2022 Edition

Background

Italy became a nation-state in 1861 when the regional states of the peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under King Victor EMMANUEL II. An era of parliamentary government came to a close in the early 1920s when Benito MUSSOLINI established a Fascist dictatorship. His alliance with Nazi Germany led to Italy's defeat in World War II. A democratic republic replaced the monarchy in 1946 and economic revival followed. Italy is a charter member of NATO and the European Economic Community (EEC) and its subsequent successors the EC and the EU. It has been at the forefront of European economic and political unification, joining the Economic and Monetary Union in 1999. Persistent problems include sluggish economic growth, high youth and female unemployment, organized crime, corruption, and economic disparities between southern Italy and the more prosperous north.

Area

land

294,140 sq km

note

note: includes Sardinia and Sicily

total

301,340 sq km

water

7,200 sq km

Area - comparative

almost twice the size of Georgia; slightly larger than Arizona

Climate

predominantly Mediterranean; alpine in far north; hot, dry in south

Coastline

7,600 km

Elevation

highest point

Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco) de Courmayeur (a secondary peak of Mont Blanc) 4,748 m

lowest point

Mediterranean Sea 0 m

mean elevation

538 m

Geographic coordinates

42 50 N, 12 50 E

Geography - note

strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe

Irrigated land

26,010 sq km (2013)

Land boundaries

border countries

Austria 404 km; France 476 km; Holy See (Vatican City) 3.4 km; San Marino 37 km; Slovenia 218 km; Switzerland 698 km

total

1,836.4 km

Land use

agricultural land

47.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 22.8% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 8.6% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 15.7% (2018 est.)

forest

31.4% (2018 est.)

other

21.5% (2018 est.)

Location

Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km), (Adriatic Sea) Po (76,997 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Rhone (100,543 sq km)

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

continental shelf

200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venicevolcanism: significant volcanic activity; Etna (3,330 m), which is in eruption as of 2010, is Europe's most active volcano; flank eruptions pose a threat to nearby Sicilian villages; Etna, along with the famous Vesuvius, which remains a threat to the millions of nearby residents in the Bay of Naples area, have both been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Stromboli, on its namesake island, has also been continuously active with moderate volcanic activity; other historically active volcanoes include Campi Flegrei, Ischia, Larderello, Pantelleria, Vulcano, and Vulsini

Natural resources

coal, antimony, mercury, zinc, potash, marble, barite, asbestos, pumice, fluorspar, feldspar, pyrite (sulfur), natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, arable land

Population distribution

despite a distinctive pattern with an industrial north and an agrarian south, a fairly even population distribution exists throughout most of the country, with coastal areas, the Po River Valley, and urban centers (particularly Milan, Rome, and Naples), attracting larger and denser populations

Terrain

mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands

Age structure

0-14 years

13.45% (male 4,292,431/female 4,097,732)

15-24 years

9.61% (male 3,005,402/female 2,989,764)

25-54 years

40.86% (male 12,577,764/female 12,921,614)

55-64 years

14% (male 4,243,735/female 4,493,581)

65 years and over

22.08% (male 5,949,560/female 7,831,076) (2020 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita

beer

1.99 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

0.83 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

7.65 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

4.83 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

6.95 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

NA

Contraceptive prevalence rate

65.1% (2013)

note

note: percent of women aged 18-49

Current health expenditure

8.7% of GDP (2019)

Death rate

11.31 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

37.2

potential support ratio

2.7 (2021 est.)

total dependency ratio

57.1

youth dependency ratio

19.9

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: NA

improved: total

total: 99.9% of population

improved: urban

urban: NA

unimproved: rural

rural: NA

unimproved: total

total: 0.1% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: NA

Education expenditures

4.3% of GDP (2020 est.)

Ethnic groups

Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and Greek-Italians in the south)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.2% (2021 est.)

Hospital bed density

3.1 beds/1,000 population (2018)

Infant mortality rate

female

2.99 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)

male

3.32 deaths/1,000 live births

total

3.16 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Languages

Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German-speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)

major-language sample(s)

L'Almanacco dei fatti del mondo, l'indispensabile fonte per le informazioni di base. (Italian)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

85.08 years (2022 est.)

male

80.25 years

total population

82.59 years

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

99% (2018)

male

99.4%

total population

99.2%

Major infectious diseases

note: a new coronavirus is causing respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Italy; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; as of 9 December 2022, Italy has reported a total of 24,488,080 cases of COVID-19 or 41,058.8 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with a total of 181,733 cumulative deaths or a rate of 304.7 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 8 December 2022, 86.15% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine; the US Department of Homeland Security has issued instructions requiring US passengers who have been in Italy to travel through select airports where the US Government has implemented enhanced screening procedures

Major urban areas - population

4.316 million ROME (capital), 3.155 million Milan, 2.179 million Naples, 1.802 million Turin, 913,000 Bergamo, 850,000 Palermo (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

2 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Median age

female

47.5 years (2020 est.)

male

45.4 years

total

46.5 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

31.4 years (2020 est.)

Nationality

adjective

Italian

noun

Italian(s)

Net migration rate

3.02 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

19.9% (2016)

Physicians density

3.95 physicians/1,000 population (2020)

Population

61,095,551 (2022 est.)

Population distribution

despite a distinctive pattern with an industrial north and an agrarian south, a fairly even population distribution exists throughout most of the country, with coastal areas, the Po River Valley, and urban centers (particularly Milan, Rome, and Naples), attracting larger and denser populations

Population growth rate

-0.13% (2022 est.)

Religions

Christian 80.8% (overwhelmingly Roman Catholic with very small groups of Jehovah's Witnesses and Protestants), Muslim 4.9%, unaffiliated 13.4%, other 0.9% (2020 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 100% of population

improved: total

total: 100% of population

improved: urban

urban: 100% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 0% of population

unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

17 years (2020)

male

16 years

total

16 years

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.05 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.01 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.97 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.67 male(s)/female

at birth

1.06 male(s)/female

total population

0.93 male(s)/female (2022 est.)

Tobacco use

female

19.5% (2020 est.)

male

26.6% (2020 est.)

total

23.1% (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.22 children born/woman (2022 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

72% of total population (2023)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

32.8% (2021 est.)

male

27.7%

total

29.7%

Administrative divisions

15 regions (regioni, singular - regione) and 5 autonomous regions (regioni autonome, singular - regione autonoma) regions: Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Lazio (Latium), Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte (Piedmont), Puglia (Apulia), Toscana (Tuscany), Umbria, Veneto autonomous regions: Friuli Venezia Giulia, Sardegna (Sardinia), Sicilia (Sicily), Trentino-Alto Adige (Trentino-South Tyrol) or Trentino-Suedtirol (German), Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley) or Vallee d'Aoste (French)

Capital

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology

by tradition, named after Romulus, one of the legendary founders of the city and its first king

geographic coordinates

41 54 N, 12 29 E

name

Rome

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Italy

dual citizenship recognized

yes

residency requirement for naturalization

4 years for EU nationals, 5 years for refugees and specified exceptions, 10 years for all others

Constitution

amendments

proposed by both houses of Parliament; passage requires two successive debates and approval by absolute majority of each house on the second vote; a referendum is only required when requested by one fifth of the members of either house, by voter petition, or by 5 Regional Councils (elected legislative assemblies of the 15 first-level administrative regions and 5 autonomous regions of Italy); referendum not required if an amendment has been approved by a two-thirds majority in each house in the second vote; amended many times, last in 2020

history

previous 1848 (originally for the Kingdom of Sardinia and adopted by the Kingdom of Italy in 1861); latest enacted 22 December 1947, adopted 27 December 1947, entered into force 1 January 1948

Country name

conventional long form

Italian Republic

conventional short form

Italy

etymology

derivation is unclear, but the Latin "Italia" may come from the Oscan "Viteliu" meaning "[Land] of Young Cattle" (the bull was a symbol of southern Italic tribes)

former

Kingdom of Italy

local long form

Repubblica Italiana

local short form

Italia

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Thomas D. SMITHAM (since 4 January 2021); note - also accredited to San Marino

consulate(s) general

Florence, Milan, Naples

email address and website

uscitizenrome@state.govhttps://it.usembassy.gov/

embassy

via Vittorio Veneto 121, 00187 Roma

FAX

[39] 06-4674-2244

mailing address

9500 Rome Place, Washington DC  20521-9500

telephone

[39] 06-46741

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

3000 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Maria Angela ZAPPIA (since 15 September 2021)

consulate(s)

Charlotte (NC), Cleveland (OH), Detroit (MI), Hattiesburg (MS), Honolulu (HI), New Orleans, Newark (NJ), Norfolk (VA), Pittsburgh (PA), Portland (OR), Seattle

consulate(s) general

Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Miami, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco

email address and website

amb.washington@cert.esteri.ithttps://ambwashingtondc.esteri.it/ambasciata_washington/en/

FAX

[1] (202) 518-2154

telephone

[1] (202) 612-4400

Executive branch

cabinet

Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, known officially as the President of the Council of Ministers and locally as the Premier; nominated by the president; the current deputy prime ministers, known officially as vice presidents of the Council of Ministers, are Matteo SALVINI (L) and Luigi Di MAIO (M5S) (since 1 June 2018)

chief of state

President Sergio MATTARELLA (since 3 February 2015)

election results

2022: Sergio MATTARELLA (independent) reelected president; electoral college vote count in eighth round - 759 out of 1,009 (505 vote threshold)2015: Sergio MATTARELLA (independent) elected president; electoral college vote count in fourth round - 665 out of 995 (505 vote threshold)

elections/appointments

president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of both houses of Parliament and 58 regional representatives for a 7-year term (no term limits); election last held on 24-29 January 2022 (eight rounds) (next to be held in 2029); prime minister appointed by the president, confirmed by parliament

head of government

Prime Minister Giorgia MELONI (since 22 October 2022); the prime minister's official title is President of the Council of Ministers

Flag description

three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; design inspired by the French flag brought to Italy by Napoleon in 1797; colors are those of Milan (red and white) combined with the green uniform color of the Milanese civic guard

note

note: similar to the flag of Mexico, which is longer, uses darker shades of green and red, and has its coat of arms centered on the white band; Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green

Government type

parliamentary republic

Independence

17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed; Italy was not finally unified until 1871)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CDB, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Court of Cassation or Corte Suprema di Cassazione (consists of the first president (chief justice), deputy president, 54 justices presiding over 6 civil and 7 criminal divisions, and 288 judges; an additional 30 judges of lower courts serve as supporting judges; cases normally heard by 5-judge panels; more complex cases heard by 9-judge panels); Constitutional Court or Corte Costituzionale (consists of the court president and 14 judges)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court judges appointed by the High Council of the Judiciary, headed by the president of the republic; judges may serve for life; Constitutional Court judges - 5 appointed by the president, 5 elected by Parliament, 5 elected by select higher courts; judges serve up to 9 years

subordinate courts

various lower civil and criminal courts (primary and secondary tribunals and courts of appeal)

Legal system

civil law system; judicial review of legislation under certain conditions in Constitutional Court

Legislative branch

description

bicameral Parliament or Parlamento consists of:Senate or Senato della Repubblica (320 seats; 116 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 193 members in multi-seat constituencies and 6 members in multi-seat constituencies abroad directly elected by party-list proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms and 5 ex-officio members appointed by the president of the Republic to serve for life)Chamber of Deputies or Camera dei Deputati (630 seats; 629 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 1 member from Valle d'Aosta elected by simple majority vote; members serve 5-year terms)

election results

Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - center-right coalition (FdI 65, Lega 30, FI 18), center-left coalition (PD 40, AVS 3), M5S 28, Action-Italia Viva 9, SVP 2, MAIE 1, ScN 1; composition (as of September 2022) - men 131, women 69, percent of women 34.5%Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - center-right coalition (FdI 119, Lega 66, FI 45), center-left coalition (PD 69, AVS 12), M5S 52, Action-Italia Viva 21, SVP 3, MAIE 1, ScN 1; composition (as of September 2022) - men 271, women 129, percent of women 32.3%; note - total Parliament percent of women 33%

elections

Senate - last held on 25 September 2022Chamber of Deputies - last held on 25 September 2022; note - snap elections were called when Prime Minister DRAGHI resigned, and the parliament was dissolved on 21 July 2022 (next to be held 30 September 2027)

note

note: in October 2019, Italy's Parliament voted to reduce the number of Senate seats from 315 to 200 and the number of Chamber of Deputies seats from 630 to 400; a referendum to reduce the membership of Parliament held on 20-21 September 2020 was approved, effective for the September 2022 snap election

National anthem

lyrics/music

Goffredo MAMELI/Michele NOVARO

name

"Il Canto degli Italiani" (The Song of the Italians)

note

note: adopted 1946; the anthem, originally written in 1847, is also known as "L'Inno di Mameli" (Mameli's Hymn), and "Fratelli D'Italia" (Brothers of Italy)

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

Historic Center of Rome (c); Archaeological Areas of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Torre Annunziata (c); Venice and its Lagoon (c); Historic Center of Florence (c); Piazza del Duomo, Pisa (c); Historic Centre of Naples (c); Portovenere, Cinque Terre, and the Islands (c); Villa d'Este, Tivoli (c); Mount Etna (n); Rock Drawings in Valcamonica (c); Historic Siena (c)

total World Heritage Sites

58 (53 cultural, 5 natural)

National holiday

Republic Day, 2 June (1946)

National symbol(s)

white, five-pointed star (Stella d'Italia); national colors: red, white, green

Political parties and leaders

Action-Italia Viva [Carlo CALENDA and Matteo RENZI]Associative Movement of Italians Abroad or MAIE [Ricardo Antonio MERIO]Brothers of Italy or FdI [Giorgia MELONI]Democratic Party or PD [Enrico LETTA]Five Star Movement or M5S [Giuseppe CONTE]Forza Italia or FI [Silvio BERLUSCONI]Free and Equal (Liberi e Uguali) or LeU [Pietro GRASSO]Greens and Left Alliance or AVS [Angelo BONELLI]Italexit [Gianluigi PARAGONE]]League or Lega [Matteo SALVINI]More Europe or +EU [Emma BONINO]Popular Union or PU [Luigi DE MAGISTRIS]South calls North or ScN [Cateno DE LUCA] South Tyrolean Peoples Party or SVP [Philipp ACHAMMER]other minor parties

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal except in senatorial elections, where minimum age is 25

Agricultural products

milk, grapes, wheat, maize, tomatoes, apples, olives, sugar beet, oranges, rice

Budget

expenditures

948.1 billion (2017 est.)

revenues

903.3 billion (2017 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-2.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Credit ratings

Fitch rating

BBB- (2020)

Moody's rating

Baa3 (2018)

note

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

Standard & Poors rating

BBB (2017)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2018

$51.735 billion (2018 est.)

Current account balance 2019

$59.517 billion (2019 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 2018

$2,533,153,000,000 (2018 est.)

Debt - external 2019

$2,463,208,000,000 (2019 est.)

Economic overview

Italy’s economy comprises a developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and a less-developed, highly subsidized, agricultural south, with a legacy of unemployment and underdevelopment. The Italian economy is driven in large part by the manufacture of high-quality consumer goods produced by small and medium-sized enterprises, many of them family-owned. Italy also has a sizable underground economy, which by some estimates accounts for as much as 17% of GDP. These activities are most common within the agriculture, construction, and service sectors.   Italy is the third-largest economy in the euro zone, but its exceptionally high public debt and structural impediments to growth have rendered it vulnerable to scrutiny by financial markets. Public debt has increased steadily since 2007, reaching 131% of GDP in 2017. Investor concerns about Italy and the broader euro-zone crisis eased in 2013, bringing down Italy's borrowing costs on sovereign government debt from euro-era records. The government still faces pressure from investors and European partners to sustain its efforts to address Italy's longstanding structural economic problems, including labor market inefficiencies, a sluggish judicial system, and a weak banking sector. Italy’s economy returned to modest growth in late 2014 for the first time since 2011. In 2015-16, Italy’s economy grew at about 1% each year, and in 2017 growth accelerated to 1.5% of GDP. In 2017, overall unemployment was 11.4%, but youth unemployment remained high at 37.1%. GDP growth is projected to slow slightly in 2018.

Exchange rates

Currency

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2013

0.7634 (2013 est.)

Exchange rates 2014

0.885 (2014 est.)

Exchange rates 2018

0.87789 (2018 est.)

Exchange rates 2019

0.90338 (2019 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

0.82771 (2020 est.)

Exports

Exports 2018

$656.06 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports 2019

$636.01 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports 2020

$558.26 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports - commodities

packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, valves, trunks/cases, wine (2019)

Exports - partners

Germany 12%, France 11%, United States 10%, United Kingdom 5%, Spain 5%, Switzerland 5% (2019)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

31.4% (2017 est.)

government consumption

18.6% (2017 est.)

household consumption

61% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services

-28.3% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital

17.5% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories

-0.2% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

2.1% (2017 est.)

industry

23.9% (2017 est.)

services

73.9% (2017 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$2,002,763,000,000 (2019 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 1995

27.3 (1995)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017

35.9 (2017 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

26.8% (2000)

lowest 10%

2.3%

Imports

Imports 2018

$605.44 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports 2019

$569.7 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports 2020

$486.35 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports - commodities

crude petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, natural gas, refined petroleum (2019)

Imports - partners

Germany 16%, France 9%, China 7%, Spain 5%, Netherlands 5%, Belgium 5% (2019)

Industrial production growth rate

2.1% (2017 est.)

Industries

tourism, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017

1.2% (2017 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018

1.1% (2018 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019

0.6% (2019 est.)

Labor force

22.92 million (2020 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

3.9%

industry

28.3%

services

67.8% (2011)

Population below poverty line

20.1% (2018 est.)

Public debt

note

note: Italy reports its data on public debt according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty; general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year, in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises central, state, and local government and social security funds

Public debt 2016

132% of GDP (2016 est.)

Public debt 2017

131.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

note

note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018

$2,540,890,000,000 (2018 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019

$2,548,190,000,000 (2019 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020

$2,322,140,000,000 (2020 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2017

1.73% (2017 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2018

0.83% (2018 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2019

0.34% (2019 est.)

Real GDP per capita

note

note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2018

$42,100 (2018 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2019

$42,700 (2019 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2020

$39,000 (2020 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2015

$130.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017

$151.2 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

46.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2018

10.63% (2018 est.)

Unemployment rate 2019

9.88% (2019 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

32.8% (2021 est.)

male

27.7%

total

29.7%

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

27.194 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from consumed natural gas

142.375 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

162.472 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

total emissions

332.041 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Coal

consumption

9.335 million metric tons (2020 est.)

exports

368,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

imports

8.235 million metric tons (2020 est.)

production

1.456 million metric tons (2020 est.)

proven reserves

17 million metric tons (2019 est.)

Electricity

consumption

286.375 billion kWh (2020 est.)

exports

7.587 billion kWh (2020 est.)

imports

39.787 billion kWh (2020 est.)

installed generating capacity

121.442 million kW (2020 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

17.702 billion kWh (2020 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population

100% (2020)

Electricity generation sources

biomass and waste

8.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

fossil fuels

55.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

geothermal

2.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

hydroelectricity

17.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

nuclear

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

solar

9.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

tide and wave

0.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

wind

6.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2019

112.606 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Natural gas

consumption

74,313,109,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)

exports

314.656 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

imports

70,908,014,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)

production

3,888,491,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)

proven reserves

45.76 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Petroleum

crude oil and lease condensate exports

10,100 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate imports

1.253 million bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves

497.9 million barrels (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption

1,255,100 bbl/day (2019 est.)

total petroleum production

107,700 bbl/day (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

615,900 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

422,500 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

1.607 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

30 (2020 est.)

total

18,128,787 (2020 est.)

Broadcast media

two Italian media giants dominate with 3 national terrestrial stations and privately owned companies with 3 national terrestrial stations; a large number of private stations, a satellite TV network; 3 AM/FM nationwide radio stations; about 1,300 commercial radio stations

Internet country code

.it

Internet users

percent of population

70% (2020 est.)

total

41,614,669 (2020 est.)

Telecommunication systems

domestic

high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunks; 32 per 100 for fixed-line and nearly 128 per 100 for mobile-cellular subscriptions (2020)

general assessment

Italy’s large telecom market has one of the most progressive fiber sectors in Europe, with regulatory measures encouraging network sharing; regulatory measures have also been introduced to facilitate access to next generation networks (NGNs), and a number of deals have been brokered which enable the main telcoms to provide bundled services to large numbers of the population; Italy’s vibrant mobile market has one of the highest subscription rates in Europe, though the number of subscribers has fallen in recent years as customers respond to attractive off-net pricing which has reduced the financial benefit of having SIM cards from different providers; network companies were among the first in Europe to trial services based on 5G; the high cost also encouraged the regulator in early 2021 to consider extending the licenses by an additional six years (2021)

international

country code - 39; landing points for Italy-Monaco, Italy-Libya, Italy-Malta, Italy-Greece-1, Italy-Croatia, BlueMed, Janna, FEA, SeaMeWe-3 & 4 & 5, Trapani-Kelibia, Columbus-III, Didon, GO-1, HANNIBAL System, MENA, Bridge International, Malta-Italy Interconnector, Melita1, IMEWE, VMSCS, AAE-1, and OTEGLOBE, submarine cables that provide links to Asia, the Middle East, Europe, North Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia and US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean and 2 for Indian Ocean) (2019)

note

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

32 (2020 est.)

total subscriptions

19,607,341 (2020 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

128 (2020 est.)

total subscriptions

77,581,048 (2020 est.)

Airports

total

129 (2021)

Airports - with paved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

18

2,438 to 3,047 m

31

914 to 1,523 m

29

over 3,047 m

9

total

98

under 914 m

11 (2021)

Airports - with unpaved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

1

914 to 1,523 m

10

total

31

under 914 m

20 (2021)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

I

Heliports

5 (2021)

Merchant marine

by type

bulk carrier 36, container ship 7, general cargo 111, oil tanker 103, other 1,039 (2021)

total

1,296

National air transport system

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

1.418 billion (2018) mt-km

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

27,630,435 (2018)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

180

number of registered air carriers

9 (2020)

Pipelines

20,223 km gas, 1,393 km oil, 1,574 km refined products (2013)

Ports and terminals

container port(s) (TEUs)

Genoa (2,621,472), Gioia Tauro (2,523,000) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import)

Panigaglia (La Spezia), Adriatic (Porto Levante), Oristano (Sardinia), Ravenna, Toscana (Livorno)

major seaport(s)

Augusta, Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Taranto, Trieste, Venice

oil terminal(s)

Melilli (Santa Panagia) oil terminal, Sarroch oil terminal

Railways

narrow gauge

122.3 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge (122.3 km electrified)

note

1289.3 0.950-mm gauge (151.3 km electrified)

standard gauge

18,770.1 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (12,893.6 km electrified)

total

18,892.4 km (2014)

Roadways

paved

487,700 km (2007) (includes 6,700 km of expressways)

total

487,700 km (2007)

Transportation - note

Italy operates one PC 5 or 6 class light icebreaker, it is based in the Mediterraneannote - PC indicates a Polar Class vessel: PC 5 - year-round operation in medium first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions (ice thickness up to 70-120 cm); PC 6 - summer/autumn operation in medium first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions (ice thickness up to 30-70 cm)

Waterways

2,400 km (2012) (used for commercial traffic; of limited overall value compared to road and rail)

Military - note

Italy is a member of NATO and was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949Italy is an active participant in EU, NATO, UN, and other multinational military, security, and humanitarian operations abroad; as of 2022, it hosted the headquarters for the EU’s Mediterranean naval operations force (EUNAVFOR-MED) in Rome and the US Navy’s 6th Fleet in Naples; Italy was admitted to the UN in 1955 and in 1960 participated in its first UN peacekeeping mission, the UN Operation in Congo (ONUC); since 1960, it has committed more than 60,000 troops to UN missions; since 2006, Italy has hosted a training center in Vicenza for police personnel destined for peacekeeping missions

Military and security forces

Italian Armed Forces: Army (Esercito Italiano, EI), Navy (Marina Militare Italiana, MMI; includes aviation, marines), Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana, AMI); Carabinieri Corps (Arma dei Carabinieri, CC) (2022)

note

note 1: the Carabinieri is the national gendarmerie; for its civil police functions, the Carabinieri falls under the control of the Ministry of the Interiornote 2: the Financial Guard (Guardia di Finanza) under the Ministry of Economy and Finance is a force with military status and nationwide remit for financial crime investigations, including narcotics trafficking, smuggling, and illegal immigration

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 170,000 active personnel (100,000 Army; 30,000 Navy; 40,000 Air Force); approximately 108,000 Carabinieri (2022)

Military deployments

120 Djibouti; approximately 700 Bulgaria (NATO); 900 Middle East/Iraq/Kuwait (NATO, European Assistance Mission Iraq); 640 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); 250 Latvia (NATO); 875 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 400 Libya; 290 Niger; 250 Romania (NATO); 150 Somalia (EUTM) (2022)

note

note: in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, some NATO countries, including Italy, have sent additional troops and equipment to the battlegroups deployed in NATO territory in eastern Europe

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military's inventory includes a mix of domestically-produced, jointly-produced, and imported weapons systems, mostly from Europe and the US; the US has been the leading supplier of weapons to Italy since 2010; the Italian defense industry is capable of producing equipment across all the military domains with particular strengths in naval vessels and aircraft; it also participates in joint development and production of advanced weapons systems with other European countries and the US (2022)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2018

1.2% of GDP (2018) (approximately $31 billion)

Military Expenditures 2019

1.2% of GDP (2019) (approximately $30.1 billion)

Military Expenditures 2020

1.6% of GDP (2020)

Military Expenditures 2021

1.5% of GDP (2021)

Military Expenditures 2022

1.55% of GDP (2022)

Military service age and obligation

17-25 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women (some variations on age depending on the military branch); voluntary service is a minimum of 12 months with the option to extend in the Armed Forces or compete for positions in the Military Corps of the Italian Red Cross, the State Police, the Carabinieri, the Guardia di Finanza, the Penitentiary Police, or the National Fire Brigade; recruits can also volunteer for 4 years military service; conscription abolished 2004 (2022)

note

note: women may serve in any military branch; as of 2019, women made up about 6% of the military's full-time personnel

Disputes - international

Italy's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of thousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe and northern Africa Italy-Austria-Switzerland: borders are shifting because glacier peaks that had served as a natural boundary are melting

Illicit drugs

important gateway for drug trafficking; organized crime groups allied with Colombian and Spanish groups trafficking cocaine to Europe

Refugees and internally displaced persons

note

note: 689,298 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2022)

refugees (country of origin)

19,441 (Nigeria), 15,337 (Pakistan), 12,962 (Afghanistan), 10,609 (Mali), 7,901 (Somalia), 5,845 (Gambia), 5,079 (Iraq) (mid-year 2021); 173,231 (Ukraine) (as of 20 December 2022)

stateless persons

3,000 (mid-year 2021)

Terrorist group(s)

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

note

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T

Air pollutants

methane emissions

41.3 megatons (2020 est.)

particulate matter emissions

15.28 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

Climate

predominantly Mediterranean; alpine in far north; hot, dry in south

Environment - current issues

air pollution from industrial emissions such as sulfur dioxide; coastal and inland rivers polluted from industrial and agricultural effluents; acid rain damaging lakes; inadequate industrial waste treatment and disposal facilities

Environment - international agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol

Land use

agricultural land

47.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 22.8% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 8.6% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 15.7% (2018 est.)

forest

31.4% (2018 est.)

other

21.5% (2018 est.)

Major infectious diseases

note: a new coronavirus is causing respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Italy; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; as of 9 December 2022, Italy has reported a total of 24,488,080 cases of COVID-19 or 41,058.8 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with a total of 181,733 cumulative deaths or a rate of 304.7 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 8 December 2022, 86.15% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine; the US Department of Homeland Security has issued instructions requiring US passengers who have been in Italy to travel through select airports where the US Government has implemented enhanced screening procedures

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km), (Adriatic Sea) Po (76,997 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Rhone (100,543 sq km)

Revenue from coal

coal revenues

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from forest resources

forest revenues

0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)

Total renewable water resources

191.3 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

17 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial

7.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

municipal

9.488 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

72% of total population (2023)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

29.524 million tons (2015 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually

7,646,716 tons (2015 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

25.9% (2015 est.)