Indonesia

The archipelago was once largely under the control of Buddhist and Hindu rulers. By around the 7th century, a Buddhist kingdom arose on Sumatra and expanded into Java and the Malay Peninsula until it was conquered in the late 13th century by the Hindu Majapahit Empire from Java. Majapahit (1290-1527) united most of modern-day Indonesia and Malaysia. Traders introduced Islam around the 11th century, and the religion was gradually over the next 500 years. The Portuguese conquered parts of Indonesia in the 16th century, but the Dutch ousted them (except in East Timor) and began colonizing the islands in the early 17th century. It would be the early 20th century before Dutch colonial rule was established across the entirety of what would become the boundaries of the modern Indonesian state.Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent negotiations, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted "Guided Democracy." After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1998, President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his "New Order" government. After street protests toppled SUHARTO in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999 while the country's first direct presidential election occurred in 2004. Indonesia has since become a robust democracy, holding four direct presidential elections, each considered by international observers to have been largely free and fair. Indonesia is now the world's third-most-populous  democracy and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. It has had strong economic growth since overcoming the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. By the 2020s, it had the largest economy in Southeast Asia, and its economy ranked in the world's top 10 in terms of purchasing power parity. It has also made considerable gains in reducing poverty. Although relations amongst its diverse population--there are more than 300 ethnic groups--have been harmonious in the 2000s, there have been areas of sectarian discontent and violence, as well as instances of religious extremism and terrorism. A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005, but a separatist group in Papua continued to conduct a low-intensity conflict as of 2024.

land

1,811,569 sq km

total

1,904,569 sq km

water

93,000 sq km

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

54,716 km

highest point

Puncak Jaya 4,884 m

lowest point

Indian Ocean 0 m

mean elevation

367 m

5 00 S, 120 00 E

note 1: according to Indonesia's National Coordinating Agency for Survey and Mapping, the total number of islands in the archipelago is 13,466, of which 922 are permanently inhabited (Indonesia is the world's largest country comprised solely of islands); the country straddles the equator and occupies a strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean note 2: Indonesia is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire; 80% of tsunamis, caused by volcanic or seismic events, occur within the "Pacific Ring of Fire" note 3: despite having the fourth largest population in the world, Indonesia is the most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazonnote 4: two major food crops apparently developed on the island of New Guinea: bananas and sugarcane

67,220 sq km (2012)

border countries

Malaysia 1,881 km; Papua New Guinea 824 km; Timor-Leste 253 km

total

2,958 km

agricultural land

31.2% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 13% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 12.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 6.1% (2018 est.)

forest

51.7% (2018 est.)

other

17.1% (2018 est.)

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

fresh water lake(s)

Danau Toba - 1,150 sq kmnote - located in the caldera of a super volcano that erupted more than 70,000 years ago; it is the largest volcanic lake in the World

Sepik (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,126 km; Fly (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,050 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Southeast Asia

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

note

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines

territorial sea

12 nm

occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; on 22 December 2018, a large explosion and flank collapse destroyed most of the 338 m high island of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) and generated a deadly tsunami inundating portions of western Java and southern Sumatra leaving more than 400 dead; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, Sinabung, and Tambora; see note 2 under "Geography - note"

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

note

note: Indonesia is the World's leading producer of nickel with an output of 1.6 million mt in 2022

major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

0-14 years

23.8% (male 34,247,218/female 32,701,367)

15-64 years

68.3% (male 96,268,201/female 95,961,293)

65 years and over

8% (2024 est.) (male 10,284,628/female 12,099,758)

beer

0.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

0.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

14.8 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

women married by age 15

2%

women married by age 18

16.3% (2017 est.)

17.7% (2018)

55.5% (2018)

3.4% of GDP (2020)

70% (2023 est.)

6.8 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Indonesia has the world’s fourth-largest population.  It is predominantly Muslim and has the largest Muslim population of any country in the world.  The population is projected to increase to as much as 320 million by 2045.  A government-supported family planning program.  The total fertility rate (TFR) – the average number of births per woman – from 5.6 in the mid-1960s to 2.7 in the mid-1990s.  The success of the program was also due to the social acceptance of family planning, which received backing from influential Muslim leaders and organizations. The fertility decline slowed in the late 1990’s when responsibility for family planning programs shifted to the district level, where the programs were not prioritized.  Since 2012 the national government revitalized the national family planning program, and Indonesia’s TFR has slowly decreased to 2.3 in 2020.  The government may reach its goal of achieving replacement level fertility – 2.1 children per woman – but the large number of women of childbearing age ensures significant population growth for many years.  Indonesia is a source country for labor migrants, a transit country for asylum seekers, and a destination mainly for highly skilled migrant workers.  International labor migration, both legal and illegal, from Indonesia to other parts of Asia (most commonly Malaysia) and the Middle East has taken place for decades because of high unemployment and underemployment, poverty, and low wages domestically.  Increasing numbers of migrant workers are drawn to Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the US.  The majority of Indonesian labor migration is temporary and consists predominantly of low-skilled workers, mainly women working as domestics. Indonesia’s strategic location between Asia and Australia and between the Pacific and Indian Oceans – and its relatively easy accessibility via boat – appeal to asylum seekers.  It is also an attractive transit location because of its easy entry requirements and the ability to continue on to Australia.  Recent asylum seekers have come from Afghanistan, Burma (Rohingyas), Iraq, Somalia, and Sri Lanka.  Since 2013, when Australia tightening its immigration policy, thousands of migrants and asylum seekers have been stranded in Indonesia, where they live in precarious conditions and receive only limited support from international organizations.  The situation for refugees in Indonesia has also worsened because Australia and the US, which had resettled the majority of refugees in Indonesia, have significantly lowered their intake.

elderly dependency ratio

10

potential support ratio

10 (2021 est.)

total dependency ratio

47.6

youth dependency ratio

37.6

improved: rural

rural: 86.8% of population

improved: total

total: 93.3% of population

improved: urban

urban: 98.2% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 13.2% of population

unimproved: total

total: 6.7% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 1.8% of population

3.5% of GDP (2020 est.)

Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)

0.96 (2024 est.)

1 beds/1,000 population (2017)

female

16.4 deaths/1,000 live births

male

21.3 deaths/1,000 live births

total

18.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese); note - more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia

major-language sample(s)

Fakta Dunia, sumber informasi dasar yang sangat diperlukan. (Indonesian)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

female

76 years

male

71.3 years

total population

73.6 years (2024 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

94.6% (2020)

male

97.4%

total population

96%

11.249 million JAKARTA (capital), 3.729 million Bekasi, 3.044 million Surabaya, 3.041 million Depok, 2.674 million Bandung, 2.514 million Tangerang (2023)

173 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

female

32.3 years

male

30.8 years

total

31.5 years (2024 est.)

22.4 years (2017 est.)

note

note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49

adjective

Indonesian

noun

Indonesian(s)

-0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

6.9% (2016)

Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the World after China, India, and the United States; more than half of the Indonesian population - roughly 150 million people or 55% - live on the island of Java (about the size of California) making it the most crowded island on earth

0.62 physicians/1,000 population (2020)

female

140,762,418 (2024 est.)

male

140,800,047

total

281,562,465

major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated

0.73% (2024 est.)

Muslim 87.4%, Protestant 7.5%, Roman Catholic 3.1%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.8% (includes Buddhist and Confucian) (2022 est.)

improved: rural

rural: 86.5% of population

improved: total

total: 92.5% of population

improved: urban

urban: 97.2% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 13.5% of population

unimproved: total

total: 7.5% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 2.8% of population

female

14 years (2018)

male

14 years

total

14 years

0-14 years

1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.85 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

female

3.7% (2020 est.)

male

71.4% (2020 est.)

total

37.6% (2020 est.)

1.96 children born/woman (2024 est.)

rate of urbanization

1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

58.6% of total population (2023)

35 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** (daerah istimewa), and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Papua Barat Daya (Southwest Papua), Papua Pegunungan (Papua Highlands), Papua Selatan (South Papua), Papua Tengah (Central Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta**

note

note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

etymology

"Jakarta" derives from the Sanscrit "Jayakarta" meaning "victorious city" and refers to a successful defeat and expulsion of the Portuguese in 1527; previously the port had been named "Sunda Kelapa"

geographic coordinates

6 10 S, 106 49 E

name

Jakarta; note - Indonesian lawmakers on 18 January 2022 approved the relocation of the country’s capital from Jakarta to a site on the island of Borneo between Samarinda City and the port city of Balikpapan; Nusantara ("archipelago"), the name of the new capital, was in development as of late 2024 and is expected to be completed in 2045

time difference

UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

time zone note

Indonesia has three time zones

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia

dual citizenship recognized

no

residency requirement for naturalization

5 continuous years

amendments

proposed by the People’s Consultative Assembly, with at least two thirds of its members present; passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly membership; constitutional articles on the unitary form of the state cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2002

history

drafted July to August 1945, effective 18 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions; 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959

conventional long form

Republic of Indonesia

conventional short form

Indonesia

etymology

the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, "Indos" (India) and "nesoi" (islands), meaning "Indian islands"

former

Netherlands East Indies (Dutch East Indies), Netherlands New Guinea

local long form

Republik Indonesia

local short form

Indonesia

chief of mission

Ambassador Kamala Shirin LAKHDHIR (since 8 August 2024)

consulate(s)

Medan

consulate(s) general

Surabaya

email address and website

jakartaacs@state.govhttps://id.usembassy.gov/

embassy

Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5, Jakarta 10110

FAX

[62] (21) 385-7189

mailing address

8200 Jakarta Place, Washington DC  20521-8200

telephone

[62] (21) 5083-1000

chancery

2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Ida Bagus Made BIMANTARA (since 30 November 2023)

consulate(s) general

Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

email address and website

washington.kbri@kemlu.go.idEmbassy of The Republic of Indonesia, in Washington D.C., The United States of America (kemlu.go.id)

FAX

[1] (202) 775-5236

telephone

[1] (202) 775-5200

cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the president

chief of state

President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024)

election results

2024: PRABOWO Subianto elected president (assumes office 20 October 2024); percent of vote - PRABOWO Subianto (GERINDRA) 58.6%, Anies Rasyid BASWEDAN (Independent) 24.9%, GANJAR Pranowo (PDI-P) 16.5%2019: Joko WIDODO reelected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 55.5%, PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (GERINDRA) 44.5%

elections/appointments

president and vice president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 14 February 2024 (next to be held in 2029)

head of government

President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024)

note

note: the president is both chief of state and head of government

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity

note

note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

presidential republic

17 August 1945 (declared independence from the Netherlands)

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IORA, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, MSG (associate member), NAM, OECD (enhanced engagement), OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

highest court(s)

Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70

subordinate courts

High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts

civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law

description

bicameral People's Consultative Assembly or Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR) consists of:Regional Representative Council or Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (136 seats; non-partisan members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies - 4 each from the country's 34 electoral districts - by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms); note - the Regional Representative Council has no legislative authorityHouse of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (580 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by single non-transferable vote to serve 5-year terms)

election results

Regional Representative Council - all seats elected on a non-partisan basis; composition - men 102, women 34, percentage women 25%House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDI-P 16.7%, Golkar 15.3%, Gerindra 13.2%, PKB 10.6%, Nasdem 9.7%, PKS 8.4%, PD 7.4%, PAN 7.2%; other 11.5% (10 additional parties received votes); seats by party - PDI-P 110, Golkar 102, Gerindra 86, PKB 68, Nasdem 69, PKS 53, PD 44, PAN 48; composition - men 449, women 126, percentage women 21.9%; total People's Consultative Assembly percentage women NA

elections

Regional Representative Council - last held on 14 February 2024 (next to be held in 2029)House of Representatives - last held on 14 February 2024 (next to be held in 2029)

lyrics/music

Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN

name

"Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia)

note

note: adopted 1945

selected World Heritage Site locales

Borobudur Temple Compounds (c); Komodo National Park (n); Prambanan Temple Compounds (c); Ujung Kulon National Park (n); Sangiran Early Man Site (c); Lorentz National Park (n); Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (n); Cultural Landscape of Bali Province (c); Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto (c); Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks (c)

total World Heritage Sites

10 (6 cultural, 4 natural)

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

garuda (mythical bird); national colors: red, white

Democrat Party or PD Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P National Awakening Party or PKB National Democratic Party or NasDem National Mandate Party or PAN Prosperous Justice Party or PKS 

17 years of age; universal; married persons regardless of age

oil palm fruit, rice, sugarcane, maize, coconuts, cassava, bananas, eggs, mangoes/guavas, chicken (2022)

note

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

on alcohol and tobacco

7.4% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

on food

33.7% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

expenditures

$192.97 billion (2020 est.)

revenues

$130.872 billion (2020 est.)

Fitch rating

BBB (2017)

Moody's rating

Baa2 (2018)

note

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

Standard & Poors rating

BBB (2019)

Current account balance 2021

$3.511 billion (2021 est.)

Current account balance 2022

$13.215 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

-$1.88 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

upper middle-income, largest and growing Southeast Asian economy; higher lending rates to moderate inflation; ongoing relocation of capital fueling infrastructure projects; major tourism sector prompting green economy goals

Currency

Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2019

14,147.671 (2019 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

14,582.203 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

14,308.144 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

14,849.854 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

15,236.885 (2023 est.)

Exports 2021

$246.787 billion (2021 est.)

Exports 2022

$315.746 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$292.79 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

coal, palm oil, iron alloys, natural gas, steel (2022)

note

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

China 21%, US 10%, Japan 8%, India 8%, Malaysia 5% (2022)

note

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

exports of goods and services

21.7% (2023 est.)

government consumption

7.4% (2023 est.)

household consumption

54.4% (2023 est.)

imports of goods and services

-19.6% (2023 est.)

investment in fixed capital

29.3% (2023 est.)

investment in inventories

1.2% (2023 est.)

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

agriculture

12.5% (2023 est.)

industry

40.2% (2023 est.)

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

services

42.9% (2023 est.)

$1.371 trillion (2023 est.)

note

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2023

38.3 (2023 est.)

note

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

highest 10%

31.4% (2023 est.)

lowest 10%

3.1% (2023 est.)

note

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Imports 2021

$217.579 billion (2021 est.)

Imports 2022

$273.031 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$264.426 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

refined petroleum, crude petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories, natural gas, plastics (2022)

note

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

China 31%, Singapore 10%, Japan 6%, Malaysia 5%, Thailand 5% (2022)

note

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

5% (2023 est.)

note

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021

1.56% (2021 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

4.21% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

3.67% (2023 est.)

note

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

140.931 million (2023 est.)

note

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

9.4% (2023 est.)

note

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

note

note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Public debt 2022

45.34% of GDP (2022 est.)

note

note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021

$3.531 trillion (2021 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$3.718 trillion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$3.906 trillion (2023 est.)

note

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2021

3.7% (2021 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2022

5.31% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

5.05% (2023 est.)

note

note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2021

$12,900 (2021 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2022

$13,500 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$14,100 (2023 est.)

note

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2021

0.79% of GDP (2021 est.)

Remittances 2022

0.99% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

1.06% of GDP (2023 est.)

note

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021

$144.908 billion (2021 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$137.222 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$146.359 billion (2023 est.)

11.6% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

note

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

note

note: % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2021

3.83% (2021 est.)

Unemployment rate 2022

3.46% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

3.42% (2023 est.)

female

13.6% (2023 est.)

male

14.2% (2023 est.)

note

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

total

13.9% (2023 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke

386.828 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from consumed natural gas

73.649 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

224.45 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

total emissions

684.926 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

consumption

202.283 million metric tons (2022 est.)

exports

469.09 million metric tons (2022 est.)

imports

12.396 million metric tons (2022 est.)

production

659.357 million metric tons (2022 est.)

proven reserves

34.869 billion metric tons (2022 est.)

consumption

312.423 billion kWh (2022 est.)

imports

972.7 million kWh (2022 est.)

installed generating capacity

69.706 million kW (2022 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

25.71 billion kWh (2022 est.)

electrification - rural areas

98.2%

electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

electrification - urban areas

100%

biomass and waste

6.8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

fossil fuels

79.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

geothermal

4.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

hydroelectricity

8.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

solar

0.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

wind

0.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Total energy consumption per capita 2022

33.039 million Btu/person (2022 est.)

consumption

36.061 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

exports

22.064 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

imports

1.027 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

production

57.41 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

proven reserves

1.408 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves

2.48 billion barrels (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption

1.728 million bbl/day (2022 est.)

total petroleum production

865,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

4 (2020 est.)

total

11,722,218 (2020 est.)

mixture of about a dozen national TV networks - 1 public broadcaster, the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; overall, more than 700 radio stations with more than 650 privately operated (2019)

.id

percent of population

62% (2021 est.)

total

167.4 million (2021 est.)

domestic

fixed-line subscribership roughly 3 per 100 and mobile-cellular 134 per 100 persons (2021)

general assessment

Indonesia faces more than the usual number of obstacles in terms of enabling widespread access to quality telecommunications services for its population of more than 270 million; the geographical challenges have been further compounded by a variety of social, political, and economic problems over the years that have kept the country’s wealth distributed very thinly; the fixed-line (fiber) and mobile operators have continued to expand and upgrade their networks across the country; Indonesia’s 18,000 islands (many of which, however, are sparsely populated) makes the deployment of fixed-line infrastructure on a broad scale difficult; there has been renewed activity in fiber optic cable, but the bundling of fixed-line telephony with TV and internet services will see the country’s teledensity stabilize; mobile subscriptions have reached more than 130% and is projected to exceed 150% by 2026; with 4G LTE universally available, the major mobile companies have been busy launching 5G services in selected areas; the rollout of 5G will be hampered by the lack of availability of suitable frequencies; the 4G had to be reallocated from broadcasting services, and indications are that the same process is going to have to be followed in order to allow the expansion of 5G into its core frequency bands (3.3 to 4.2GHz) (2022)

international

country code - 62; landing points for the SEA-ME-WE-3 & 5, DAMAI, JASUKA, BDM, Dumai-Melaka Cable System, IGG, JIBA, Link 1, 3, 4,  & 5, PGASCOM, B3J2, Tanjung Pandam-Sungai Kakap Cable System, JAKABARE, JAYABAYA, INDIGO-West, Matrix Cable System, ASC, SJJK, Jaka2LaDeMa, S-U-B Cable System, JBCS, MKCS, BALOK, Palapa Ring East, West and Middle, SMPCS Packet-1 and 2, LTCS, TSCS, SEA-US and Kamal Domestic Submarine Cable System, 35 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, Australia, Southeast Asia, Africa and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2019)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

3 (2022 est.)

total subscriptions

8.424 million (2022 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

115 (2022 est.)

total subscriptions

316.553 million (2022 est.)

513 (2024)

PK

24 (2024)

by type

bulk carrier 160, container ship 219, general cargo 2,347, oil tanker 714, other 7,982

total

11,422 (2023)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

1,131,910,000 (2018) mt-km

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

115,154,100 (2018)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

611

number of registered air carriers

25 (2020)

1,064 km condensate, 150 km condensate/gas, 11,702 km gas, 119 km liquid petroleum gas, 7,767 km oil, 77 km oil/gas/water, 728 km refined products, 53 km unknown, 44 km water (2013)

key ports

Belawan, Cilacap, Dumai, Jakarta, Kasim Terminal, Merak Mas Terminal, Palembang, Surabaya, Ujung Pandang

large

3

medium

6

ports with oil terminals

79

small

18

total ports

123 (2024)

very small

96

narrow gauge

8,159 km (2014) 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified)

note

note: 4,816 km operational

total

8,159 km (2014)

paved

283,102 km

total

496,607 km

unpaved

213,505 km (2011)

21,579 km (2011)

the military is responsible for external defense, combatting separatism, and responding to natural disasters; in certain conditions it may provide operational support to police, such as for counterterrorism operations, maintaining public order, and addressing communal conflicts; the TNI has undergone reforms since the 1990s to improve its professionalism and limit its involvement in internal politicsthe Army is involved in counterinsurgency operations in Papua against the West Papua Liberation Army, the military wing of the Free Papua Organization, which has been fighting a low-level insurgency since Indonesia annexed the former Dutch colony in the 1960s; the Army has also been assisting police in Sulawesi in countering the Mujahideen Indonesia Timur (MIT; aka East Indonesia Mujahideen), a local militant group affiliated with the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)the Navy is responsible for coastal defense and patrolling Indonesia’s territorial waters where it faces such issues as piracy, transnational crime, illegal fishing, and incursions by Chinese vessels; Indonesia is not a formal claimant in the South China Sea, although some of its waters lie within China's “nine-dash line” maritime claims, resulting in some stand offs in recent years; since 2016, the Indonesian military has bolstered its presence on Great Natuna Island (aka Pulau Natuna Besar), the main island of the Middle Natuna Archipelago, which is part of the Riau Islands Province, and held military exercises in the surrounding waters (2024)

Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL); includes Marine Corps (Korps Marinir or KorMar)), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)) (2024)

note

note 1: in 2014, Indonesia created a Maritime Security Agency (Bakamla) to coordinate the actions of all maritime security agencies, including the Navy, the Indonesian Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai, KPLP), the Water Police (Polair), Customs (Bea Cukai), and Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheriesnote 2: the Indonesian National Police, which reports directly to the president, includes a paramilitary Mobile Brigade Corps (BRIMOB) and Detachment 88 (Densus or Detasemen Khusus 88 Antiteror), a specialized counterterrorism force

approximately 400,000 active-duty troops (300,000 Army; 60,000 Navy, including about 20,000 marines; 30,000 Air Force) (2023)

225 (plus about 140 police) Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,025 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 1,225 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2024)

the military's inventory is a wide mix of Chinese, Russian, and Western (including US) equipment; in recent years, major suppliers have included China, France, Germany, the Netherlands, South Korea, and the US; the TNI has been engaged in a modernization program for more than a decade; Indonesia has a growing defense industry fueled by technology transfers and cooperation agreements with several countries; in 2019, the Indonesian Government said that growing its domestic defense industry would be a national priority over the following decade (2024)

Military Expenditures 2019

0.8% of GDP (2019 est.)

Military Expenditures 2020

0.8% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

0.8% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

0.8% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

0.8% of GDP (2023 est.)

18-45 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women, with selective conscription authorized (men, age 18), but not utilized; 24-month service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers) (2024)

note

note: as of 2023, women comprised about 7% of the Indonesian military

major transit point and destination for illicit narcotics; a destination for methamphetamine, ecstasy, and other illicit drugs; methamphetamine production facilities within Indonesia     

IDPs

72,000 (inter-communal, inter-faith, and separatist violence between 1998 and 2004 in Aceh and Papua; religious attacks and land conflicts in 2007 and 2013; most IDPs in Aceh, Maluku, East Nusa Tengarra) (2022)

refugees (country of origin)

5,684 (Afghanistan) (mid-year 2022)

stateless persons

866 (2022)

Indonesian Space Agency (INASA; formed 2022); National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN; established 2021); Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space (ORPA; formed 2021)   (2024)

Stasiun Peluncuran Roket rocket launch facility (West Java); building a space launch facility/spaceport on Biak, Papua (estimated completion date is 2025) (2024)

has had a space program since the 1960s that has focused largely on rocket development and the acquisition and operation of satellites; operates satellites; manufactures remote sensing (RS) satellites; has a sounding (research) rocket program geared towards development of an indigenous orbital satellite launch vehicle (SLV) and independent satellite launch capabilities; researching and developing a range of other space-related technologies and capabilities related to satellite payloads, communications, RS, and astronomy; has relations with several foreign space agencies and industries, including those of France, Germany, India, Japan, Russia, and the US (2024)

note

note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (aka Jemaah Anshorut Daulah); Jemaah Islamiyah

note

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

carbon dioxide emissions

563.32 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions

244.5 megatons (2020 est.)

particulate matter emissions

19.34 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires cause heavy smog; over-exploitation of marine resources; environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

Marine Life Conservation

global geoparks and regional networks

Batur; Belitong; Ciletuh - Palabuhanratu; Gunung Sewu; Ijen; Maros Pangkep; Merangin Jambi; Raja Ampat; Rinjani-Lombok; Toba Caldera (2023)

total global geoparks and regional networks

10

agricultural land

31.2% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 13% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 12.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 6.1% (2018 est.)

forest

51.7% (2018 est.)

other

17.1% (2018 est.)

fresh water lake(s)

Danau Toba - 1,150 sq kmnote - located in the caldera of a super volcano that erupted more than 70,000 years ago; it is the largest volcanic lake in the World

Sepik (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,126 km; Fly (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,050 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

1.06% of GDP (2018 est.)

0.39% of GDP (2018 est.)

2.02 trillion cubic meters (2020 est.)

agricultural

189.7 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial

9.14 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

municipal

23.8 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

rate of urbanization

1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

58.6% of total population (2023)

municipal solid waste generated annually

65.2 million tons (2016 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually

4.564 million tons (2016 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

7% (2016 est.)