1981 Edition

Area

11,422 km2; 21% arable, 23% meadows and pastures, 19% forested, 37% waste, urban, or other

370,370 km2; 16% arable and cultivated, 3% grassland, 12% urban and waste, 69% forested

Coastline

1,022 km

13,685 km

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

12 nm

12 nm except 3 nm in five international straits (fishing 200 nm)

Ethnic divisions

African 76.3%, Afro-European 15.1%, East Indian and Afro-East Indian 3.4%, white 3.2%, Chinese and Afro-Chinese 1.2%, other 0.9%

99.2% Japanese, 0.8% other (mostly Korean)

Labor force

1,006,900, including 269,000 unemployed (1980); 30% in agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining, 10% manufacturing/mining, 14% public administration, 4% construction, 11% commerce, 4% transportation and utilities, 16% services; 26% unemployed; shortage of technical and managerial personnel

Language

English

Japanese

Literacy

government claims 82%, but probably only about one-half of that number are functionally literate

99% Labor force (1980): 56.5 million; 10% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 35% manufacturing, mining, and construction; 51% trade and services; 4% government; 2% unemployed

Nationality

noun — Jamaican(s); adjective — Jamaican

noun — Japanese (sing., pi.); adjective — Japanese

Organized labor

about 33% of labor force (1980)

22% of labor force

Population

2,295,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.2%

118,519,000, (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.7%

Religion

predominantly Protestant, some Roman Catholic, some spiritualist cults

most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites; about 16% belong to other faiths, including 0.8% Christian

Branches

Cabinet headed by Prime Minister; 60-member elected House of Representatives; 21-member Senate (13 nominated by the Prime Minister, eight by opposition leader); judiciary follows British tradition under a Chief Justice

Emperor is merely symbol of state; executive power is vested in Cabinet dominated by the Prime Minister, chosen by the lower house of the bicameral, elective legislature (Diet); judiciary is independent

Capital

Kingston

Tokyo

Communists

Communist Party of Jamaica; Worker's Party of Jamaica; Worker's Party of Jamaica, Trevor Munroe

approximately 400,000 registered Communist Party members

Elections

at discretion of Governor General upon advice of Prime Minister but within five years; latest held 30 October 1980 Political parties and leaders: Jamaica Labor Party (JLP), Edward Seaga; People's National Party (PNP), Michael Manley

general elections held every four years or upon dissolution of lower house, triennially for one-half of upper house Political parties and leaders: Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Z. Suzuki, president; Japan Socialist Party (JSP), I. Asukata, chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), R. Sasaki, chairman; Japan Communist Party (JCP), K. Miyamoto, Presidium chairman; Komeito (CGP), Y. Takeiri, chairman; New Liberal Club (NLC), S. Tagawa; Social Democratic Federation (SDF), H. Den Voting strength (1980 elections): Lower House— 47.9% LDP, 19.3% JSP, 9.8% JCP, 9.0% CGP, 6.6% DSP, 3.0% NLC, 0.7% SDF, 3.6% independents and minor parties; Upper House— 43.3% LDP, 22.4% JSP, 11.7% JCP, 5.0% CGP, 5.1% DSP, 0.6% NLC, 0.0% SDF, 11.8% independents and minor parties

Government leader

Prime Minister Edward P. G. SEAGA; Governor General Florizel GLASSPOLE

Government leaders

Emperor HIROHITO; Prime Minister Zenko SUZUKI

Legal system

based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

civil law system with English-American influence; constitution promulgated in 1946; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Member of

CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDE, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, NAM, O$>, Pan American Health Organization, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

ADB, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Whaling Commission, IWC — International Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG

National holiday

7 August

Birthday of the Emperor, 29 April JAPAN (Continued)

Official name

Jamaica

Japan

Other political or pressure groups

New World Group (Caribbean regionalists, nationalists, and leftist intellectual fraternity); Rastafarians (Negro religious/racial cultists, panAfricanists); New Creation International Peacemakers Tabernacle (leftist group); Workers Liberation League (a Marxist coalition of students/labor)

Political subdivisions

12 parishes and the Kingston-St. Andrew corporate area

47 prefectures

Suffrage

universal, age 18 and over

universal over age 20

Type

independent state within Commonwealth since August 1962, recognizing Elizabeth II as head of state

constitutional monarchy

Voting strength

(1980 general elections) approx. 58.8% JLP (51 seats in House), 41.2% PNP (9 seats)

Agriculture

main crops — sugarcane, citrus fruits, bananas, pimento, coconuts, coffee, cocoa, tobacco

land intensively cultivated — rice, sugar, vegetables, fruits; 73% self-sufficient in food (1978); food shortages — meat, wheat, feed grains, edible oil and fats; caloric intake, 2,502 calories per day per capita (1974)

Aid

bilateral economic and committed (ODA and OOF), $22 billion (1970-79)

Budget

revenue $0.8 billion, expenditure $1.3 billion (1981)

revenues $101 billion, expenditures $168 billion, deficit $67 billion (general account for fiscal year ending March 1980)

Crude steel

111 million metric tons produced (1980)

Electric power

1,400,000 kW capacity (1981); 2.2 billion kWh produced (1981), 974 kWh per capita

153,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 520.0 billion kWh produced (1980), 4,435 kWh per capita

Exports

$1 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); alumina, bauxite, sugar, bananas, citrus fruits and fruit products, rum, cocoa

$130.7 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 88% manufactures (including 27% machinery, 23% motor vehicles, 14% iron and steel)

Fiscal year

1 April-31 March

1 April-31 March

Fishing

catch 10.6 million metric tons (1979)

GNP

$2.4 billion (1980), $1,089 per capita; real growth rate 1981, 1% est.

$1,038 billion (1980, at 226.8 yen=US$l); $8,889 per capita (1980); 58% personal consumption, 32% investment, 10% government current expenditure, 1% stocks, and — 1% foreign balance; real growth rate 4.2% (1980); average annual growth rate (1976-80), 5.5%

Imports

$1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1981 prov.); fuels, machinery, transportation and electrical equipment, food, fertilizer

$122.9 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 50% fossil fuels, 17% manufactures, 13% foodstuffs, 8% machinery and equipment

Major industries

bauxite mining, textiles, food processing, light manufactures, tourism

metallurgical and engineering industries, electrical and electronic industries, textiles, chemicals

Major trade partners

exports— US 37%, UK 25%, Canada 8%; imports— US 37%, UK 10%, Canada 6% (1978)

exports — 24% US, 21% Southeast Asia, 11% Middle East, 7% Communist countries, 17% Western Europe; imports — 31% Middle East, 13% Southeast Asia, 17% US, 7% Western Europe, 5% Communist countries

Monetary conversion rate

1 Jamaican dollar=US$0.5613

219 yen=US$l (mid-January 1982), floating since February 1973

Shortages

fossil fuels, most industrial raw materials

Airfields

42 total, 22 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

195 total, 170 usable; 125 with permanentsurface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 24 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 46 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Civil air

12 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in and 1 leased out

265 major transport aircraft

Highways

18,200 km total; 12,600 km paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved earth

1,106,138 km total (1976); 474,434 km paved, 631,704 km gravel, crushed stone, or unpaved

Inland waterways

approx. 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal "inland seas"

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $33.2 million; about 2.3% of central government budget

proposed for fiscal year ending 31 March 1983, $11.8 billion; about 5.2% of total budget

Military manpower

males 15-49, 511,000; 378,000 fit for military service; no conscription; 31,000 reach minimum volunteer age (18) annually

males 15-49, 31,204,000; 26,059,000 fit for military service; about 884,000 reach military age (18) annually

Pipelines

refined products, 10 km

crude oil, 50 km; natural gas, 1,728 km

Ports

2 major (Kingston, Montego Bay, 10 minor

53 major, over 2,000 minor

Railroads

370 km, all standard gauge (1.435 m), single track

29,711 km total (1979); 1,077 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 28,634 km predominantly narrow gauge (1.067 m), 7,539 km double track, 8,279 km or 28% of total route length electrified; 82% government owned

Supply

dependent on UK and US

defense industry potential is large, with capability of producing the most sophisticated equipment; manufactured equipment includes small arms artillery, armored vehicles, and other types of ground forces materiel, aircraft (jet and prop), naval vessels (submarines, guided missile and other destroyers, patrol craft, mine warfare ships, and other minor craft including amphibious, auxiliaries, service craft, and small support ships), small amounts of all types of army materiel; several missile systems are produced under US license and a vigorous domestic missile development program exists

Telecommunications

fully automatic domestic telephone network with 111,000 telephones (5.0 per 100 popl.); 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station; 8 AM, 11 FM, and 9 TV stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables DEFENSE FORCES

excellent domestic and international service; 55.4 million telephones (47.6 per 100 popl.); 167 AM stations, 48 FM stations plus 429 relay stations; 5,525 TV stations (192 major — 1 kw or greater), and 2 ground satellite stations; submarine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines, China, and USSR DEFENSE FORCES