2013 Edition

Background

The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent negotiations, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted "Guided Democracy." After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1988, President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his "New Order" government. After rioting toppled Suharto in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999. Indonesia is now the world's third most populous democracy, the world's largest archipelagic state, and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, reforming the criminal justice system, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, addressing climate change, and controlling infectious diseases, particularly those of global and regional importance. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in Aceh in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face low intensity armed resistance in Papua by the separatist Free Papua Movement.

The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent nego

alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, reforming the criminal justice system, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, addressing climate change, and controlling infectious diseases, particularly those of global and regional importance. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in Aceh in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face low intensity armed resistance in Papua by the separatist Free Papua Movement.

Area

1,904,569 sq km 1,811,569 sq km 93,000 sq km

total

1,904,569 sq km

water

93,000 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Climate

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline

54,716 km

Elevation extremes

Indian Ocean 0 m Puncak Jaya 4,884 m

highest point

Puncak Jaya 4,884 m

lowest point

Indian Ocean 0 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires

Environment - international agreements

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands Marine Life Conservation

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

Marine Life Conservation

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

113.3 cu km/yr (11%/19%/71%) 517.3 cu m/yr (2005)

per capita

517.3 cu m/yr (2005)

total

113.3 cu km/yr (11%/19%/71%)

Geographic coordinates

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Geography - note

archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

Irrigated land

67,220 sq km (2005)

Land boundaries

2,830 km Timor-Leste 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

border countries

Timor-Leste 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

total

2,830 km

Land use

12.34% 10.5% 77.16% (2011)

arable land

12.34%

other

77.16% (2011)

permanent crops

10.5%

Location

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Map references

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines 12 nm 200 nm

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, western Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (elev. 2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a "Decade Volcano" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, and Tambora

volcanism

Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, western Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (elev. 2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a "Decade Volcano" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, and Tambora

Natural resources

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Total renewable water resources

2,019 cu km (2011)

Age structure

26.6% (male 34,049,541/female 32,844,509) 17.1% (male 21,883,499/female 21,117,498) 42.2% (male 53,766,202/female 52,325,932) 7.6% (male 8,879,503/female 10,164,470) 6.4% (male 7,038,904/female 9,090,066) (2013 est.)

0-14 years

26.6% (male 34,049,541/female 32,844,509)

15-24 years

17.1% (male 21,883,499/female 21,117,498)

25-54 years

42.2% (male 53,766,202/female 52,325,932)

55-64 years

7.6% (male 8,879,503/female 10,164,470)

65 years and over

6.4% (male 7,038,904/female 9,090,066) (2013 est.)

Birth rate

17.38 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Child labor - children ages 5-14

4,026,285 7 % data represents children ages 5-17 (2009 est.)

percentage

7 %

total number

4,026,285

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

19.6% (2007)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

61.9% (2012)

Death rate

6.31 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Dependency ratios

51.8 % 43.8 % 7.9 % 12.6 (2013)

elderly dependency ratio

7.9 %

potential support ratio

12.6 (2013)

total dependency ratio

51.8 %

youth dependency ratio

43.8 %

Drinking water source

urban: 92% of population rural: 74% of population total: 82% of population urban: 8% of population rural: 26% of population total: 18% of population (2010 est.)

rural

26% of population

total

18% of population (2010 est.)

urban

8% of population

Education expenditures

3% of GDP (2010)

Ethnic groups

Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten 2%, Banjar 1.7%, other or unspecified 29.9% (2000 census)

Health expenditures

2.7% of GDP (2011)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.2% (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

8,300 (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

310,000 (2009 est.)

Hospital bed density

0.6 beds/1,000 population (2010)

Infant mortality rate

26.06 deaths/1,000 live births 30.47 deaths/1,000 live births 21.42 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

female

21.42 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

total

26.06 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese)

Life expectancy at birth

71.9 years 69.33 years 74.59 years (2013 est.)

female

74.59 years (2013 est.)

total population

71.9 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 92.8% 95.6% 90.1% (2011 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

90.1% (2011 est.)

male

95.6%

total population

92.8%

Major infectious diseases

very high bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever dengue fever and malaria highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)

degree of risk

very high

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases

dengue fever and malaria

Major urban areas - population

JAKARTA (capital) 9.121 million; Surabaya 2.509 million; Bandung 2.412 million; Medan 2.131 million; Semarang 1.296 million (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

220 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Median age

28.9 years 28.4 years 29.5 years (2013 est.)

female

29.5 years (2013 est.)

male

28.4 years

total

28.9 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

22.8 Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2012 est.)

Nationality

Indonesian(s) Indonesian

adjective

Indonesian

noun

Indonesian(s)

Net migration rate

-1.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

4.8% (2008)

Physicians density

0.2 physicians/1,000 population (2012)

Population

251,160,124 (July 2013 est.)

Population growth rate

0.99% (2013 est.)

Religions

Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 73% of population rural: 39% of population total: 54% of population urban: 27% of population rural: 61% of population total: 46% of population (2010 est.)

rural

61% of population

total

46% of population (2010 est.)

urban

27% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

13 years 13 years 13 years (2011)

female

13 years (2011)

male

13 years

total

13 years

Sex ratio

1.05 male(s)/female 1.04 male(s)/female 1.04 male(s)/female 1.02 male(s)/female 0.89 male(s)/female 0.78 male(s)/female 1 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

0-14 years

1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.04 male(s)/female

25-54 years

1.02 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.89 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.78 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

1 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.2 children born/woman (2013 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

22.2% 21.6% 23% (2009)

female

23% (2009)

total

22.2%

Urbanization

50.7% of total population (2011) 2.45% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

2.45% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

50.7% of total population (2011)

Administrative divisions

31 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta** following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

Capital

Jakarta 6 10 S, 106 49 E UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) Indonesia is divided into three time zones

geographic coordinates

6 10 S, 106 49 E

name

Jakarta

time difference

UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

drafted July to August 1945, effective 17 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions, 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959; amended several times, last in 2002 (2013)

Country name

Republic of Indonesia Indonesia Republik Indonesia Indonesia Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies

conventional long form

Republic of Indonesia

conventional short form

Indonesia

former

Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies

local long form

Republik Indonesia

local short form

Indonesia

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador-designate Robert O. BLAKE (since 21 Nomvember 2013); Charge d'Affaires Kristen F. BAUER (since 18 July 2013) Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110 Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520 [62] (21) 3435-9000 [62] (21) 386-2259 Surabaya Medan Bali

chief of mission

Ambassador-designate Robert O. BLAKE (since 21 Nomvember 2013); Charge d'Affaires Kristen F. BAUER (since 18 July 2013)

consular agency

Bali

consulate general

Surabaya

embassy

Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110

FAX

[62] (21) 386-2259

mailing address

Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520

presence post

Medan

telephone

[62] (21) 3435-9000

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador (vacant); Budi BOWOLEKSONO (nominated) 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 [1] (202) 775-5200 [1] (202) 775-5365 Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

chancery

2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Budi BOWOLEKSONO (nominated)

consulate(s) general

Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

FAX

[1] (202) 775-5365

telephone

[1] (202) 775-5200

Executive branch

President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009) Cabinet appointed by the president president and vice president elected for five-year terms (eligible for a second term) by direct vote of the citizenry; presidential election last held on 8 July 2009 (next to be held in 2014) Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president; percent of vote - Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO 60.8%, MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri 26.8%, Jusuf KALLA 12.4%

cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the president

chief of state

President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

election results

Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president; percent of vote - Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO 60.8%, MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri 26.8%, Jusuf KALLA 12.4%

elections

president and vice president elected for five-year terms (eligible for a second term) by direct vote of the citizenry; presidential election last held on 8 July 2009 (next to be held in 2014)

head of government

President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009)

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Government type

republic

Independence

17 August 1945 (declared)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OECD (Enhanced Engagement, OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges) Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement age; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70 High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts

highest court(s)

Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement age; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70

subordinate courts

High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts

Legal system

civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law

Legislative branch

People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) is the upper house; it consists of members of the DPR and DPD and has role in inaugurating and impeaching the president and in amending the constitution but does not formulate national policy; House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (560 seats, members elected to serve five-year terms), formulates and passes legislation at the national level; House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD), constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative input to DPR on issues affecting regions (132 members, four from each of Indonesia's origianal 30 provinces, two special regions, and one special capital city district) last held on 9 April 2009 (next to be held in 2014) percent of vote by party - PD 20.9%, GOLKAR 14.5%, PDI-P 14.0%, PKS 7.9%, PAN 6.0%, PPP 5.3%, PKB 4.9%, GERINDRA 4.5%, HANURA 3.8%, others 18.2%; seats by party - PD 148, GOLKAR 107, PDI-P 94, PKS 57, PAN 46, PPP 37, PKB 28, GERINDRA 26, HANURA 17 29 other parties received less than 2.5% of the vote so did not obtain any seats; because of election rules, the number of seats won does not always follow the percentage of votes received by parties

election results

percent of vote by party - PD 20.9%, GOLKAR 14.5%, PDI-P 14.0%, PKS 7.9%, PAN 6.0%, PPP 5.3%, PKB 4.9%, GERINDRA 4.5%, HANURA 3.8%, others 18.2%; seats by party - PD 148, GOLKAR 107, PDI-P 94, PKS 57, PAN 46, PPP 37, PKB 28, GERINDRA 26, HANURA 17

elections

last held on 9 April 2009 (next to be held in 2014)

National anthem

"Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia) Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN adopted 1945

lyrics/music

Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN

name

"Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia)

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

National symbol(s)

garuda (mythical bird)

Political parties and leaders

Democrat Party or PD [Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO] Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR [Aburizal BAKRIE] Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA [SUHARDI] Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri] National Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR] National Mandate Party or PAN [Hatta RAJASA] People's Conscience Party or HANURA [WIRANTO] Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Anis MATTA] United Development Party or PPP [Suryadharma ALI]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Commission for the "Disappeared" and Victims of Violence or KontraS Indonesia Corruption Watch or ICW Indonesian Forum for the Environment or WALHI

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Agriculture - products

rubber and similar products, palm oil, poultry, beef, forest products, shrimp, cocoa, coffee, medicinal herbs, essential oil, fish and its similar products, and spices

Budget

$144.3 billion $162.8 billion (2012 est.)

expenditures

$162.8 billion (2012 est.)

revenues

$144.3 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-2.1% of GDP (2012 est.)

Central bank discount rate

6.37% (31 December 2010) 6.46% (31 December 2009) this figure represents the 3-month SBI rate; the Bank of Indonesia has not employed the one-month SBI since September 2010

Commercial bank prime lending rate

11.8% (31 December 2012 est.) 12.4% (31 December 2011 est.) these figures represent the average annualized rate on working capital loans

Current account balance

$-24.07 billion (2012 est.) $1.685 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$224.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $213.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

36.8 (2009) 39.4 (2005)

Economy - overview

Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, grew more than 6% annually in 2010-12. The government made economic advances under the first administration of President YUDHOYONO (2004-09), introducing significant reforms in the financial sector, including tax and customs reforms, the use of Treasury bills, and capital market development and supervision. During the global financial crisis, Indonesia outperformed its regional neighbors and joined China and India as the only G20 members posting growth in 2009. The government has promoted fiscally conservative policies, resulting in a debt-to-GDP ratio of less than 25%, a fiscal deficit below 3%, and historically low rates of inflation. Fitch and Moody's upgraded Indonesia's credit rating to investment grade in December 2011. Indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among regions. The government in 2013 faces the ongoing challenge of improving Indonesia''s insufficient infrastructure to remove impediments to economic growth, labor unrest over wages, and reducing its fuel subsidy program in the face of high oil prices.

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - 9,386.6 (2012 est.) 8,770.43 (2011 est.) 9,090.4 (2010 est.) 10,389.9 (2009) 9,698.9 (2008)

Exports

$187.3 billion (2012 est.) $191.1 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities

oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber

Exports - partners

Japan 15.9%, China 11.4%, Singapore 9%, South Korea 7.9%, US 7.8%, India 6.6%, Malaysia 5.9% (2012)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

54.6% 8.9% 33.2% 2.2% 24.3% -25.8% (2012 est.)

exports of goods and services

24.3%

government consumption

8.9%

household consumption

54.6%

imports of goods and services

-25.8%

investment in fixed capital

33.2%

investment in inventories

2.2%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

14.4% 47% 38.6% (2012 est.)

agriculture

14.4%

industry

47%

services

38.6% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$4,900 (2012 est.) $4,700 (2011 est.) $4,500 (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

6.2% (2012 est.) 6.5% (2011 est.) 6.2% (2010 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$866.7 billion (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$1.204 trillion (2012 est.) $1.133 trillion (2011 est.) $1.064 trillion (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

Gross national saving

32.6% of GDP (2012 est.) 33.1% of GDP (2011 est.) 33% of GDP (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

3.3% 29.9% (2009)

highest 10%

29.9% (2009)

lowest 10%

3.3%

Imports

$178.7 billion (2012 est.) $157.3 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs

Imports - partners

China 15.3%, Singapore 13.6%, Japan 11.9%, Malaysia 6.4%, South Korea 6.2%, US 6.1%, Thailand 6% (2012)

Industrial production growth rate

5.2% (2012 est.)

Industries

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instuments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

4.3% (2012 est.) 5.4% (2011 est.)

Labor force

118.1 million (2012 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

38.9% 22.2% 47.9% (2012 est.)

agriculture

38.9%

industry

22.2%

services

47.9% (2012 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$426.8 billion (31 December 2012) $390.1 billion (31 December 2011) $360.4 billion (31 December 2010)

Population below poverty line

11.7% (2012 est.)

Public debt

23% of GDP (2012 est.) 22.6% of GDP (2011 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$112.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $110.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$355.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $317.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$14.81 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $9.502 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$192.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $173.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$350 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $307.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$87.04 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $79.73 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

16.7% of GDP (2012 est.)

Unemployment rate

6.1% (2012 est.) 6.6% (2011 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

426.8 million Mt (2011 est.)

Crude oil - exports

338,100 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - imports

388,400 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - production

974,300 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

4.03 billion bbl (1 January 2013 es)

Electricity - consumption

158 billion kWh (2011 est.)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

87% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

9.9% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

3.1% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - imports

2.542 billion kWh (2011 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

39.9 million kW (2011 est.)

Electricity - production

173.8 billion kWh (2011 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

39.56 billion cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - exports

38.67 billion cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - production

76.25 billion cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

3.069 trillion cu m (1 January 2013 es)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

1.322 million bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

142,400 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

473,400 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

935,300 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Broadcast media

mixture of about a dozen national TV networks - 2 public broadcasters, the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks as well as regional and local stations; overall, more than 700 radio stations with more than 650 privately operated (2008)

Internet country code

.id

Internet hosts

1.344 million (2012)

Internet users

20 million (2009)

Telephone system

domestic service includes an interisland microwave system, an HF radio police net, and a domestic satellite communications system; international service good coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly country code - 62; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2011)

domestic

coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly

general assessment

domestic service includes an interisland microwave system, an HF radio police net, and a domestic satellite communications system; international service good

international

country code - 62; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2011)

Telephones - main lines in use

37.983 million (2012)

Telephones - mobile cellular

281.96 million (2012)

Airports

673 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

37 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

51

2,438 to 3,047 m

21

914 to 1,523 m

72

over 3,047 m

5

total

186

under 914 m

37 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

460 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

4

914 to 1,523 m

23

total

487

Heliports

76 (2013)

Merchant marine

1,340 bulk carrier 105, cargo 618, chemical tanker 69, container 120, liquefied gas 28, passenger 49, passenger/cargo 77, petroleum tanker 244, refrigerated cargo 6, roll on/roll off 12, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 11 69 (China 1, France 1, Greece 1, Japan 8, Jordan 1, Malaysia 1, Norway 3, Singapore 46, South Korea 2, Taiwan 1, UK 2, US 2) 95 (Bahamas 2, Cambodia 2, China 2, Hong Kong 10, Liberia 4, Marshall Islands 1, Mongolia 2, Panama 10, Singapore 60, Tuvalu 1, unknown 1) (2010)

foreign-owned

69 (China 1, France 1, Greece 1, Japan 8, Jordan 1, Malaysia 1, Norway 3, Singapore 46, South Korea 2, Taiwan 1, UK 2, US 2)

registered in other countries

95 (Bahamas 2, Cambodia 2, China 2, Hong Kong 10, Liberia 4, Marshall Islands 1, Mongolia 2, Panama 10, Singapore 60, Tuvalu 1, unknown 1) (2010)

total

1,340

Pipelines

condensate 1,064 km; condensate/gas 150 km; gas 11,702 km; liquid petroleum gas 119 km; oil 7,767 km; oil/gas/water 77 km; refined products 728 km; unknown 53 km; water 44 km (2013)

Ports and terminals

Banjarmasin, Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok

Railways

5,042 km 5,042 km 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified) (2008)

total

5,042 km

Roadways

496,607 km 283,102 km 213,505 km (2011)

total

496,607 km

unpaved

213,505 km (2011)

Transportation - note

the International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; attacks have increased yearly since 2009; in 2012, 73 commercial vessels were boarded and 47 crew members taken hostage; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift

Waterways

21,579 km (2011)

Manpower available for military service

65,847,171 63,228,017 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

63,228,017 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

65,847,171

Manpower fit for military service

54,264,299 53,274,361 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

53,274,361 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

54,264,299

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

2,263,892 2,191,267 (2010 est.)

female

2,191,267 (2010 est.)

male

2,263,892

Military branches

Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL); includes marines (Korps Marinir, KorMar), naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Kommando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)) (2013)

Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI)

Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL); includes marines (Korps Marinir, KorMar), naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Kommando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)) (2013)

Military expenditures

0.9% of GDP (2012)

Military service age and obligation

18-45 years of age for voluntary military service, with selective conscription authorized; 2-year service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2012)

Disputes - international

Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; three stretches of land borders with Timor-Leste have yet to be delimited, two of which are in the Oecussi exclave area, and no maritime or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundaries have been established between the countries; many refugees from Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; all borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally, but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches; land and maritime negotiations with Malaysia are ongoing, and disputed areas include the controversial Tanjung Datu and Camar Wulan border area in Borneo and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalizing their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; EEZ negotiations with Vietnam are ongoing, and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundary

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy

Refugees and internally displaced persons

180,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi Provinces, and Maluku) (2011)

IDPs

180,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi Provinces, and Maluku) (2011)