2009 Edition

Background

The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. Indonesia's first free parliamentary election after decades of repressive rule took place in 1999. Indonesia is now the world's third-largest democracy, the world's largest archipelagic state, and home to the world's largest Muslim population. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, holding the military and police accountable for past human rights violations, addressing climate change, and controlling avian influenza. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face a low intensity separatist movement in Papua.

Area

total: 1,904,569 sq km country comparison to the world: 16 land: 1,811,569 sq km water: 93,000 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Climate

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline

54,716 km

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

total: 82.78 cu km/yr (8%/1%/91%) per capita: 372 cu m/yr (2000)

Geographic coordinates

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Geography - note

archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

Irrigated land

45,000 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

total: 2,830 km border countries: Timor-Leste 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Land use

arable land: 11.03% permanent crops: 7.04% other: 81.93% (2005)

Location

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Map references

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Natural hazards

occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires

Natural resources

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Total renewable water resources

2,838 cu km (1999)

Age structure

0-14 years: 28.1% (male 34,337,341/female 33,162,207) 15-64 years: 66% (male 79,549,569/female 78,918,321) 65 years and over: 6% (male 6,335,208/female 7,968,876) (2009 est.)

Birth rate

18.84 births/1,000 population (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 108

Death rate

6.25 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 153

Education expenditures

3.6% of GDP (2006) country comparison to the world: 127

Ethnic groups

Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten 2%, Banjar 1.7%, other or unspecified 29.9% (2000 census)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.2% (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 99

HIV/AIDS - deaths

8,700 (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 36

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

270,000 (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 25

Infant mortality rate

total: 29.97 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 74 male: 34.93 deaths/1,000 live births female: 24.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (the most widely spoken of which is Javanese)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 70.76 years country comparison to the world: 137 male: 68.26 years female: 73.38 years (2009 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 90.4% male: 94% female: 86.8% (2004 est.)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: chikungunya, dengue fever, and malaria note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Median age

total: 27.6 years male: 27.1 years female: 28.1 years (2009 est.)

Nationality

noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian

Net migration rate

-1.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 128

Population

240,271,522 (July 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 4

Population growth rate

1.136% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 117

Religions

Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 11 years male: 12 years female: 11 years (2005)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2009 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.31 children born/woman (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 109

Urbanization

urban population: 52% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 3.3% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)

Administrative divisions

30 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Kepulauan Riau, Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua, Papua Barat, Riau, Sulawesi Barat, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Yogyakarta* note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, the 465 regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

Capital

name: Jakarta geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 E time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) note: Indonesia is divided into three time zones

Constitution

August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series of amendments concluded in 2002

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia conventional short form: Indonesia local long form: Republik Indonesia local short form: Indonesia former: Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Cameron R. HUME embassy: Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 4-5, Jakarta 10110 mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520 telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador SUDJADNAN Parnohadiningrat chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200

Executive branch

chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2004) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president and vice president are elected for five-year terms (eligible for a second term) by direct vote of the citizenry; last held on 8 July 2009 (next to be held in July 2014) election results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president; percent of vote - Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO 60.8%, MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri 26.8%, Jusuf KALLA 12.4%

FAX

[1] (202) 775-5365 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

[62] (21) 3435-9922 consulate(s) general: Surabaya

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Government type

republic

Independence

17 August 1945 (declared); 27 December 1949 (by the Netherlands) note: in August 2005, the Netherlands announced it recognized de facto Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945

International organization participation

ADB, APEC, APT, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CP, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung is the final court of appeal but does not have the power of judicial review (justices are appointed by the president from a list of candidates selected by the legislature); in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lower court system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights; Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (invested by the president on 16 August 2003) has the power of judicial review, jurisdiction over the results of a general election, and reviews actions to dismiss a president from office; Labor Court under supervision of Supreme Court began functioning in January 2006; the Anti-Corruption Court has jurisdiction over corruption cases brought by the independent Corruption Eradication Commission; in 2006, the Constitutional Court declared the mechanism by which the Anti-Corruption Court was established unconstitutional and gave the parliament until the end of 2009 to pass Anti-Corruption Court legislation

Legal system

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures and election codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch

People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) is the upper house, consists of members of DPR and DPD, has role in inaugurating and impeaching the president and in amending the constitution, does not formulate national policy; House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (550 seats, members elected to serve five-year terms), formulates and passes legislation at the national level; House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD), constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative input to DPR on issues affecting regions elections: last held 9 April 2009 (next to be held in 2014) election results: percent of vote by party - PD 20.9%, GOLKAR 14.5%, PDI-P 14.0%, PKS 7.9%, PAN 6.0%, PPP 5.3%, PKB 4.9%, GERINDRA 4.5%, HANURA 3.8%, others 18.2%; seats by party - PD 148, GOLKAR 108, PDI-P 93, PKS 59, PAN 42, PPP 39, PKB 26, GERINDRA 30, HANURA 15 note: 29 other parties received less than 2.5% of the vote so did not obtain any seats; because of election rules, the number of seats won does not always follow the percentage of votes received by parties

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Political parties and leaders

Democrat Party or PD [Hadi UTOMO]; Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR [Aburizal BAKRIE]; Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA [WIRANTO]; Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Sutrisno BACHIR]; People's Conscience Party or HANURA [SUHARDI]; Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Tifatul SEMBIRING]; United Development Party or PPP [Suryadharma ALI]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Indonesian Women's Coalition (Koalisi Perempuan - human rights group); Islamic Defenders Front or FPI; National Alliance for Freedom of Religion and Faith; Oil Palm Watch (environmental)

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Agriculture - products

rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Budget

revenues: $92.62 billion expenditures: $98.88 billion (2008 est.)

Central bank discount rate

10.83% (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 52 8% (31 December 2007)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

13.6% (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 119 7.21% (31 December 2007)

Current account balance

$604 million (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 51 $10.49 billion (2007 est.)

Debt - external

$155.1 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 32 $141.2 billion (31 December 2007)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

39.4 (2005) country comparison to the world: 66 37 (2001)

Economy - overview

Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has made significant economic advances under the administration of President YUDHOYONO but faces challenges stemming from the global financial crisis and world economic downturn. Indonesia's debt-to-GDP ratio in recent years has declined steadily because of increasingly robust GDP growth and sound fiscal stewardship. The government has introduced significant reforms in the financial sector, including in the areas of tax and customs, the use of Treasury bills, and capital market supervision. Indonesia's investment law, passed in March 2007, seeks to address some of the concerns of foreign and domestic investors. Indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among regions. The non-bank financial sector, including pension funds and insurance, remains weak. Despite efforts to broaden and deepen capital markets, they remain underdeveloped. Economic difficulties in early 2008 centered on high global food and oil prices and their impact on Indonesia's poor and on the budget. The onset of the global financial crisis dampened inflationary pressures, but increased risk aversion for emerging market assets resulted in large losses in the stock market, significant depreciation of the rupiah, and a difficult environment for bond issuance. As global demand has slowed and prices for Indonesia's commodity exports have fallen, Indonesia faces the prospect of growth significantly below the 6-plus percent recorded in 2007 and 2008.

Electricity - consumption

119.3 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 27

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2008 est.)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2008 est.)

Electricity - production

134.4 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 27

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - 9,698.9 (2008), 9,143 (2007), 9,159.3 (2006), 9,704.7 (2005), 8,938.9 (2004)

Exports

$139.3 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 33 $118 billion (2007 est.)

Exports - commodities

oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber

Exports - partners

Japan 20.2%, US 9.5%, Singapore 9.4%, China 8.5%, South Korea 6.7%, India 5.2%, Malaysia 4.7% (2008)

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture: 14.4% industry: 48.1% services: 37.5% (2008 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$3,900 (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 155 $3,700 (2007 est.) $3,500 (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

6.1% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 58 6.3% (2007 est.) 5.5% (2006 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$511.8 billion (2008 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$916.7 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 16 $864 billion (2007 est.) $812.8 billion (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 3% highest 10%: 32.3% (2006)

Imports

$116 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 32 $85.26 billion (2007 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs

Imports - partners

Singapore 16.9%, China 11.8%, Japan 11.7%, Malaysia 6.9%, US 6.1%, South Korea 5.4%, Thailand 4.9% (2008)

Industrial production growth rate

3.7% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 70

Industries

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

9.9% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 143 6.3% (2007 est.)

Investment (gross fixed)

23.6% of GDP (2008) country comparison to the world: 61

Labor force

112 million (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 5

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 42.1% industry: 18.6% services: 39.3% (2006 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$98.76 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 37 $211.7 billion (31 December 2007) $138.9 billion (31 December 2006)

Natural gas - consumption

36.5 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 24

Natural gas - exports

33.5 billion cu m (2008) country comparison to the world: 8

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 167

Natural gas - production

70 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 13

Natural gas - proved reserves

3.001 trillion cu m (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 11

Oil - consumption

1.564 million bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 17

Oil - exports

85,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 68

Oil - imports

671,000 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 20

Oil - production

1.051 million bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 22

Oil - proved reserves

3.99 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 27

Population below poverty line

17.8% (2006)

Public debt

29.3% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 74 56.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$51.64 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 25 $56.92 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$6.656 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 53 $9.225 billion (2006 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$67.3 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 45 $58.96 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$166.2 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 31 $170.2 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of money

$41.71 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 24 $47.78 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of quasi money

$131.5 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 18 $127 billion (31 December 2007)

Unemployment rate

8.4% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 115 9.1% (2007 est.)

Internet country code

.id

Internet hosts

865,309 (2009) country comparison to the world: 42

Internet users

30 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 11

Radio broadcast stations

AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)

Telephone system

general assessment: domestic service fair, international service good domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system; coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile cellular subscribership growing rapidly international: country code - 62; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Telephones - main lines in use

30.378 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 10

Telephones - mobile cellular

140.578 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 6

Television broadcast stations

54 local TV stations (11 national TV networks; each with its group of local transmitters) (2006)

Airports

683 (2009) country comparison to the world: 10

Airports - with paved runways

total: 164 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 18 1,524 to 2,437 m: 51 914 to 1,523 m: 56 under 914 m: 35 (2009)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 519 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 25 under 914 m: 489 (2009)

Heliports

36 (2009)

Merchant marine

total: 971 country comparison to the world: 11 by type: bulk carrier 54, cargo 514, chemical tanker 35, container 80, liquefied gas 7, passenger 44, passenger/cargo 68, petroleum tanker 143, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 10, specialized tanker 10, vehicle carrier 4 foreign-owned: 43 (China 2, France 1, Germany 1, Japan 6, Norway 1, Philippines 1, Singapore 27, Taiwan 2, UAE 2) registered in other countries: 114 (Bahamas 2, Cambodia 2, China 1, Hong Kong 7, Liberia 2, Mongolia 1, Panama 31, Singapore 66, unknown 2) (2008)

Pipelines

condensate 735 km; condensate/gas 73 km; gas 5,797 km; oil 5,721 km; oil/gas/water 12 km; refined products 1,370 km; water 44 km (2008)

Ports and terminals

Banjarmasin, Belawan, Ciwandan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok

Railways

total: 8,529 km country comparison to the world: 25 narrow gauge: 8,529 km 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified) (2008)

Roadways

total: 391,009 km country comparison to the world: 17 paved: 216,714 km unpaved: 174,295 km (2005)

Transportation - note

the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia; crews have been murdered or cast adrift

Waterways

21,579 km (2008) country comparison to the world: 5

Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI)

Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL); includes marines, naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Kommando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)) (2009)

Manpower available for military service

males age 16-49: 63,800,825 females age 16-49: 61,729,717 (2008 est.)

Manpower fit for military service

males age 16-49: 52,997,922 females age 16-49: 52,503,046 (2009 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

male: 2,197,323 female: 2,126,412 (2009 est.)

Military expenditures

3% of GDP (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 50

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; 2-year conscript service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2008)

Disputes - international

Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; Timor-Leste-Indonesia Boundary Committee has resolved all but a small portion of the land boundary, but discussions on maritime boundaries are stalemated over sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai in the north and alignment with Australian claims in the south; many refugees from Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left the sovereignty of Unarang rock and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea in dispute; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalization of their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches

IDPs

200,000-350,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi Provinces, and Maluku) (2007)

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy page last updated on November 11, 2009