Grand Duke HENRI (since 7 October 2000); Heir Apparent Prince GUILLAUME (son of the monarch, born 11 November 1981)

elections/appointments

the monarchy is hereditary; following elections to the Chamber of Deputies, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch; deputy prime minister appointed by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies

head of government

Prime Minister Xavier BETTEL (since 4 December 2013); Deputy Prime Minister Francois BAUSCH (since 11 October 2019); Deputy Prime Minister Daniel KERSCH (since 4 February 2020)

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; the coloring is derived from the Grand Duke's coat of arms (a red lion on a white and blue striped field)

Government type

constitutional monarchy

Independence

1839 (from the Netherlands)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

highest courts

Supreme Court of Justice includes Court of Appeal and Court of Cassation (consists of 27 judges on 9 benches); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)

judge selection and term of office

judges of both courts appointed by the monarch for life

subordinate courts

Court of Accounts; district and local tribunals and courts

Legal system

civil law system

Legislative branch

description

unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (60 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms); note - a 21-member Council of State appointed by the Grand Duke on the advice of the prime minister serves as an advisory body to the Chamber of Deputies

election results

percent of vote by party - CSV 28.3%, LSAP 17.6%, DP 16.9%, Green Party 15.1%, ADR 8.3%, Pirate Party 6.4%, The Left 5.5%, other 1.9%; seats by party - CSV 21, DP 12, LSAP 10, Green Party 9, ADR 4, Pirate Party 2, The Left 2; composition (as of September 2021) - men 39, women 21, percent of women 35%

elections

last held on 14 October 2018 (next to be held by 31 October 2023)

National anthem

lyrics/music

Michel LENTZ/Jean-Antoine ZINNEN; Nikolaus WELTER/unknown

name

"Ons Heemecht" (Our Motherland); "De Wilhelmus" (The William)

note

note: "Ons Heemecht," adopted 1864, is the national anthem, while "De Wilhelmus," adopted 1919, serves as a royal anthem for use when members of the grand ducal family enter or exit a ceremony in Luxembourg

National holiday

National Day (birthday of Grand Duke HENRI), 23 June; note - this date of birth is not the true date of birth for any of the Royals, but the national festivities were shifted in 1962 to allow observance during a more favorable time of year

National symbol(s)

red, rampant lion; national colors: red, white, light blue

Political parties and leaders

Alternative Democratic Reform Party or ADR [Jean SCHOOS]Christian Social People's Party or CSV [Felix EISCHEN]Democratic Party or DP [Corinne CAHEN]Green Party [Djuna BERNARD, Meris SEHOVIC]Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Yves CRUCHTEN]The Left (dei Lenk/la Gauche) [collective leadership, Central Committee]other minor parties

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Agricultural products

milk, wheat, barley, triticale, potatoes, pork, beef, grapes, rapeseed, oats

Budget

expenditures

26.8 billion (2017 est.)

revenues

27.75 billion (2017 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

1.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Credit ratings

Fitch rating

AAA (1994)

Moody's rating

Aaa (1989)

Standard & Poors rating

AAA (1994)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2018

$3.296 billion (2018 est.)

Current account balance 2019

$3.254 billion (2019 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 2018

$4,581,617,000,000 (2018 est.)

Debt - external 2019

$4,266,792,000,000 (2019 est.)

Economic overview

This small, stable, high-income economy has historically featured solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. Luxembourg, the only Grand Duchy in the world, is a landlocked country in northwestern Europe surrounded by Belgium, France, and Germany. Despite its small landmass and small population, Luxembourg is the fifth-wealthiest country in the world when measured on a gross domestic product (PPP) per capita basis. Luxembourg has one of the highest current account surpluses as a share of GDP in the euro zone, and it maintains a healthy budgetary position, with a 2017 surplus of 0.5% of GDP, and the lowest public debt level in the region.Since 2002, Luxembourg’s government has proactively implemented policies and programs to support economic diversification and to attract foreign direct investment. The government focused on key innovative industries that showed promise for supporting economic growth: logistics, information and communications technology (ICT); health technologies, including biotechnology and biomedical research; clean energy technologies, and more recently, space technology and financial services technologies. The economy has evolved and flourished, posting strong GDP growth of 3.4% in 2017, far outpacing the European average of 1.8%.Luxembourg remains a financial powerhouse – the financial sector accounts for more than 35% of GDP - because of the exponential growth of the investment fund sector through the launch and development of cross-border funds (UCITS) in the 1990s. Luxembourg is the world’s second-largest investment fund asset domicile, after the US, with $4 trillion of assets in custody in financial institutions.Luxembourg has lost some of its advantage as a favorable tax location because of OECD and EU pressure, as well as the "LuxLeaks" scandal, which revealed advantageous tax treatments offered to foreign corporations. In 2015, the government’s compliance with EU requirements to implement automatic exchange of tax information on savings accounts - thus ending banking secrecy - has constricted banking activity. Likewise, changes to the way EU members collect taxes from e-commerce has cut Luxembourg’s sales tax revenues, requiring the government to raise additional levies and to reduce some direct social benefits as part of the tax reform package of 2017. The tax reform package also included reductions in the corporate tax rate and increases in deductions for families, both intended to increase purchasing power and increase competitiveness.

Exchange rates

currency

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2013

0.7634 (2013 est.)

Exchange rates 2014

0.885 (2014 est.)

Exchange rates 2018

0.87789 (2018 est.)

Exchange rates 2019

0.90338 (2019 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

0.82771 (2020 est.)

Exports

Exports 2018

$136.11 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)

Exports 2019

$133.59 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

Exports 2020

$137.09 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

Exports - commodities

iron and iron products, tires, cars, broadcasting equipment, clothing and apparel  (2019)

Exports - partners

Germany 23%, France 13%, Belgium 12%, Netherlands 6%, Italy 5% (2019)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

230% (2017 est.)

government consumption

16.5% (2017 est.)

household consumption

30.2% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services

-194% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital

16.2% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories

1.1% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

0.3% (2017 est.)

industry

12.8% (2017 est.)

services

86.9% (2017 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$71.089 billion (2019 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2005

26 (2005 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017

34.9 (2017 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

23.8% (2000)

lowest 10%

3.5%

Imports

Imports 2018

$110.28 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)

Imports 2019

$108.29 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

Imports 2020

$110.1 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

Imports - commodities

cars, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, scrap iron, aircraft (2019)

Imports - partners

Belgium 27%, Germany 24%, France 11%, Netherlands 5% (2019)

Industrial production growth rate

1.9% (2017 est.)

Industries

banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017

1.7% (2017 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018

1.5% (2018 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019

1.7% (2019 est.)

Labor force

476,000 (2020 est.)

note

note: data exclude foreign workers; in addition to the figure for domestic labor force, about 150,000 workers commute daily from France, Belgium, and Germany

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

1.1%

industry

20%

services

78.9% (2013 est.)

Population below poverty line

17.5% (2018 est.)

Public debt

note

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Public debt 2016

20.8% of GDP (2016 est.)

Public debt 2017

23% of GDP (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

note

note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018

$69.06 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019

$70.64 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020

$69.72 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2017

1.81% (2017 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2018

3.14% (2018 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2019

2.31% (2019 est.)

Real GDP per capita

note

note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2018

$113,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2019

$113,900 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2020

$110,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016

$974 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017

$878 million (31 December 2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

44.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2018

5.46% (2018 est.)

Unemployment rate 2019

5.36% (2019 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

female

21.3% (2020 est.)

male

24.8%

total

23.2%

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Electricity - consumption

6.475 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - exports

1.42 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

25% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

8% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

67% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - imports

7.718 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

1.709 million kW (2016 est.)

Electricity - production

334.5 million kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population

100% (2020)

Natural gas - consumption

792.8 million cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - imports

792.8 million cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

59,850 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

59,020 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

37.57 (2020 est.)

total

235,155 (2020)

Broadcast media

Luxembourg has a long tradition of operating radio and TV services for pan-European audiences and is home to Europe's largest privately owned broadcast media group, the RTL Group, which operates 46 TV stations and 29 radio stations in Europe; also home to Europe's largest satellite operator, Societe Europeenne des Satellites (SES); domestically, the RTL Group operates TV and radio networks; other domestic private radio and TV operators and French and German stations available; satellite and cable TV services available

Internet country code

.lu

Internet users

percent of population

98.82% (2020 est.)

total

612,100 (2021 est.)

Telecommunication systems

domestic

fixed-line teledensity about 43 per 100 persons; nationwide mobile-cellular telephone system with market for mobile-cellular phones virtually saturated with 136 per 100 mobile-cellular (2019)

general assessment

small but highly developed telecom system dominated by state-owned operator; gains in fixed-line and drop in mobile/roving sector during 2020 travel restrictions; government-state operator extended 1GB/s service with aims to make Luxembourg the first fully fiber country in Europe; regulator completed auction for 5G spectrum; importer of broadcast equipment from China (2020)

international

country code - 352

note

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

42.83 (2020 est.)

total subscriptions

268,090 (2020)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

142.2 (2020 est.)

total subscriptions

890,000 (2020)

Airports

total

2 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

over 3,047 m

1 (2019)

total

1

Airports - with unpaved runways

total

1

under 914 m

1 (2013)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

LX

Heliports

1 (2013)

Merchant marine

by type

bulk carrier 4, container ship 1, general cargo 23, oil tanker 3, other 122 (2021)

total

153

National air transport system

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

7,323,040,000 mt-km (2018)

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

2,099,102 (2018)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

66

number of registered air carriers

4 (2020)

Pipelines

142 km gas, 27 km refined products (2013)

Ports and terminals

river port(s)

Mertert (Moselle)

Railways

standard gauge

275 km 1.435-m gauge (275 km electrified) (2014)

total

275 km (2014)

Roadways

total

2,875 km (2019)

Waterways

37 km (on Moselle River) (2010)

Military - note

Luxembourg is a member of NATO and was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949

Military and security forces

Luxembourg Army (l'Armée Luxembourgeoise) (2021)

Military and security service personnel strengths

the Luxembourg Army has approximately 900 active personnel (2021)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the inventory of Luxembourg's Army is a mix of European and US equipment; since 2010, it has received small quantities of equipment from Germany, Norway, and Sweden (2021)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2016

0.39% of GDP (2016)

Military Expenditures 2017

0.51% of GDP (2017)

Military Expenditures 2018

0.5% of GDP (2018)

Military Expenditures 2019

0.54% of GDP (2019)

Military Expenditures 2020

0.57% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18-26 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription (abolished 1969); Luxembourg citizen or EU citizen with 3-year residence in Luxembourg (2021)

Disputes - international

none

Refugees and internally displaced persons

stateless persons

194 (2020)

Air pollutants

carbon dioxide emissions

8.99 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions

0.61 megatons (2020 est.)

particulate matter emissions

10.21 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

Climate

modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

Environment - current issues

air and water pollution in urban areas, soil pollution of farmland; unsustainable patterns of consumption (transport, energy, recreation, space) threaten biodiversity and landscapes

Environment - international agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

Environmental Modification

Land use

agricultural land

50.7% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 24% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 26.1% (2018 est.)

forest

33.5% (2018 est.)

other

15.8% (2018 est.)

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)

Revenue from coal

coal revenues

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from forest resources

forest revenues

0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)

Total renewable water resources

3.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

400,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial

1.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

municipal

43.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

91.7% of total population (2021)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

356,000 tons (2015 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually

100,997 tons (2015 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

28.4% (2015 est.)