2016 Edition

Background

The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent negotiations, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted "Guided Democracy." After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1988, President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his "New Order" government. After rioting toppled SUHARTO in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999. Indonesia is now the world's third most populous democracy, the world's largest archipelagic state, and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, reforming the criminal justice system, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, addressing climate change, and controlling infectious diseases, particularly those of global and regional importance. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in Aceh in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face low intensity armed resistance in Papua by the separatist Free Papua Movement.

The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent nego

alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, reforming the criminal justice system, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, addressing climate change, and controlling infectious diseases, particularly those of global and regional importance. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in Aceh in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face low intensity armed resistance in Papua by the separatist Free Papua Movement.

Area

1,904,569 sq km 1,811,569 sq km 93,000 sq km

land

1,811,569 sq km

total

1,904,569 sq km

water

93,000 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Climate

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline

54,716 km

Elevation

367 m lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Puncak Jaya 4,884 m

elevation extremes

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point

Puncak Jaya 4,884 m

mean elevation

367 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires

Environment - international agreements

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands Marine Life Conservation

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

Marine Life Conservation

Geographic coordinates

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Geography - note

archipelago of 17,508 islands, some 6,000 of which are inhabited (Indonesia is the world's largest country comprised solely of islands); straddles the equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean; despite having the fourth largest population in the world, Indonesia is the most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon

Irrigated land

67,220 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

2,958 km Timor-Leste 253 km, Malaysia 1,881 km, Papua New Guinea 824 km

border countries (3)

Timor-Leste 253 km, Malaysia 1,881 km, Papua New Guinea 824 km

total

2,958 km

Land use

31.2% arable land 13%; permanent crops 12.1%; permanent pasture 6.1% 51.7% 17.1% (2011 est.)

agricultural land

31.2%

forest

51.7%

other

17.1% (2011 est.)

Location

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Map references

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines 12 nm 200 nm

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (elev. 2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, and Tambora

volcanism

Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (elev. 2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, and Tambora

Natural resources

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Age structure

25.42% (male 33,435,020/female 32,224,706) 17.03% (male 22,397,086/female 21,604,985) 42.35% (male 55,857,415/female 53,543,682) 8.4% (male 9,918,897/female 11,790,016) 6.79% (male 7,630,251/female 9,913,993) (2016 est.)

0-14 years

25.42% (male 33,435,020/female 32,224,706)

15-24 years

17.03% (male 22,397,086/female 21,604,985)

25-54 years

42.35% (male 55,857,415/female 53,543,682)

55-64 years

8.4% (male 9,918,897/female 11,790,016)

65 years and over

6.79% (male 7,630,251/female 9,913,993) (2016 est.)

Birth rate

16.4 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)

Child labor - children ages 5-14

4,026,285 7% data represent children ages 5-17 (2009 est.)

note

data represent children ages 5-17 (2009 est.)

percentage

7%

total number

4,026,285

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

19.9% (2013)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

61.9% (2012)

Death rate

6.4 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)

Dependency ratios

49% 41.2% 7.7% 13% (2015 est.)

elderly dependency ratio

7.7%

potential support ratio

13% (2015 est.)

total dependency ratio

49%

youth dependency ratio

41.2%

Drinking water source

urban: 94.2% of population rural: 79.5% of population total: 87.4% of population urban: 5.8% of population rural: 20.5% of population total: 12.6% of population (2015 est.)

rural

20.5% of population

total

12.6% of population (2015 est.)

urban

5.8% of population

Education expenditures

3.3% of GDP (2014)

Ethnic groups

Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)

Health expenditures

2.8% of GDP (2014)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.48% (2015 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

35,300 (2015 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

692,800 (2015 est.)

Hospital bed density

0.9 beds/1,000 population (2012)

Infant mortality rate

23.5 deaths/1,000 live births 27.5 deaths/1,000 live births 19.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)

female

19.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)

male

27.5 deaths/1,000 live births

total

23.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese) more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia

note

more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia

Life expectancy at birth

72.7 years 70.1 years 75.5 years (2016 est.)

female

75.5 years (2016 est.)

male

70.1 years

total population

72.7 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 93.9% 96.3% 91.5% (2015 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

91.5% (2015 est.)

male

96.3%

total population

93.9%

Major infectious diseases

very high bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever dengue fever and malaria (2016)

degree of risk

very high

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases

dengue fever and malaria (2016)

Major urban areas - population

JAKARTA (capital) 10.323 million; Surabaya 2.853 million; Bandung 2.544 million; Medan 2.204 million; Semarang 1.63 million; Makassar 1.489 million (2015)

Maternal mortality rate

126 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

Median age

29.9 years 29.3 years 30.5 years (2016 est.)

female

30.5 years (2016 est.)

male

29.3 years

total

29.9 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

22.8 median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2012 est.)

note

median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2012 est.)

Nationality

Indonesian(s) Indonesian

adjective

Indonesian

noun

Indonesian(s)

Net migration rate

-1.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

5.7% (2014)

Physicians density

0.2 physicians/1,000 population (2012)

Population

258,316,051 (July 2016 est.)

Population growth rate

0.89% (2016 est.)

Religions

Muslim 87.2%, Christian 7%, Roman Catholic 2.9%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.9% (includes Buddhist and Confucian), unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 72.3% of population rural: 47.5% of population total: 60.8% of population urban: 27.7% of population rural: 52.5% of population total: 39.2% of population (2015 est.)

rural

52.5% of population

total

39.2% of population (2015 est.)

urban

27.7% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

13 years 13 years 13 years (2014)

female

13 years (2014)

male

13 years

total

13 years

Sex ratio

1.05 male(s)/female 1.04 male(s)/female 1.04 male(s)/female 1.04 male(s)/female 0.84 male(s)/female 0.77 male(s)/female 1 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

0-14 years

1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.04 male(s)/female

25-54 years

1.04 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.84 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.77 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

1 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.13 children born/woman (2016 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

31.3% 19.5% 21.4% (2013 est.)

female

21.4% (2013 est.)

male

19.5%

total

31.3%

Urbanization

53.7% of total population (2015) 2.69% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

2.69% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

53.7% of total population (2015)

Administrative divisions

31 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta** following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

note

following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

Capital

Jakarta 6 10 S, 106 49 E UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) Indonesia has three time zones

geographic coordinates

6 10 S, 106 49 E

name

Jakarta

note

Indonesia has three time zones

time difference

UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

no at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia no 5 continuous years

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia

dual citizenship recognized

no

residency requirement for naturalization

5 continuous years

Constitution

drafted July to August 1945, effective 17 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions, 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959; amended several times, last in 2002; note - an amendment on "national character building and national consciousness awareness" was pending parliamentary review in early 2016 (2016)

Country name

Republic of Indonesia Indonesia Republik Indonesia Indonesia Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, "Indos" (India) and "nesoi" (islands), meaning "Indian islands"

conventional long form

Republic of Indonesia

conventional short form

Indonesia

etymology

the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, "Indos" (India) and "nesoi" (islands), meaning "Indian islands"

former

Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies

local long form

Republik Indonesia

local short form

Indonesia

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador Robert O. BLAKE, Jr. (since 30 January 2014) Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110 Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520 [62] (21) 3435-9000 [62] (21) 386-2259 Surabaya Medan Bali

chief of mission

Ambassador Robert O. BLAKE, Jr. (since 30 January 2014)

consular agency

Bali

consulate

Medan

consulate general

Surabaya

embassy

Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110

FAX

[62] (21) 386-2259

mailing address

Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520

telephone

[62] (21) 3435-9000

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Budi BOWOLEKSONO (since 21 May 2014) 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 [1] (202) 775-5200 [1] (202) 775-5365 Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

chancery

2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

chief of mission

Ambassador Budi BOWOLEKSONO (since 21 May 2014)

consulate(s) general

Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

FAX

[1] (202) 775-5365

telephone

[1] (202) 775-5200

Executive branch

President Joko WIDODO (since 20 October 2014); Vice President Jusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2014); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government President Joko WIDODO (since 20 October 2014); Vice President Jusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2014) Cabinet appointed by the president president and vice president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 9 July 2014 (next to be held in 2019) Joko WiDODO elected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 53.2%, PRABOWO Subianto (GERINDRA) 46.8%

cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the president

chief of state

President Joko WIDODO (since 20 October 2014); Vice President Jusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2014); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

election results

Joko WiDODO elected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 53.2%, PRABOWO Subianto (GERINDRA) 46.8%

elections/appointments

president and vice president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 9 July 2014 (next to be held in 2019)

head of government

President Joko WIDODO (since 20 October 2014); Vice President Jusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2014)

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

note

similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Government type

presidential republic

Independence

17 August 1945 (declared)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OECD (Enhanced Engagement, OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges) Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70 High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts

highest court(s)

Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70

subordinate courts

High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts

Legal system

civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law

Legislative branch

bicameral People's Consultative Assembly or Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat consists of the Regional Representative Council or Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (132 seats; non-partisan members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (560 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by single non-transferable vote to serve 5-year terms) 29 other parties received less than the 2.5% vote threshold and failed to win so did not obtain any seats; because of election rules, the number of seats won does not always follow the percentage of votes received by parties last held on 9 April 2014 (next to be held in 2019) House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDI-P 19%, Golkar 15%, Gerindra 12%, PD 10%, PKB 9%, PAN 8%, PKS 7%, NasDem 7%, PPP 7%, Hanura 5%; seats by party - PDI-P 109, Golkar 91, Gerindra 73, PD 61, PAN 49, PKB 47, PKS 40, NasDem 35, PPP 39, Hanura 16

description

bicameral People's Consultative Assembly or Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat consists of the Regional Representative Council or Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (132 seats; non-partisan members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (560 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by single non-transferable vote to serve 5-year terms)

election results

House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDI-P 19%, Golkar 15%, Gerindra 12%, PD 10%, PKB 9%, PAN 8%, PKS 7%, NasDem 7%, PPP 7%, Hanura 5%; seats by party - PDI-P 109, Golkar 91, Gerindra 73, PD 61, PAN 49, PKB 47, PKS 40, NasDem 35, PPP 39, Hanura 16

elections

last held on 9 April 2014 (next to be held in 2019)

note

29 other parties received less than the 2.5% vote threshold and failed to win so did not obtain any seats; because of election rules, the number of seats won does not always follow the percentage of votes received by parties

National anthem

"Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia) Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN adopted 1945

lyrics/music

Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN

name

"Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia)

note

adopted 1945

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

National symbol(s)

garuda (mythical bird); national colors: red, white

garuda (mythical bird); national colors

red, white

Political parties and leaders

Democrat Party or PD [Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO] Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR [Aburizal BAKRIE] Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA [PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo] Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri] National Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR] National Mandate Party or PAN [Hatta RAJASA] People's Conscience Party or HANURA [WIRANTO] Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Anis MATTA] United Development Party or PPP [NA]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Commission for the "Disappeared" and Victims of Violence or KontraS Indonesia Corruption Watch or ICW Indonesian Forum for the Environment or WALHI

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Agriculture - products

rubber and similar products, palm oil, poultry, beef, forest products, shrimp, cocoa, coffee, medicinal herbs, essential oil, fish and its similar products, and spices

Budget

$112.6 billion $134.2 billion (2015 est.)

expenditures

$134.2 billion (2015 est.)

revenues

$112.6 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-2.5% of GDP (2015 est.)

Central bank discount rate

6.37% (31 December 2010) 6.46% (31 December 2009) this figure represents the 3-month SBI rate; the Bank of Indonesia has not employed the one-month SBI since September 2010

note

this figure represents the 3-month SBI rate; the Bank of Indonesia has not employed the one-month SBI since September 2010

Commercial bank prime lending rate

12.66% (31 December 2015 est.) 12.61% (31 December 2014 est.) these figures represent the average annualized rate on working capital loans

note

these figures represent the average annualized rate on working capital loans

Current account balance

-$17.76 billion (2015 est.) -$27.52 billion (2014 est.)

Debt - external

$316 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $293.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

36.8 (2009) 39.4 (2005)

Economy - overview

Indonesia, the largest economy in Southeast Asia, has seen a slowdown in growth since 2012, mostly due to the end of the commodities export boom. During the global financial crisis, Indonesia outperformed its regional neighbors and joined China and India as the only G20 members posting growth. Indonesia’s annual budget deficit is capped at 3% of GDP, and the Government of Indonesia lowered its debt-to-GDP ratio from a peak of 100% shortly after the Asian financial crisis in 1999 to less than 25% today. Fitch and Moody's upgraded Indonesia's credit rating to investment grade in December 2011. Indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among its regions. President Joko WIDODO - elected in July 2014 – seeks to develop Indonesia’s maritime resources and pursue other infrastructure development, including significantly increasing its electrical power generation capacity. Fuel subsidies were significantly reduced in early 2015, a move which has helped the government redirect its spending to development priorities. Indonesia, with the nine other ASEAN members, will continue to move towards participation in the ASEAN Economic Community, though full implementation of economic integration has not yet materialized.

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - 13,389.4 (2015 est.) 11,865.2 (2014 est.) 11,865.2 (2013 est.) 9,386.63 (2012 est.) 8,770.43 (2011 est.)

Exports

$148.4 billion (2015 est.) $175.3 billion (2014 est.)

Exports - commodities

mineral fuels, animal or vegetable fats (includes palm oil), electrical machinery, rubber, machinery and mechanical appliance parts

Exports - partners

Japan 12%, US 10.8%, China 10%, Singapore 8.4%, India 7.8%, South Korea 5.1%, Malaysia 5.1% (2015)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

57% 9.7% 33.2% -0.1% 21.1% -20.9% (2015 est.)

exports of goods and services

21.1%

government consumption

9.7%

household consumption

57%

imports of goods and services

-20.9% (2015 est.)

investment in fixed capital

33.2%

investment in inventories

-0.1%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

14% 41.3% 44.7% (2015 est.)

agriculture

14%

industry

41.3%

services

44.7% (2015 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$11,100 (2015 est.) $10,800 (2014 est.) $10,400 (2013 est.) data are in 2015 US dollars

note

data are in 2015 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

4.8% (2015 est.) 5% (2014 est.) 5.6% (2013 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$859 billion (2015 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$2.842 trillion (2015 est.) $2.712 trillion (2014 est.) $2.582 trillion (2013 est.) data are in 2015 US dollars

note

data are in 2015 US dollars

Gross national saving

32.5% of GDP (2015 est.) 31.5% of GDP (2014 est.) 30.7% of GDP (2013 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

3.4% 28.2% (2010)

highest 10%

28.2% (2010)

lowest 10%

3.4%

Imports

$135.1 billion (2015 est.) $168.3 billion (2014 est.)

Imports - commodities

mineral fuels, boilers, machinery, and mechanical parts, electric machinery, iron and steel, foodstuffs

Imports - partners

China 20.6%, Singapore 12.6%, Japan 9.3%, Malaysia 6%, South Korea 5.9%, Thailand 5.7%, US 5.3% (2015)

Industrial production growth rate

2.7% (2015 est.)

Industries

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

6.4% (2015 est.) 6.4% (2014 est.)

Labor force

122.4 million (2015 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

38.9% 13.2% 47.9% (2012 est.)

agriculture

38.9%

industry

13.2%

services

47.9% (2012 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$396.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $390.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.) $360.4 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Population below poverty line

11.3% (2014 est.)

Public debt

28.4% of GDP (2015 est.) 25.9% of GDP (2014 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$105.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $111.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Stock of broad money

$348.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.) $305.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$33.32 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $24.05 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$271.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $253.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$354.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $360.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$76.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $75.74 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

13.1% of GDP (2015 est.)

Unemployment rate

6.2% (2015 est.) 5.9% (2014 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

442 million Mt (2013 est.)

Crude oil - exports

310,100 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Crude oil - imports

463,000 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Crude oil - production

785,900 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

3.693 billion bbl (1 January 2016 es)

Electricity - consumption

195 billion kWh (2014 est.)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2013 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

83.2% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

11% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

5.8% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)

Electricity - imports

9 million kWh (2014 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

55 million kW (2014 est.)

Electricity - production

216 billion kWh (2014 est.)

Electricity access

48,700,000 81% 94% 66% (2013)

electrification - rural areas

66% (2013)

electrification - total population

81%

electrification - urban areas

94%

population without electricity

48,700,000

Natural gas - consumption

41.72 billion cu m (2014 est.)

Natural gas - exports

31.78 billion cu m (2014 est.)

Natural gas - imports

1.8 billion cu m (2013 est.)

Natural gas - production

73.45 billion cu m (2014 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

2.875 trillion cu m (1 January 2016 es)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

1.688 million bbl/day (2014 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

81,950 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

691,600 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

926,300 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Broadcast media

mixture of about a dozen national TV networks - 2 public broadcasters, the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; overall, more than 700 radio stations with more than 650 privately operated (2008)

Internet country code

.id

Internet users

56.257 million 22% (July 2015 est.)

percent of population

22% (July 2015 est.)

total

56.257 million

Telephone system

domestic service includes an interisland microwave system, an HF radio police net, and a domestic satellite communications system; international service good coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly country code - 62; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2015)

domestic

coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly

general assessment

domestic service includes an interisland microwave system, an HF radio police net, and a domestic satellite communications system; international service good

international

country code - 62; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2015)

Telephones - fixed lines

22.386 million 9 (July 2015 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

9 (July 2015 est.)

total subscriptions

22.386 million

Telephones - mobile cellular

338.426 million 132 (July 2015 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

132 (July 2015 est.)

total

338.426 million

Airports

673 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

37 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

51

2,438 to 3,047 m

21

914 to 1,523 m

72

over 3,047 m

5

total

186

under 914 m

37 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

460 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

4

914 to 1,523 m

23

total

487

under 914 m

460 (2013)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

PK (2016)

Heliports

76 (2013)

Merchant marine

1,340 bulk carrier 105, cargo 618, chemical tanker 69, container 120, liquefied gas 28, passenger 49, passenger/cargo 77, petroleum tanker 244, refrigerated cargo 6, roll on/roll off 12, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 11 69 (China 1, France 1, Greece 1, Japan 8, Jordan 1, Malaysia 1, Norway 3, Singapore 46, South Korea 2, Taiwan 1, UK 2, US 2) 95 (Bahamas 2, Cambodia 2, China 2, Hong Kong 10, Liberia 4, Marshall Islands 1, Mongolia 2, Panama 10, Singapore 60, Tuvalu 1, unknown 1) (2010)

by type

bulk carrier 105, cargo 618, chemical tanker 69, container 120, liquefied gas 28, passenger 49, passenger/cargo 77, petroleum tanker 244, refrigerated cargo 6, roll on/roll off 12, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 11

foreign-owned

69 (China 1, France 1, Greece 1, Japan 8, Jordan 1, Malaysia 1, Norway 3, Singapore 46, South Korea 2, Taiwan 1, UK 2, US 2)

registered in other countries

95 (Bahamas 2, Cambodia 2, China 2, Hong Kong 10, Liberia 4, Marshall Islands 1, Mongolia 2, Panama 10, Singapore 60, Tuvalu 1, unknown 1) (2010)

total

1,340

National air transport system

88,685,767 747,473,207 mt-km (2015)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

747,473,207 mt-km (2015)

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

88,685,767

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

550

number of registered air carriers

29

Pipelines

condensate 1,064 km; condensate/gas 150 km; gas 11,702 km; liquid petroleum gas 119 km; oil 7,767 km; oil/gas/water 77 km; refined products 728 km; unknown 53 km; water 44 km (2013)

Ports and terminals

Banjarmasin, Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok Tanjung Priok (5,617,562) Bontang, Tangguh Arun, Lampung, West Java

container port(s) (TEUs)

Tanjung Priok (5,617,562)

LNG terminal(s) (export)

Bontang, Tangguh

LNG terminal(s) (import)

Arun, Lampung, West Java

major seaport(s)

Banjarmasin, Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok

Railways

8,159 km 8,159 km 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified) 4,816 km operational (2014)

narrow gauge

8,159 km 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified)

note

4,816 km operational (2014)

total

8,159 km

Roadways

496,607 km 283,102 km 213,505 km (2011)

paved

283,102 km

total

496,607 km

unpaved

213,505 km (2011)

Transportation - note

the International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; attacks have increased yearly since 2009; in 2014, 100 commercial vessels were attacked and 90 crew members taken hostage; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift

Waterways

21,579 km (2011)

Military branches

Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL); includes marines (Korps Marinir, KorMar), naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Kommando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)) (2013)

Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI)

Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL); includes marines (Korps Marinir, KorMar), naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Kommando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)) (2013)

Military expenditures

0.78% of GDP (2012) 0.67% of GDP (2011) 0.78% of GDP (2010)

Military service age and obligation

18-45 years of age for voluntary military service, with selective conscription authorized; 2-year service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2012)

Disputes - international

Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; three stretches of land borders with Timor-Leste have yet to be delimited, two of which are in the Oecussi exclave area, and no maritime or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundaries have been established between the countries; many refugees from Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; all borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally, but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches; land and maritime negotiations with Malaysia are ongoing, and disputed areas include the controversial Tanjung Datu and Camar Wulan border area in Borneo and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalizing their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; EEZ negotiations with Vietnam are ongoing, and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundary

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy; President WIDODO's war on drugs has led to an increase in death sentences and executions, particularly of foreign drug traffickers (2015)

Refugees and internally displaced persons

6,100 (inter-communal, inter-faith, and separatist violence between 1998 and 2004 in Aceh and Papua; religious attacks and land conflicts in 2012 and 2013; most IDPs in Aceh, Maluku, East Nusa Tengarra) (2015) (2011)

IDPs

6,100 (inter-communal, inter-faith, and separatist violence between 1998 and 2004 in Aceh and Papua; religious attacks and land conflicts in 2012 and 2013; most IDPs in Aceh, Maluku, East Nusa Tengarra) (2015) (2011)