Jamaica

Europeans first saw Jamaica when Christopher COLUMBUS arrived in 1494, and the Spanish settled the island early in the 16th century. The Native Taino, who had inhabited Jamaica for centuries, were gradually exterminated and replaced with African slaves. England seized the island in 1655 and established a plantation economy based on sugar, cocoa, and coffee. The abolition of slavery in 1834 freed a quarter-million slaves, many of whom became small farmers. Jamaica gradually increased its independence from Britain. In 1958, it joined other British Caribbean colonies in forming the Federation of the West Indies. Jamaica withdrew from the Federation in 1961 and gained full independence in 1962. Deteriorating economic conditions during the 1970s led to recurring violence as rival gangs affiliated with the major political parties evolved into powerful organized crime networks involved in international drug smuggling and money laundering. Violent crime, drug trafficking, corruption, and poverty pose significant challenges to the government today. Nonetheless, many rural and resort areas remain relatively safe and contribute substantially to the economy.

land

10,831 sq km

total

10,991 sq km

water

160 sq km

about half the size of New Jersey; slightly smaller than Connecticut

tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior

1,022 km

highest point

Blue Mountain Peak 2,256 m

lowest point

Caribbean Sea 0 m

mean elevation

18 m

18 15 N, 77 30 W

third largest island in the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola); strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea lanes for the Panama Canal

250 sq km (2012)

total

0 km

agricultural land

41.4% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 11.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 9.2% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 21.1% (2018 est.)

forest

31.1% (2018 est.)

other

27.5% (2018 est.)

Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba

Central America and the Caribbean

contiguous zone

24 nm

continental shelf

200 nm or to edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

note

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines

territorial sea

12 nm

hurricanes (especially July to November)

bauxite, alumina, gypsum, limestone

population density is high throughout, but increases in and around Kingston, Montego Bay, and Port Esquivel

mostly mountains, with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain

0-14 years

23.8% (male 342,691/female 329,773)

15-64 years

65.7% (male 914,364/female 941,816)

65 years and over

10.4% (2024 est.) (male 140,440/female 154,629)

beer

1.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0.35 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

1.66 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

3.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

0.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

15.6 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

2.5% (2018/19)

NA

6.6% of GDP (2020)

32.7% (2023 est.)

7.5 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

elderly dependency ratio

13.4

potential support ratio

7.4 (2021 est.)

total dependency ratio

38

youth dependency ratio

28

improved: rural

rural: 93.9% of population

improved: total

total: 96.4% of population

improved: urban

urban: 98.3% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 6.1% of population

unimproved: total

total: 3.6% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 1.7% of population

6% of GDP (2021 est.)

Black 92.1%, mixed 6.1%, East Indian 0.8%, other 0.4%, unspecified 0.7% (2011 est.)

1 (2024 est.)

1.7 beds/1,000 population (2017)

female

9.4 deaths/1,000 live births

male

11.9 deaths/1,000 live births

total

10.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

English, Jamaican patois

female

78.1 years

male

74.5 years

total population

76.3 years (2024 est.)

definition

age 15 and over has ever attended school

female

93.1% (2015)

male

84%

total population

88.7%

597,000 KINGSTON (capital) (2023)

99 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

female

31.7 years

male

30.1 years

total

30.9 years (2024 est.)

21.2 years (2008 est.)

note

note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-29

adjective

Jamaican

noun

Jamaican(s)

-7.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

24.7% (2016)

0.53 physicians/1,000 population (2018)

female

1,426,218 (2024 est.)

male

1,397,495

total

2,823,713

population density is high throughout, but increases in and around Kingston, Montego Bay, and Port Esquivel

0.1% (2024 est.)

Protestant 64.8% (includes Seventh Day Adventist 12.0%, Pentecostal 11.0%, Other Church of God 9.2%, New Testament Church of God 7.2%, Baptist 6.7%, Church of God in Jamaica 4.8%, Church of God of Prophecy 4.5%, Anglican 2.8%, United Church 2.1%, Methodist 1.6%, Revived 1.4%, Brethren 0.9%, and Moravian 0.7%), Roman Catholic 2.2%, Jehovah's Witness 1.9%, Rastafarian 1.1%, other 6.5%, none 21.3%, unspecified 2.3% (2011 est.)

improved: rural

rural: 99.4% of population

improved: total

total: 98.9% of population

improved: urban

urban: 98.6% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 0.6% of population

unimproved: total

total: 1.1% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 1.4% of population

female

13 years (2015)

male

11 years

total

12 years

0-14 years

1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years

0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.91 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

female

3.8% (2020 est.)

male

15% (2020 est.)

total

9.4% (2020 est.)

2.05 children born/woman (2024 est.)

rate of urbanization

0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

57.4% of total population (2023)

14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland

note

note: for local government purposes, Kingston and Saint Andrew were amalgamated in 1923 into the present single corporate body known as the Kingston and Saint Andrew Corporation

etymology

the name is a blending of the words "king's" and "town"; the English king at the time of the city's founding in 1692 was WILLIAM III (r. 1689-1702)

geographic coordinates

18 00 N, 76 48 W

name

Kingston

time difference

UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

citizenship by birth

yes

citizenship by descent only

yes

dual citizenship recognized

yes

residency requirement for naturalization

4 out of the previous 5 years

amendments

proposed by Parliament; passage of amendments to "non-entrenched" constitutional sections, such as lowering the voting age, requires majority vote by the Parliament membership; passage of amendments to "entrenched" sections, such as fundamental rights and freedoms, requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament; passage of amendments to "specially entrenched" sections such as the dissolution of Parliament or the executive authority of the monarch requires two-thirds approval by Parliament and approval in a referendum; amended many times, last in 2017; note - in mid-July 2024, Jamaica’s Constitutional Reform Committee submitted its report on recommendations for reform of the constitution and awaiting debate in Parliament

history

several previous (preindependence); latest drafted 1961-62, submitted to British Parliament 24 July 1962, entered into force 6 August 1962 (at independence)

conventional long form

none

conventional short form

Jamaica

etymology

from the native Taino word "haymaca" meaning "Land of Wood and Water" or possibly "Land of Springs"

chief of mission

Ambassador N. Nickolas PERRY (since 13 May 2022)

email address and website

KingstonACS@state.govhttps://jm.usembassy.gov/

embassy

142 Old Hope Road, Kingston 6

FAX

(876) 702-6348

mailing address

3210 Kingston Place, Washington DC  20521-3210

telephone

(876) 702-6000

chancery

1520 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

chief of mission

Ambassador Audrey Patrice MARKS (since 18 January 2017)

consulate(s) general

Miami, New York

email address and website

contactus@jamaicaembassy.orgJamaican Embassy (embassyofjamaica.org)

FAX

[1] (202) 452-0036

telephone

[1] (202) 452-0660

cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister

chief of state

King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Sir Patrick L. ALLEN (since 26 February 2009)

elections/appointments

the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Representatives is appointed prime minister by the governor general

head of government

Prime Minister Andrew HOLNESS (since 3 March 2016)

note

note: the Jamaican Government, in May 2023, announced plans to hold a referendum in 2024 to determine whether or not to remain in the Commonwealth or become a republic

diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and fly side); green represents hope, vegetation, and agriculture, black reflects hardships overcome and to be faced, and yellow recalls golden sunshine and the island's natural resources

parliamentary democracy (Parliament) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm

6 August 1962 (from the UK)

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

ACP, ACS, AOSIS, C, Caricom, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-15, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Petrocaribe, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

highest court(s)

Court of Appeal (consists of president of the court and a minimum of 4 judges); Supreme Court (40 judges organized in specialized divisions); note - appeals beyond Jamaica's highest courts are referred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) rather than to the Caribbean Court of Justice (the appellate court for member states of the Caribbean Community)

judge selection and term of office

chief justice of the Supreme Court and president of the Court of Appeal appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the prime minister; other judges of both courts appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission; judges of both courts serve till age 70

subordinate courts

resident magistrate courts, district courts, and petty sessions courts

common law system based on the English model

description

bicameral Parliament consists of:Senate (21 seats; 13 members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and 8 members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the opposition party leader; members serve 5-year terms (no term limits) or until Parliament is dissolved)House of Representatives (63 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms (no term limits) or until Parliament is dissolved)

election results

Senate - percent by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 13, women 8, percentage women 38.1%House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - JLP 57%, PNP 42.8%, independent 0.2%; seats by party - JLP 48, PNP 15; composition - men 45, women 14; percentage women 23.7%; note - total Parliament percentage women 27.5%

elections

Senate - last full slate of appointments early on 3 September 2020 (next full slate in 2025)House of Representatives - last held on 3 September 2020 (next to be held in 2025)

lyrics/music

Hugh Braham SHERLOCK/Robert Charles LIGHTBOURNE

name

"Jamaica, Land We Love"

note

note: adopted 1962

selected World Heritage Site locales

Blue and John Crow Mountains

total World Heritage Sites

1 (mixed)

Independence Day, 6 August (1962)

green-and-black streamertail (bird), Guaiacum officinale (Guaiacwood); national colors: green, yellow, black

Jamaica Labor Party or JLPJamaica Progressive Party or JPPPeople's National Party or PNPUnited Independents' Congress or UIC

18 years of age; universal

sugarcane, yams, goat milk, chicken, coconuts, oranges, bananas, pumpkins/squash, plantains, sweet potatoes (2022)

note

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

expenditures

$4.12 billion (2020 est.)

note

note: central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

revenues

$4.041 billion (2020 est.)

Fitch rating

B+ (2019)

Moody's rating

B2 (2019)

note

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

Standard & Poors rating

B+ (2019)

Current account balance 2020

-$156.91 million (2020 est.)

Current account balance 2021

$149.262 million (2021 est.)

Current account balance 2022

-$129.756 million (2022 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Debt - external 2022

$9.148 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

upper-middle-income Caribbean island economy; key agriculture and tourism sectors; high crime, youth unemployment, and poverty; susceptible to natural disasters and global commodity price shocks; progress in reducing public debt and moderating inflation within target range

Currency

Jamaican dollars (JMD) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2019

133.312 (2019 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

142.403 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

150.79 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

153.427 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

154.159 (2023 est.)

Exports 2020

$3.249 billion (2020 est.)

Exports 2021

$4.401 billion (2021 est.)

Exports 2022

$6.424 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

refined petroleum, natural gas, aluminum oxide, liquor, aluminum ore (2022)

note

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

US 57%, Russia 5%, Canada 4%, UK 4%, Iceland 2% (2022)

note

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

exports of goods and services

38% (2019 est.)

government consumption

13.6% (2019 est.)

household consumption

76.2% (2019 est.)

imports of goods and services

-52.1% (2019 est.)

investment in fixed capital

24.1% (2019 est.)

investment in inventories

0.2% (2019 est.)

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

agriculture

9% (2023 est.)

industry

18.6% (2023 est.)

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

services

60.1% (2023 est.)

$19.423 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021

40.2 (2021 est.)

highest 10%

29.9% (2021 est.)

lowest 10%

2.2% (2021 est.)

Imports 2020

$5.913 billion (2020 est.)

Imports 2021

$7.405 billion (2021 est.)

Imports 2022

$9.726 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

refined petroleum, crude petroleum, natural gas, cars, plastic products (2022)

note

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

US 36%, China 12%, Trinidad and Tobago 6%, Brazil 5%, Turkey 4% (2022)

note

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

4.98% (2023 est.)

note

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

agriculture, mining, manufacture, construction, financial and insurance services, tourism, telecommunications

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021

5.86% (2021 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

10.35% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

6.47% (2023 est.)

note

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

1.559 million (2023 est.)

note

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

17.1% (2016 est.)

note

note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Public debt 2020

106.28% of GDP (2020 est.)

note

note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021

$27.177 billion (2021 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$28.596 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$29.225 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2021

4.6% (2021 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2022

5.22% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

2.2% (2023 est.)

note

note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2021

$9,600 (2021 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2022

$10,100 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$10,300 (2023 est.)

note

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2021

25.29% of GDP (2021 est.)

Remittances 2022

21.57% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

19.1% of GDP (2023 est.)

note

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021

$4.838 billion (2021 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$4.52 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$4.869 billion (2023 est.)

25.71% (of GDP) (2020 est.)

note

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

note

note: % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2021

5.19% (2021 est.)

Unemployment rate 2022

4.08% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

4.42% (2023 est.)

female

14.9% (2023 est.)

male

13.1% (2023 est.)

note

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

total

13.8% (2023 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke

147,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from consumed natural gas

1.302 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

7.411 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

total emissions

8.86 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

consumption

65,000 metric tons (2022 est.)

exports

100 metric tons (2022 est.)

imports

65,000 metric tons (2022 est.)

consumption

3.367 billion kWh (2022 est.)

installed generating capacity

1.222 million kW (2022 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

1.212 billion kWh (2022 est.)

electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

biomass and waste

1.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

fossil fuels

86.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

hydroelectricity

3.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

solar

3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

wind

6.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Total energy consumption per capita 2022

46.586 million Btu/person (2022 est.)

consumption

664.834 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

imports

664.834 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

refined petroleum consumption

49,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)

total petroleum production

3,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

13 (2020 est.)

total

385,603 (2020 est.)

3 free-to-air TV stations, subscription cable services, and roughly 30 radio stations (2019)

.jm

percent of population

82% (2021 est.)

total

2.296 million (2021 est.)

domestic

fixed-line subscriptions nearly 17 per 100, cellular-mobile roughly 103 per 100 subscriptions (2021)

general assessment

Jamaica’s telecom sector has for many years been propped up by the mobile sector, which accounts for the vast majority of internet connections and voice lines; it also accounts for just over half of telecom sector revenue; in December 2020, the government announced the rollout of a national broadband network costing up to $237 million; the funding will be spent on improving connectivity in under served areas, improving access to education, and deploying networks to public locations such as hospitals, municipal institutions, and police stations; to aid in this national broadband effort, the government received a donation of 650km of fiber cabling from local cable TV providers and the two main toll road operators; to encourage the use of digital channels as the country deals with the Covid-19 pandemic (2021)

international

country code - 1-876 and 1-658; landing points for the ALBA-1, CFX-1, Fibralink, East-West, and Cayman-Jamaican Fiber System submarine cables providing connections to South America, parts of the Caribbean, Central America and the US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

16 (2022 est.)

total subscriptions

447,000 (2022 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

106 (2022 est.)

total subscriptions

3.003 million (2022 est.)

20 (2024)

6Y

2 (2024)

by type

bulk carrier 1, general cargo 11, oil tanker 1, other 27

total

40 (2023)

number of registered air carriers

0 (2020)

key ports

Falmouth, Kingston, Lucea, Montego Bay, Ocho Rios, Port Antonio, Port Esquivel, Port Kaiser, Rio Bueno, Rocky Point, Savannah la Mar

medium

1

ports with oil terminals

5

small

2

total ports

11 (2024)

very small

8

total

25,595 km (2017)

in addition to its responsibility of defending against external aggression, the JDF's primary missions are border, internal, and maritime security, including support to police operations in combating crime and violence; other missions include search and rescue, disaster response, humanitarian assistance, and peacekeeping; it has arrest authority and partners with the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF); both the JDF and JCF are under the Ministry of National Security, which directs policy for the security forces; the JDF participates in bilateral and multinational training exercises, including with the militaries of Canada, the UK, the US, and other Caribbean nations while Jamaica had a militia force as early as the 1660s, the JDF was constituted in 1962 from the West India Regiment (WIR), a British colonial regiment which dates back to 1795 (2024)

Jamaica Defense Force (JDF): Ground Forces (Jamaica Regiment), Air Wing, Coast Guard; Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF); Jamaica National Service Corps (JNSC) (2024)

note

note 1: the Coast Guard and Air Wing are operationally combined under the joint Military-Air-Cyber Command, along with the Military Cyber Corps, Special Activities Regiment, Support Brigade, and Military Intelligence Unitnote 2: the JCF is the country’s police force; it has primary responsibility for internal security and has units for community policing, special response, intelligence gathering, and internal affairs; both it and the JDF are under the Ministry of National Security note 3: the JNSC is a third category of service that military recruits can join as a preparatory phase for future careers; JNSC soldiers receive basic military, vocational, and life skills training; upon completion of 12 months of service, soldiers can continue on with the JDF or the JDF reserves or seek opportunities in other public sector entities such as the JCF, the Department of Correctional Services, the Jamaica Fire Brigade, the Jamaica Customs Agency, or the Passport Immigration and Citizenship Agency

approximately 5,000 personnel (2023)

the JDF is lightly armed with a limited inventory featuring equipment mostly from Australia, Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the UK, and the US  (2024)

Military Expenditures 2019

1.6% of GDP (2019 est.)

Military Expenditures 2020

1.7% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

1.4% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

1.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

1.2% of GDP (2023 est.)

18-23 for voluntary military service (17 with parental consent) for men and women; 18-28 for the reserves; no conscription; since 2017, the JDF's standard mode of recruitment is to enroll recruits ages 18-23 through the Jamaica National Service Corps (JNSC), which has a service requirement of 12 months (2024)

note

note: as of 2022, women made up about 20% of the JDF's uniformed personnel

Jamaica is the largest Caribbean source of marijuana and a transit point for cocaine trafficked from South America to North America and other international markets; criminal gangs in Jamaica, Haiti, and Central America use marijuana for currency to obtain guns or other contraband from criminal entities in Haiti and Central America

carbon dioxide emissions

8.23 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions

1.08 megatons (2020 est.)

particulate matter emissions

14.83 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior

heavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted by industrial waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air pollution in Kingston from vehicle emissions; land erosion

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

agricultural land

41.4% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 11.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 9.2% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 21.1% (2018 est.)

forest

31.1% (2018 est.)

other

27.5% (2018 est.)

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

0.15% of GDP (2018 est.)

10.82 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

agricultural

110 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial

1.1 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

municipal

140 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

rate of urbanization

0.79% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

57.4% of total population (2023)

municipal solid waste generated annually

1,051,695 tons (2016 est.)