Indonesia

The archipelago was once largely under the control of Buddhist and Hindu rulers. By around the 7th century, a Buddhist kingdom arose on Sumatra and expanded into Java and the Malay Peninsula until it was conquered in the late 13th century by the Hindu Majapahit Empire from Java. Majapahit (1290-1527) united most of modern-day Indonesia and Malaysia. Traders introduced Islam around the 11th century, and the religion gradually expanded over the next 500 years. The Portuguese conquered parts of Indonesia in the 16th century, but the Dutch ousted them (except in East Timor) and began colonizing the islands in the early 17th century. It would be the early 20th century before Dutch colonial rule was established across the entirety of what would become the boundaries of the modern Indonesian state.<br><br>Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent negotiations, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted "Guided Democracy." After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1998, President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his "New Order" government. After street protests toppled SUHARTO in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999 while the country's first direct presidential election occurred in 2004. Indonesia has since become a robust democracy, holding four direct presidential elections, each considered by international observers to have been largely free and fair. <br><br>Indonesia is now the world's third-most-populous  democracy and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. It has had strong economic growth since overcoming the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. By the 2020s, it had the largest economy in Southeast Asia, and its economy ranked in the world's top 10 in terms of purchasing power parity. It has also made considerable gains in reducing poverty. Although relations amongst its diverse population--there are more than 300 ethnic groups--have been harmonious in the 2000s, there have been areas of sectarian discontent and violence, as well as instances of religious extremism and terrorism. A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005, but a separatist group in Papua continued to conduct a low-intensity conflict as of 2024.

Land

1,811,569 sq km

Total

1,904,569 sq km

Water

93,000 sq km

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

54,716 km

Asia

Highest point

Puncak Jaya 4,884 m

Lowest point

Indian/Pacific Oceans 0 m

Mean elevation

367 m

5 00 S, 120 00 E

<p><strong>note 1:</strong> 13,466 islands are in the archipelago, of which 922 are permanently inhabited; Indonesia is the world's largest country composed solely of islands; the country straddles the equator and occupies a strategic location along major sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean</p> <p><strong>note 2:</strong> Indonesia is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes, up to 90% of the world's earthquakes, and 80% of tsunamis<br><br><strong>note 3:</strong> despite having the fourth largest population in the world, Indonesia is the most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon</p>

67,220 sq km (2012)

Border countries

Malaysia 1,881 km; Papua New Guinea 824 km; Timor-Leste 253 km

number of neighbors

3

Total

2,958 km

Agricultural land

29.1% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 9.4% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 13.9% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 5.8% (2023 est.)

arable land

9.4%

Forest

50.6% (2023 est.)

Other

20.3% (2023 est.)

permanent crops

13.92%

No

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Fresh water lake(s)

Danau Toba - 1,150 sq km<br>note - located in the caldera of a super volcano that erupted more than 70,000 years ago; it is the largest volcanic lake in the World

Sepik (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,126 km; Fly (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,050 km<br><br><strong>note:</strong> [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Google Maps

https://goo.gl/maps/9gfPupm5bffixiFJ6

OpenStreetMap

https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/21335

Southeast Asia

Exclusive economic zone

200 nm

Note

<strong>note: </strong>measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines

Territorial sea

12 nm

occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires <br><br><strong>volcanism:</strong> Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world, with over 75 historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; in 2018, a large explosion and flank collapse destroyed most of the island of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) and generated a deadly tsunami that left more than 400 dead; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, Sinabung, and Tambora; see note 2 under "Geography - note"

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

note

<strong>note:</strong> Indonesia is the World's leading producer of nickel with an output of 1.6 million mt in 2022

major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands, Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated

South-Eastern Asia

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

UTC+07:00, UTC+08:00, UTC+09:00

number of time zones

3

0-14 years

23.8% (male 34,247,218/female 32,701,367)

15-64 years

68.3% (male 96,268,201/female 95,961,293)

65 years and over

8% (2024 est.) (male 10,284,628/female 12,099,758)

Beer

0.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Spirits

0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Total

0.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Wine

0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

14.55 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Women married by age 15

2% (2017)

Women married by age 18

16.3% (2017)

22%

15.9% (2023 est.)

70.3% (2022 est.)

6.82 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

adult female

138 per 1,000

adult male

189 per 1,000

Elderly dependency ratio

12 (2025 est.)

Potential support ratio

8.3 (2025 est.)

Total dependency ratio

46.1 (2025 est.)

Youth dependency ratio

34.1 (2025 est.)

improved total

30.46%

Improved: rural

rural: 88.3% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 94.1% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 98.3% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 11.7% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 5.9% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 1.7% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% GDP)

1.3% of GDP (2023 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

10.6% national budget (2025 est.)

1 % of GDP

Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)

0.94 (2025 est.)

3 % of GDP

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

3.7% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

8% of national budget (2022 est.)

0.15%

1.4 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Female

16.4 deaths/1,000 live births

Male

21.3 deaths/1,000 live births

neonatal

11 deaths/1,000 live births

Total

18.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese); note -&nbsp;more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia

Major-language sample(s)

<br>Fakta Dunia, sumber informasi dasar yang sangat diperlukan. (Indonesian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

number of languages

1

Female

76 years

Male

71.3 years

Total population

73.6 years (2024 est.)

Female

94.6% (2020 est.)

Male

97.4% (2020 est.)

Total population

96% (2020 est.)

11.249 million JAKARTA (capital), 3.729 million Bekasi, 3.044 million Surabaya, 3.041 million Depok, 2.674 million Bandung, 2.514 million Tangerang (2023)

140 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Female

32.3 years

Male

30.8 years

Total

31.8 years (2025 est.)

22.4 years (2017 est.)

note

<strong>note:</strong> data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49

Adjective

Indonesian

Noun

Indonesian(s)

-0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

6.9% (2016)

Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the World after China, India, and the United States; more than half of the Indonesian population - roughly 150 million people or 55% - live on the island of Java (about the size of California) making it the most crowded island on earth

0.52 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Female

141,808,120

Male

141,778,977

Total

283,587,097 (2025 est.)

0.7% (2025 est.)

Muslim 87.4%, Protestant 7.5%, Roman Catholic 3.1%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.8% (includes Buddhist and Confucian) (2022 est.)

Improved: rural

rural: 91.1% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 94.7% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 97.4% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 8.9% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 5.3% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 2.6% of population (2022 est.)

Female

13 years (2023 est.)

Male

13 years (2023 est.)

Total

13 years (2023 est.)

0-14 years

1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.85 male(s)/female

At birth

1.05 male(s)/female

Total population

1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Female

3.1% (2025 est.)

Male

74.9% (2025 est.)

Total

39% (2025 est.)

1.93 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Rate of urbanization

1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Urban population

58.6% of total population (2023)

measles

85%

35 provinces (<em>provinsi-provinsi</em>, singular - <em>provinsi</em>), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** (<em>daerah istimewa</em>), and 1 national capital district*** (<em>daerah khusus ibukota</em>); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Papua Barat Daya (Southwest Papua), Papua Pegunungan (Papua Highlands), Papua Selatan (South Papua), Papua Tengah (Central Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta**

Etymology

derives from the Sanscrit name Jayakarta, meaning "victory and prosperity;" Prince FATILLAH conquered and renamed the city, formerly known as Sunda Kelapa, in 1527

Geographic coordinates

6 10 S, 106 49 E

Name

Jakarta

Note

<strong>note:</strong> in 2022, the relocation of the country’s capital was approved, from Jakarta to a site on the island of Borneo between Samarinda City and the port city of Balikpapan; Nusantara ("archipelago"), the new capital, was in development as of 2024 and is expected to be completed in 2045

Time difference

UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Time zone note

Indonesia has three time zones

Citizenship by birth

no

Citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia

Dual citizenship recognized

no

Residency requirement for naturalization

5 continuous years

svg

https://mainfacts.com/media/images/coats_of_arms/id.svg

Amendment process

proposed by the People&rsquo;s Consultative Assembly, with at least two thirds of its members present; passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly membership; constitutional articles on the unitary form of the state cannot be amended

History

drafted July to August 1945, effective 18 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions; 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959

alternative spellings

ID, Republic of Indonesia, Republik Indonesia

Conventional long form

Republic of Indonesia

Conventional short form

Indonesia

Etymology

the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, "Indos" (India) and "nesoi" (islands), meaning "Indian islands"

FIFA code

IDN

Former

Netherlands East Indies (Dutch East Indies), Netherlands New Guinea

Local long form

Republik Indonesia

local long form (ind)

Republik Indonesia

Local short form

Indonesia

Chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d&rsquo;Affaires Peter M. HAYMOND (since 15 June 2025)

Consulate(s)

Medan

Consulate(s) general

Surabaya

Email address and website

<br>jakartaacs@state.gov<br><br>https://id.usembassy.gov/

Embassy

Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5, Jakarta 10110

FAX

[62] (21) 385-7189

Mailing address

8200 Jakarta Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-8200

Telephone

[62] (21) 5083-1000

Chancery

2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

Chief of mission

Ambassador INDROYONO Soesilo (since 16 December 2025)

Consulate(s) general

Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

Email address and website

<br>washington.kbri@kemlu.go.id<br><br>Embassy of The Republic of Indonesia, in Washington D.C., The United States of America (kemlu.go.id)

FAX

[1] (202) 775-5236

Telephone

[1] (202) 775-5200

Cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the president

Chief of state

President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024)

Election results

<em><br>2024: </em>PRABOWO Subianto elected president (assumes office 20 October 2024); percent of vote - PRABOWO Subianto (GERINDRA) 58.6%, Anies Rasyid BASWEDAN (Independent) 24.9%, GANJAR Pranowo (PDI-P) 16.5%<em><br><br>2019:</em> Joko WIDODO reelected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 55.5%, PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (GERINDRA) 44.5%

Election/appointment process

president and vice president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term)

Expected date of next election

2029

Head of government

President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024)

Most recent election date

14 February 2024

Note

<strong>note:</strong> the president is both chief of state and head of government

<strong>description:</strong> two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white<br><br><strong>meaning:</strong> red stands for courage and white for purity<br><br><strong>history:</strong> the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries

note

<strong>note:</strong> similar to the flags of Monaco, which is shorter, and Poland, which is white (top) and red

The flag of Indonesia is composed of two equal horizontal bands of red and white.

svg

https://flagcdn.com/id.svg

presidential republic

17 August 1945 (declared independence from the Netherlands)

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IORA, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, MSG (associate member), NAM, OECD (enhanced engagement), OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Highest court(s)

Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges)

Judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70

Subordinate courts

High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts

civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law

Electoral system

proportional representation

Expected date of next election

April 2029

Legislative structure

unicameral

Legislature name

House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat)

Most recent election date

2/14/2024

Number of seats

580 (all directly elected)

Parties elected and seats per party

Indonesian Democratic Party - Struggle (PDI-P) (110); Party of Functional Groups (Golkar) (102); Great Indonesia Movement (Gerindra) (86); National Democratic Party (NasDem) (69); National Awakening Party (PKB) (68); Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) (53); National Mandate Party (PAN) (48); Democratic Party (PD) (44)

Percentage of women in chamber

21.9%

Scope of elections

full renewal

Term in office

5 years

red, white

Selected World Heritage Site locales

Borobudur Temple Compounds (c); Komodo National Park (n); Prambanan Temple Compounds (c); Ujung Kulon National Park (n); Sangiran Early Man Site (c); Lorentz National Park (n); Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (n); Cultural Landscape of Bali Province (c); Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto (c); Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks (c)

Total World Heritage Sites

10 (6 cultural, 4 natural)

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

garuda (mythical bird)

Democrat Party or PD <br>Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR <br>Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA <br>Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P <br>National Awakening Party or PKB <br>National Democratic Party or NasDem <br>National Mandate Party or PAN <br>Prosperous Justice Party or PKS 

Monday

17 years of age; universal; married persons regardless of age

Yes

oil palm fruit, rice, sugarcane, maize, coconuts, cassava, bananas, eggs, chicken, mangoes/guavas (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

On alcohol and tobacco

7.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

On food

33.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Expenditures

$204.739 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> central government revenues and expenditures (excluding grants and social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Revenues

$182.658 billion (2023 est.)

code

IDR

name

Indonesian rupiah (IDR) [Rp]

$-8,723,307,515

Current account balance 2022

$13.215 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

-$2.042 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2024

-$8.47 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

$421.06 billion

Debt - external 2023

$225.273 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<strong>note:</strong> present value of external debt in current US dollars

upper middle-income, largest and growing Southeast Asian economy; higher lending rates to moderate inflation; ongoing relocation of capital fueling infrastructure projects; major tourism sector prompting green economy goals

Currency

Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

14,582.203 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

14,308.144 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

14,849.854 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

15,236.885 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

15,855.448 (2024 est.)

$309.75 billion

Exports 2022

$315.746 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$291.287 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2024

$300.868 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

coal, palm oil, iron alloys, lignite, garments (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars

China 24%, USA 9%, India 8%, Japan 8%, Singapore 5% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

net inflows

$24.25 billion

Exports of goods and services

22.2% (2024 est.)

Government consumption

7.7% (2024 est.)

Household consumption

55.4% (2024 est.)

Imports of goods and services

-20.4% (2024 est.)

Investment in fixed capital

29.1% (2024 est.)

Investment in inventories

2.3% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agriculture

12.6% (2024 est.)

Industry

39.3% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Services

43.8% (2024 est.)

$1.396 trillion (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate

$4,925

38.2 (2019)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2024

34.9 (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

$1.36 trillion

$4,910

31 % of GDP

Highest 10%

28.8% (2024 est.)

Lowest 10%

3.5% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

$284.7 billion

Imports 2022

$273.031 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$262.694 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2024

$279.419 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

refined petroleum, crude petroleum, plastics, vehicle parts/accessories, integrated circuits (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars

China 29%, Singapore 8%, Japan 7%, USA 5%, Malaysia 5% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

5.2% (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism

2.18%

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021

1.6% (2021 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

4.2% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

3.7% (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices

143.144 million (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

total

147.1 million persons

agriculture

27.3%

industry

22.53%

services

50.17%

9% (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line

Note

<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP

Public debt 2022

45.34% of GDP (2022 est.)

$4.66 trillion

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$3.718 trillion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$3.906 trillion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$4.102 trillion (2024 est.)

5.03%

Note

<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2022

5.3% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

5% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

5% (2024 est.)

$16,448

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2022

$13,300 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$13,900 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$14,500 (2024 est.)

$16.04 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2022

1% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2024

1.1% of GDP (2024 est.)

$155.71 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$137.222 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$146.359 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$155.708 billion (2024 est.)

11.6% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

3.24%

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2022

3.5% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

3.4% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

3.3% (2024 est.)

Female

13% (2024 est.)

Male

13.2% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Total

13.1% (2024 est.)

Consumption

281.159 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Exports

519.23 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Imports

16.935 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Production

783.453 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Proven reserves

35.055 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Consumption

356.135 billion kWh (2023 est.)

consumption per capita

1,445 kWh

Imports

828.198 million kWh (2023 est.)

Installed generating capacity

70.826 million kW (2023 est.)

Transmission/distribution losses

27.477 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electrification - rural areas

98.2%

Electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Electrification - urban areas

100%

Biomass and waste

6.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Fossil fuels

82% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Geothermal

4.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectric

5.67%

Hydroelectricity

6.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

nuclear

0%

renewable

15.53%

Solar

0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Wind

0.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

977 kg of oil equivalent

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

37.39 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Consumption

38.378 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Exports

20.989 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Imports

727.056 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Production

58.691 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Proven reserves

1.408 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Crude oil estimated reserves

2.48 billion barrels (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum consumption

1.645 million bbl/day (2023 est.)

Total petroleum production

865,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

20.2%

per 100 inhabitants

5 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

5 (2023 est.)

Total

13.5 million (2023 est.)

mix of about a dozen national TV networks, including 1 public broadcaster and the rest private; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; more than 700 radio stations, with over 650 privately operated (2019)

.id

Percent of population

69% (2023 est.)

#####

+62

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

3 (2023 est.)

Total subscriptions

9.16 million (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100

125 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

123 (2024 est.)

Total subscriptions

347 million (2024 est.)

passengers carried

97.05 million passengers

registered carrier departures

736,333 departures

556 (2025)

PK

Left

53 (2025)

By type

bulk carrier 160, container ship 219, general cargo 2,347, oil tanker 714, other 7,982

Total

11,422 (2023)

Key ports

Belawan, Cilacap, Dumai, Jakarta, Kasim Terminal, Merak Mas Terminal, Palembang, Surabaya, Ujung Pandang

Large

3

Medium

6

Ports with oil terminals

79

Small

18

Total ports

123 (2024)

Very small

96

Narrow gauge

8,159 km (2014) 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified)

Note

<strong>note:</strong> 4,816 km operational

Total

8,159 km (2014)

RI

armored vehicles

tanks

the military is responsible for external defense, combatting separatism, and responding to national emergencies and natural disasters; in certain conditions it may provide operational support to police, such as for counterterrorism operations, maintaining public order, and addressing communal conflicts<br><br>key operational priorities include an insurgency on Papua and the security of Indonesia's vast maritime domain; the West Papua Liberation Army, the military wing of the Free Papua Organization, has been fighting a low-level insurgency in Papua since Indonesia annexed the former Dutch colony in the 1960s; maritime issues include piracy, transnational crime, illegal fishing, and incursions by People's Republic of China (PRC) vessels; Indonesia is not a formal claimant in the South China Sea, although some of its waters lie within the PRC's “nine-dash line” maritime claims, resulting in some stand offs in recent years; over the past decade, the Indonesian military has bolstered its presence on and around the strategically located Natuna Islands (2025)

Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat, TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut, TNI-AL; includes Marine Corps (Korps Marinir or KorMar)), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara, TNI-AU)<br><br>Indonesian National Police (aka The State Police of the Republic of Indonesia or POLRI)<br><br>Ministry of Transportation: Indonesia Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai Republik Indonesia, KPLP); Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs: Maritime Security Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (Badan Keamanan Laut Republik Indonesia, Bakamla) (2025)

active duty personnel

676,000

note

<strong>note 1:</strong> the National Police are an independent organization reporting directly to the president of Indonesia<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the KPLP ensures the safety of shipping inside the Indonesian Maritime Zone; the Bakamla conducts security and safety patrols in the territorial waters of Indonesia

percent of total labor force

0.49 %

approximately 400,000 active Armed Forces, including about 300,000 Army (2025)

250 (plus about 170 police) Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,025 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 1,225 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2025)

the military's inventory is a mix of older and new weapons platforms from China, Russia, Europe, the US, and other countries; in recent years, major suppliers have included China, France, Germany, the Netherlands, South Korea, and the US; the TNI has been engaged in a modernization program for more than a decade; Indonesia has a growing defense industry fueled by technology transfers and cooperation agreements with several countries; it has jointly produced aircraft and naval vessels (2025)

1 % of GDP

current USD

$11,042,843,810

Military Expenditures 2020

0.8% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

0.8% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

0.8% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

0.8% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2024

0.8% of GDP (2024 est.)

percent of central government expenditure

4.60 %

percent of GDP

0.78 % of GDP

18 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; upper age limits vary by military service, position, specialty; compulsory service authorized but not utilized (2025)

PowerIndex score

0.2582

IDPs

95,521 (2024 est.)

Refugees

11,964 (2024 est.)

Stateless persons

2,643 (2024 est.)

1964 - launched first sounding rocket (Kartika)<br><br>1976 - first communications satellite (Palapa A1) built and launched by US<br><br>2005 - re-started sounding rocket program with goal of producing a satellite launch vehicle (SLV)<br><br>2007 - first remote sensing (RS) satellite (LAPAN-A1) built by Germany and launched by India<br><br>2015 - first domestically produced RS satellite (LAPAN-A2) launched by India<br><br>2023-2024 - two communications satellites (SATRIA-1 and Merah Putih 2) to provide high-speed internet access across the Indonesian archipelago built by European company and launched by US

Indonesian Space Agency (INASA; formed 2022); National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN; established 2021); Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space (ORPA; formed 2021) (2025)

focuses largely on rocket development and satellite acquisition/operation; manufactures remote sensing (RS) satellites; has a sounding (research) rocket program to develop an orbital satellite launch vehicle (SLV); researching and developing a range of other space-related technologies related to satellite payloads, communications, RS, and astronomy; has relations with several foreign space agencies and industries, including those of France, Germany, India, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the US; national space program includes building up the country's private space sector (2025)

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (aka Jemaah Anshorut Daulah); Jemaah Islamiyah

note

<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

From coal and metallurgical coke

527.923 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From consumed natural gas

78.38 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From petroleum and other liquids

223.352 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Total emissions

829.655 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires cause heavy smog; over-exploitation of marine resources; air pollution from vehicle emissions; waste disposal; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage

Global geoparks and regional networks

Batur; Belitong; Ciletuh - Palabuhanratu; Gunung Sewu; Ijen; Kebumen; Maros Pangkep; Merangin Jambi; Meratus; Raja Ampat; Rinjani-Lombok; Toba Caldera (2025)

Total global geoparks and regional networks

12 (2025)

Party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands

Signed, but not ratified

Marine Life Conservation

Agriculture

3,379.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Energy

3,621.7 kt (2022-2024 est.)

Other

165.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Waste

4,200.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)

18.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

5 % of total land area

9 % of total

2.019 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)

11 % of internal resources

Agricultural

189.7 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Industrial

9.135 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Municipal

23.8 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Municipal solid waste generated annually

65.2 million tons (2024 est.)

Percent of municipal solid waste recycled

15.2% (2022 est.)