2011 Edition

Background

The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. Free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999 after decades of repressive rule. Indonesia is now the world's third most populous democracy, the world's largest archipelagic state, and home to the world's largest Muslim population. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, addressing climate change, and controlling infectious diseases, particularly those of global and regional importance. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in Aceh in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face low intensity armed resistance by the separatist Free Papua Movement.

The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and

alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, addressing climate change, and controlling infectious diseases, particularly those of global and regional importance. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in Aceh in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face low intensity armed resistance by the separatist Free Papua Movement.

Area

1,904,569 sq km 1,811,569 sq km 93,000 sq km

total

1,904,569 sq km

water

93,000 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Climate

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline

54,716 km

Elevation extremes

Indian Ocean 0 m Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

highest point

Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

lowest point

Indian Ocean 0 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires

Environment - international agreements

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands Marine Life Conservation

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

Marine Life Conservation

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

82.78 cu km/yr (8%/1%/91%) 372 cu m/yr (2000)

per capita

372 cu m/yr (2000)

total

82.78 cu km/yr (8%/1%/91%)

Geographic coordinates

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Geography - note

archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

Irrigated land

67,220 sq km (2008)

Land boundaries

2,830 km Timor-Leste 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

border countries

Timor-Leste 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

total

2,830 km

Land use

11.03% 7.04% 81.93% (2005)

arable land

11.03%

other

81.93% (2005)

permanent crops

7.04%

Location

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Map references

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines 12 nm 200 nm

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, western Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (elev. 2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a "Decade Volcano" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, and Tambora

volcanism

Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, western Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (elev. 2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a "Decade Volcano" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, and Tambora

Natural resources

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Total renewable water resources

2,838 cu km (1999)

Age structure

27.3% (male 34,165,213/female 32,978,841) 66.5% (male 82,104,636/female 81,263,055) 6.1% (male 6,654,695/female 8,446,603) (2011 est.)

0-14 years

27.3% (male 34,165,213/female 32,978,841)

15-64 years

66.5% (male 82,104,636/female 81,263,055)

65 years and over

6.1% (male 6,654,695/female 8,446,603) (2011 est.)

Birth rate

18.1 births/1,000 population (2011 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

19.6% (2007)

Death rate

6.26 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.)

Drinking water source

urban: 89% of population rural: 71% of population total: 80% of population urban: 11% of population rural: 29% of population total: 20% of population (2008)

rural

29% of population

total

20% of population (2008)

urban

11% of population

Education expenditures

2.8% of GDP (2008)

Ethnic groups

Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten 2%, Banjar 1.7%, other or unspecified 29.9% (2000 census)

Health expenditures

5.5% of GDP (2009)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.2% (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

8,300 (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

310,000 (2009 est.)

Hospital bed density

0.6 beds/1,000 population (2002)

Infant mortality rate

27.95 deaths/1,000 live births 32.63 deaths/1,000 live births 23.03 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.)

female

23.03 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.)

total

27.95 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese)

Life expectancy at birth

71.33 years 68.8 years 73.99 years (2011 est.)

female

73.99 years (2011 est.)

total population

71.33 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 90.4% 94% 86.8% (2004 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

86.8% (2004 est.)

male

94%

total population

90.4%

Major cities - population

JAKARTA (capital) 9.121 million; Surabaya 2.509 million; Bandung 2.412 million; Medan 2.131 million; Semarang 1.296 million (2009)

Major infectious diseases

high bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever chikungunya, dengue fever, and malaria highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

degree of risk

high

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases

chikungunya, dengue fever, and malaria

Maternal mortality rate

240 deaths/100,000 live births (2008)

Median age

28.2 years 27.7 years 28.7 years (2011 est.)

female

28.7 years (2011 est.)

male

27.7 years

total

28.2 years

Nationality

Indonesian(s) Indonesian

adjective

Indonesian

noun

Indonesian(s)

Net migration rate

-1.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

2.4% (2001)

Physicians density

0.288 physicians/1,000 population (2007)

Population

245,613,043 (July 2011 est.)

Population growth rate

1.069% (2011 est.)

Religions

Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 67% of population rural: 36% of population total: 52% of population urban: 33% of population rural: 64% of population total: 48% of population (2008)

rural

64% of population

total

48% of population (2008)

urban

33% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

13 years 13 years 13 years (2009)

female

13 years (2009)

male

13 years

total

13 years

Sex ratio

1.05 male(s)/female 1.04 male(s)/female 1.01 male(s)/female 0.79 male(s)/female 1 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

15-64 years

1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.79 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

1 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

under 15 years

1.04 male(s)/female

Total fertility rate

2.25 children born/woman (2011 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

22.2% 21.6% 23% (2009)

female

23% (2009)

total

22.2%

Urbanization

44% of total population (2010) 1.7% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

1.7% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

44% of total population (2010)

Administrative divisions

30 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta* following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

Capital

Jakarta 6 10 S, 106 49 E UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) Indonesia is divided into three time zones

geographic coordinates

6 10 S, 106 49 E

name

Jakarta

time difference

UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series of amendments concluded in 2002

Country name

Republic of Indonesia Indonesia Republik Indonesia Indonesia Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies

conventional long form

Republic of Indonesia

conventional short form

Indonesia

former

Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies

local long form

Republik Indonesia

local short form

Indonesia

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador Scot A. MARCIEL Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 4-5, Jakarta 10110 Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520 [62] (21) 3435-9000 [62] (21) 3435-9922 Surabaya

chief of mission

Ambassador Scot A. MARCIEL

consulate(s) general

Surabaya

embassy

Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 4-5, Jakarta 10110

FAX

[62] (21) 3435-9922

mailing address

Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520

telephone

[62] (21) 3435-9000

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Dino Patti DJALAL 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 [1] (202) 775-5200 [1] (202) 775-5365 Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

chancery

2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

chief of mission

Ambassador Dino Patti DJALAL

consulate(s) general

Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

FAX

[1] (202) 775-5365

telephone

[1] (202) 775-5200

Executive branch

President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009) Cabinet appointed by the president president and vice president elected for five-year terms (eligible for a second term) by direct vote of the citizenry; election last held on 8 July 2009 (next to be held in 2014) Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president; percent of vote - Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO 60.8%, MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri 26.8%, Jusuf KALLA 12.4%

cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the president

chief of state

President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

election results

Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president; percent of vote - Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO 60.8%, MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri 26.8%, Jusuf KALLA 12.4%

elections

president and vice president elected for five-year terms (eligible for a second term) by direct vote of the citizenry; election last held on 8 July 2009 (next to be held in 2014)

head of government

President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009)

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Government type

republic

Independence

17 August 1945 (declared); 27 December 1949 (recognized by the Netherlands); note - in August 2005 the Netherlands announced that it had recognized de facto Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung is the final court of appeal but does not have the power of judicial review (justices are appointed by the president from a list of candidates selected by the legislature); in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lower court system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights; Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (invested by the president on 16 August 2003) has the power of judicial review, jurisdiction over the results of a general election, and reviews actions to dismiss a president from office; Labor Court under supervision of Supreme Court began functioning in January 2006; the Anti-Corruption Court has jurisdiction over corruption cases brought by the independent Corruption Eradication Commission

Legal system

civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law

Legislative branch

People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) is the upper house; it consists of members of the DPR and DPD and has role in inaugurating and impeaching the president and in amending the constitution but does not formulate national policy; House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (560 seats, members elected to serve five-year terms), formulates and passes legislation at the national level; House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD), constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative input to DPR on issues affecting regions (132 members, four from each of Indonesia's 30 provinces, two special regions, and one special capital city district) last held on 9 April 2009 (next to be held in 2014) percent of vote by party - PD 20.9%, GOLKAR 14.5%, PDI-P 14.0%, PKS 7.9%, PAN 6.0%, PPP 5.3%, PKB 4.9%, GERINDRA 4.5%, HANURA 3.8%, others 18.2%; seats by party - PD 148, GOLKAR 107, PDI-P 94, PKS 57, PAN 46, PPP 37, PKB 28, GERINDRA 26, HANURA 17 29 other parties received less than 2.5% of the vote so did not obtain any seats; because of election rules, the number of seats won does not always follow the percentage of votes received by parties

election results

percent of vote by party - PD 20.9%, GOLKAR 14.5%, PDI-P 14.0%, PKS 7.9%, PAN 6.0%, PPP 5.3%, PKB 4.9%, GERINDRA 4.5%, HANURA 3.8%, others 18.2%; seats by party - PD 148, GOLKAR 107, PDI-P 94, PKS 57, PAN 46, PPP 37, PKB 28, GERINDRA 26, HANURA 17

elections

last held on 9 April 2009 (next to be held in 2014)

National anthem

"Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia) Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN adopted 1945

lyrics/music

Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN

name

"Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia)

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

National symbol(s)

garuda (mythical bird)

Political parties and leaders

Democrat Party or PD [Anas URANINGRUM]; Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR [Aburizal BAKRIE]; Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA [SUHARDI]; Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Hatta RAJASA]; People's Conscience Party or HANURA [WIRANTO]; Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Luthfi Hasan ISHAQ]; United Development Party or PPP [Suryadharma ALI]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Commission for the "Disappeared" and Victims of Violence or KontraS; Indonesia Corruption Watch or ICW; Indonesian Forum for the Environment or WALHI; Islamic Defenders Front or FPI; People's Democracy Fortress or Bendera

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Agriculture - products

rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Budget

$119.5 billion $132.9 billion (2011 est.)

expenditures

$132.9 billion (2011 est.)

revenues

$119.5 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-1.9% of GDP (2011 est.)

Central bank discount rate

6.37% (31 December 2010) 6.46% (31 December 2009) this figure represents the 3-month SBI rate; BI has not employed the one-month SBI since September 2010

Commercial bank prime lending rate

13.252% (31 December 2010 est.) 14.498% (31 December 2009 est.) these figures represent the average annualized rate on working capital loans

Current account balance

$6.294 billion (2010 est.) $10.63 billion (2009 est.)

Debt - external

$223 billion (30 June 2011 est.) $196.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

36.8 (2009) 39.4 (2005)

Economy - overview

Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has weathered the global financial crisis relatively smoothly because of its heavy reliance on domestic consumption as the driver of economic growth. Increasing investment by both local and foreign investors is also supporting solid growth. Although the economy slowed to 4.5% growth in 2009 from the 6%-plus growth rate recorded in 2007 and 2008, by 2010 growth returned to a 6% rate. During the recession, Indonesia outperformed most of its regional neighbors. The government made economic advances under the first administration of President YUDHOYONO, introducing significant reforms in the financial sector, including tax and customs reforms, the use of Treasury bills, and capital market development and supervision. Indonesia's debt-to-GDP ratio in recent years has declined steadily because of increasingly robust GDP growth and sound fiscal stewardship, leading two of the three leading credit agencies to upgrade credit ratings for Indonesia's sovereign debt to one notch below investment grade. Indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among regions. YUDHOYONO and his vice president, respected economist BOEDIONO, have maintained broad continuity of economic policy, although the economic reform agenda has been slowed during the first year of their term by corruption scandals and the departure of an internationally respected finance minister. In late 2010, increasing inflation, driven by higher and volatile food prices, posed an increasing challenge to economic policymakers and threatened to push millions of the near-poor below the poverty line. The government in 2011 faces the ongoing challenge of improving Indonesia's infrastructure to remove impediments to growth, while addressing climate change concerns, particularly with regard to conserving Indonesia's forests and peatlands, the focus of a potentially trailblazing $1 billion REDD+ pilot project.

Electricity - consumption

126.1 billion kWh (2008 est.)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2009 est.)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2009 est.)

Electricity - production

141.2 billion kWh (2008 est.)

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - 9,169.5 (2010) 10,389.9 (2009) 9,698.9 (2008) 9,143 (2007) 9,159.3 (2006)

Exports

$158.1 billion (2010 est.) $119.6 billion (2009 est.)

Exports - commodities

oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber

Exports - partners

Japan 16.3%, China 9.9%, US 9.1%, Singapore 8.7%, South Korea 8%, India 6.3%, Malaysia 5.9% (2010)

GDP - composition by sector

15.3% 47% 37.6% (2010 est.)

agriculture

15.3%

industry

47%

services

37.6% (2010 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$4,200 (2010 est.) $4,000 (2009 est.) $3,900 (2008 est.) data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

6.1% (2010 est.) 4.6% (2009 est.) 6% (2008 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$706.7 billion (2010 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$1.03 trillion (2010 est.) $970.6 billion (2009 est.) $928.2 billion (2008 est.) data are in 2010 US dollars

Household income or consumption by percentage share

3.3% 29.9% (2009)

highest 10%

29.9% (2009)

lowest 10%

3.3%

Imports

$127.4 billion (2010 est.) $88.72 billion (2009 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs

Imports - partners

China 15.1%, Singapore 14.9%, Japan 12.5%, US 6.9%, Malaysia 6.4%, South Korea 5.7%, Thailand 5.5% (2010)

Industrial production growth rate

4.3% (2010 est.)

Industries

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

5.1% (2010 est.) 4.8% (2009 est.)

Investment (gross fixed)

32.1% of GDP (2010 est.)

Labor force

116.5 million (2010 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

38.3% 12.8% 48.9% (2010 est.)

agriculture

38.3%

industry

12.8%

services

48.9% (2010 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$360.4 billion (31 December 2010) $178.2 billion (31 December 2009) $98.76 billion (31 December 2008)

Natural gas - consumption

40.47 billion cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - exports

42.33 billion cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - production

82.8 billion cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

3.001 trillion cu m (1 January 2011 est.)

Oil - consumption

1.292 million bbl/day (2010 est.)

Oil - exports

404,100 bbl/day (2009 est.)

Oil - imports

767,400 bbl/day (2009 est.)

Oil - production

1.03 million bbl/day (2010 est.)

Oil - proved reserves

3.99 billion bbl (1 January 2011 est.)

Population below poverty line

13.33% (2010)

Public debt

25.7% of GDP (2010 est.) 26.4% of GDP (2009 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$96.21 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $66.12 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of broad money

$274.9 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $227.8 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$32.85 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $30.18 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$86.15 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $72.84 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$254.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $212.6 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$67.34 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $54.87 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

16.9% of GDP (2011 est.)

Unemployment rate

7.1% (2010 est.) 7.9% (2009 est.)

Broadcast media

mixture of about a dozen national television networks - 2 public broadcasters, the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters; more than 100 local TV stations operating; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks as well as regional and local stations; overall, more than 700 radio stations operating with more than 650 privately-operated (2008)

Internet country code

.id

Internet hosts

1.269 million (2010)

Internet users

20 million (2009)

Telephone system

domestic service includes an interisland microwave system, an HF radio police net, and a domestic satellite communications system; international service good coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly country code - 62; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

domestic

coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly

general assessment

domestic service includes an interisland microwave system, an HF radio police net, and a domestic satellite communications system; international service good

international

country code - 62; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Telephones - main lines in use

37.96 million (2010)

Telephones - mobile cellular

220 million (2010)

Airports

684 (2010)

Airports - with paved runways

34 (2010)

1,524 to 2,437 m

50

2,438 to 3,047 m

19

914 to 1,523 m

64

over 3,047 m

4

total

171

under 914 m

34 (2010)

Airports - with unpaved runways

484 (2010)

1,524 to 2,437 m

4

914 to 1,523 m

25

total

513

under 914 m

484 (2010)

Heliports

64 (2010)

Merchant marine

1,244 bulk carrier 95, cargo 601, chemical tanker 57, container 112, liquefied gas 17, passenger 47, passenger/cargo 76, petroleum tanker 214, refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 12, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 8 61 (China 1, France 1, Greece 1, Japan 7, Malaysia 1, Norway 4, Singapore 42, South Korea 1, Taiwan 1, US 2) 87 (Bahamas 2, Cambodia 2, Hong Kong 8, Liberia 4, Mongolia 2, Panama 14, Singapore 53, unknown 2) (2010)

foreign-owned

61 (China 1, France 1, Greece 1, Japan 7, Malaysia 1, Norway 4, Singapore 42, South Korea 1, Taiwan 1, US 2)

registered in other countries

87 (Bahamas 2, Cambodia 2, Hong Kong 8, Liberia 4, Mongolia 2, Panama 14, Singapore 53, unknown 2) (2010)

total

1,244

Pipelines

condensate 812 km; condensate/gas 73 km; gas 7,165 km; oil 5,984 km; oil/gas/water 12 km; refined products 617 km; water 44 km (2010)

Ports and terminals

Banjarmasin, Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok

Railways

5,042 km 5,042 km 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified) (2009)

total

5,042 km

Roadways

437,759 km 258,744 km 179,015 km (2008)

total

437,759 km

unpaved

179,015 km (2008)

Transportation - note

the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; 2010 saw the highest levels of armed robbery against ships since 2007; 40 commercial vessels were attacked, boarded, or hijacked both at anchor or while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift

Waterways

21,579 km (2011)

Manpower available for military service

65,847,171 63,228,017 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

63,228,017 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

65,847,171

Manpower fit for military service

54,264,299 53,274,361 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

53,274,361 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

54,264,299

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

2,263,892 2,191,267 (2010 est.)

female

2,191,267 (2010 est.)

male

2,263,892

Military branches

Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL); includes marines (Korps Marinir, KorMar), naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Kommando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)) (2011)

Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI)

Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL); includes marines (Korps Marinir, KorMar), naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Kommando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)) (2011)

Military expenditures

3% of GDP (2005 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; 2-year conscript service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2008)

Disputes - international

Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; some sections of border along Timor-Leste's Oecussi exclave and maritime boundaries with Timor-Leste remain unresolved; many refugees from Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left the sovereignty of Unarang rock and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea in dispute; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalization of their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy

Refugees and internally displaced persons

200,000-350,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi Provinces, and Maluku) (2007)

IDPs

200,000-350,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi Provinces, and Maluku) (2007)