2007 Edition

Administrative divisions

30 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Irian Jaya Barat, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Kepulauan Riau, Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua, Riau, Sulawesi Barat, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Yogyakarta*

note

following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, the 440 districts or regencies have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

Age structure

0-14 years: 28.8% (male 35,995,919/female 34,749,582) 15-64 years: 65.8% (male 80,796,794/female 80,754,238) 65 years and over: 5.4% (male 5,737,473/female 7,418,733) (2006 est.)

Agriculture - products

rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Airports

662 (2006)

Airports - with paved runways

over 3,047 m

4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 15 1,524 to 2,437 m: 49 914 to 1,523 m: 49

total

159

under 914 m

42 (2006)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total

503 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 26

under 914 m

471 (2006)

Area

land

1,826,440 sq km

total

1,919,440 sq km

water

93,000 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Background

The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; the islands were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to relinquish its colony. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and home to the world's largest Muslim population. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing financial sector reforms, stemming corruption, and holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations. Indonesia was the nation worst hit by the December 2004 tsunami, which particularly affected Aceh province causing over 100,000 deaths and over $4 billion in damage. An additional earthquake in March 2005 created heavy destruction on the island of Nias. Reconstruction in these areas may take up to a decade. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, but it continues to face a low intensity separatist guerilla movement in Papua. Geography Indonesia

Birth rate

20.34 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Budget

expenditures

$79.45 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2006 est.)

revenues

$75.58 billion

Capital

geographic coordinates

6 10 S, 106 48 E

name

Jakarta

note

Indonesia is divided into three time zones

time difference

UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Climate

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline

54,716 km

Constitution

August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series of amemdments concluded in 2002

Country name

conventional long form

Republic of Indonesia

conventional short form

Indonesia

former

Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

local long form

Republik Indonesia

local short form

Indonesia

Currency (code)

Indonesian rupiah (IDR)

Currency code

IDR

Current account balance

$1.636 billion (2006 est.)

Death rate

6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Debt - external

$130.4 billion (2006 est.)

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador B. Lynn PASCOE

embassy

Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 4-5, Jakarta 10110

mailing address

Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520

telephone

[62] (21) 3435-9000

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

chief of mission

Ambassador SUDJADNAN Parnohadiningrat

telephone

[1] (202) 775-5200

Disputes - international

East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet, survey, and delimit land boundary, but several sections of the boundary remain unresolved; many East Timorese refugees who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; Indonesia and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which hinders a decision on a northern maritime boundary; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostile confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the Ambalat oil block; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia and Singapore pledged in 2005 to finalize their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait

Distribution of family income - Gini index

34.8 (2004)

Economic aid - recipient

$43 billion (2002 est.)

note

Indonesia finished its IMF program in December 2003 but still receives bilateral aid through the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI), which pledged $2.8 billion in grants and loans for 2004 and again in 2005; nearly $5 billion in aid money pledged by a variety bilateral, multilateral, and non-governmental organization (NGO) donors following the 2004 tsunami; money is slated for use in relief and rebuilding efforts in Aceh

Economy - overview

Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has struggled to overcome the Asian financial crisis, and still grapples with high poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, endemic corruption, a fragile banking sector, a poor investment climate, and unequal resource distribution among regions. The country continues the slow work of rebuilding from the devastating December 2004 tsunami and from an earthquake in central Java in May 2006 that caused over $3 billion in damage and losses. Declining oil production and lack of new exploration investment turned Indonesia into a net oil importer in 2004. The cost of subsidizing domestic fuel placed increasing strain on the budget in 2005, and combined with indecisive monetary policy, contributed to a run on the currency in August, prompting the government to enact a 126% average fuel price hike in October. The resulting inflation and interest rate hikes dampened growth through mid-2006, while large increases in rice prices pushed millions more people under the national poverty line. Economic reformers introduced three policy packages in 2006 to improve the investment climate, infrastructure, and the financial sector, but translating them into reality has not been easy. Keys to future growth remain internal reform, building up the confidence of international and domestic investors, and strong global economic growth.

Electricity - consumption

104.7 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2004)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2004)

Electricity - production

112.6 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - production by source

fossil fuel

86.9%

hydro

10.5%

nuclear

0%

other

2.6% (2001)

Elevation extremes

highest point

Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

lowest point

Indian Ocean 0 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires

Environment - international agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Ethnic groups

Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiah per US dollar - 9,207.18 (2006), 9,704.7 (2005), 8,938.9 (2004), 8,577.1 (2003), 9,311.2 (2002)

Executive branch

cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the president

chief of state

President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004) and Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

election results

Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president receiving 60.6% of vote; MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri received 39.4%

elections

president and vice president were elected for five-year terms (eligible for a second term) by direct vote of the citizenry; last held 20 September 2004 (next to be held in 2009)

head of government

President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004) and Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

Exports

$102.3 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Exports - commodities

oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber

Exports - partners

Japan 21.1%, US 11.5%, Singapore 9.2%, South Korea 8.3%, China 7.8%, Malaysia 4% (2005)

FAX

[1] (202) 775-5365

[62] (21) 3435-9922

consulate(s)

Medan; Denpasar (consular agency)

consulate(s) general

Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

consulate(s) general

Surabaya

Fiscal year

calendar year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March, but starting with 2001, has been changed to calendar year Communications Indonesia

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red Economy Indonesia

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture

13.1%

industry

46%

services

41% (2006 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$3,800 (2006 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

5.4% (2006 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$264.4 billion (2006 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$935 billion (2006 est.)

Geographic coordinates

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Geography - note

archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean People Indonesia

Government type

republic

Heliports

23 (2006)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

2,400 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

110,000 (2003 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

28.5% (2002)

lowest 10%

3.6%

IDPs

200,000-350,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi Provinces, and Maluku), 300,000 (December 2006 floods in Aceh regions) (2006)

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007

Imports

$77.73 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs

Imports - partners

Singapore 16.4%, Japan 12%, China 10.1%, US 6.7%, Thailand 6%, South Korea 5%, Saudi Arabia 4.7%, Australia 4.4% (2005)

Independence

17 August 1945 (independence proclaimed); 27 December 1949 (Netherlands recognizes Indonesian independence)

Indonesia Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI)

Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL, includes marines, naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-AU)

note

the TNI is directly subordinate to the president but the government is making efforts to incorporate it into the Department of Defense

Industrial production growth rate

2.6% (2006 est.)

Industries

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism

Infant mortality rate

female

29.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

male

39.36 deaths/1,000 live births

total

34.39 deaths/1,000 live births

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

13.2% (2006 est.)

International organization participation

APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Internet country code

.id

Internet hosts

170,834 (2006)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

24 (2000)

Internet users

16 million (2005) Transportation Indonesia

Investment (gross fixed)

20.3% of GDP (2006 est.)

Irrigated land

45,000 sq km (2003)

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by the president from a list of candidates approved by the legislature); a separate Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi was invested by the president on 16 August 2003; in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lower court system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights; Labor Court under supervision of Supreme Court began functioning in January 2006

Labor force

108.2 million (2006 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

43.3%

industry

18%

services

38.7% (2004 est.)

Land boundaries

border countries

East Timor 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

total

2,830 km

Land use

arable land

11.03%

other

81.93% (2005)

permanent crops

7.04%

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Legal system

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures and election codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch

House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (550 seats; members elected to serve five-year terms); House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD), constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative input to DPR on issues affecting regions; People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) has role in inaugurating and impeaching president and in amending constitution; consists of popularly-elected members in DPR and DPD; MPR does not formulate national policy

election results

percent of vote by party - Golkar 21.6%, PDI-P 18.5%, PKB 10.6%, PPP 8.2%, PD 7.5%, PKS 7.3%, PAN 6.4%, others 19.9%; seats by party - Golkar 128, PDI-P 109, PPP 58, PD 55, PAN 53, PKB 52, PKS 45, others 50

elections

last held 5 April 2004 (next to be held in 2009)

note

because of election rules, the number of seats won does not always follow the percentage of votes received by parties

Life expectancy at birth

female

72.45 years (2006 est.)

male

67.42 years

total population

69.87 years

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

83.4% (2002 est.) Government Indonesia

male

92.5%

total population

87.9%

Location

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk

high

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever

note

highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2007)

vectorborne diseases

dengue fever, malaria, and chikungunya are high risks in some locations

Manpower available for military service

females age 18-49

59,981,730 (2005 est.)

males age 18-49

60,543,028

Manpower fit for military service

females age 18-49

50,252,911 (2005 est.)

males age 18-49

48,687,234

Manpower reaching military service age annually

females age 18-49

2,139,573 (2005 est.)

males age 18-49

2,201,047

Map references

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Median age

female

27.3 years (2006 est.)

male

26.4 years

total

26.8 years

Merchant marine

by type

bulk carrier 43, cargo 451, chemical tanker 21, container 50, liquefied gas 7, livestock carrier 1, passenger 41, passenger/cargo 58, petroleum tanker 132, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 12, specialized tanker 4, vehicle carrier 2

foreign-owned

30 (France 1, Germany 1, Japan 3, South Korea 1, Norway 1, Philippines 1, Singapore 17, Switzerland 3, UK 2)

registered in other countries

122 (Bahamas 4, Belize 2, Bermuda 1, Cambodia 1, Georgia 1, Hong Kong 4, Liberia 1, Panama 50, Singapore 56, Thailand 1, unknown 1) (2006)

total

824 ships (1000 GRT or over) 3,773,771 GRT/4,887,614 DWT

Military expenditures - dollar figure

$1.3 billion (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP

3% (2004) Transnational Issues Indonesia

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - two years (2002)

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Nationality

adjective

Indonesian

noun

Indonesian(s)

Natural gas - consumption

22.5 billion cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - exports

37.5 billion cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - production

83.4 billion cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

2.557 trillion cu m (1 January 2005 est.)

Natural hazards

occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, forest fires

Natural resources

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Oil - consumption

1.084 million bbl/day (2005 est.)

Oil - exports

431,500 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - imports

345,700 bbl/day (2005 est.)

Oil - production

1.061 million bbl/day (2005 est.)

Oil - proved reserves

4.85 billion bbl (2006 est.)

Pipelines

condensate 944 km; condensate/gas 135 km; gas 9,175 km; oil 7,684 km; oil/gas/water 89 km; refined products 1,367 km (2006)

Political parties and leaders

Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [MS KABAN]; Democratic Party or PD [Hadi UTOMO]; Functional Groups Party or Golkar [Yusuf KALLA]; Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]; National Awakening Party or PKB [MUHAIMIN Iskander]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Sutrisno BACHIR]; Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Tifatul SEMBIRING]; United Development Party or PPP [Hamzah HAZ]

Political pressure groups and leaders

NA

Population

245,452,739 (July 2006 est.)

Population below poverty line

17.8% (2006)

Population growth rate

1.41% (2006 est.)

Ports and terminals

Banjarmasin, Belawan, Ciwandan, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok Military Indonesia

Public debt

43.8% of GDP (2006 est.)

Radio broadcast stations

AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)

Radios

31.5 million (1997)

Railways

narrow gauge

5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km electrified); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (2005)

total

6,458 km

Religions

Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1998)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$43.04 billion (2006 est.)

Roadways

paved

213,649 km

total

368,360 km

unpaved

154,711 km (2002)

Sex ratio

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

1 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

under 15 years

1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Telephone system

domestic

interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system

general assessment

domestic service fair, international service good

international

country code - 62; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Telephones - main lines in use

12.772 million (2005)

Telephones - mobile cellular

46.91 million (2005)

Television broadcast stations

54 local TV stations

note

11 national TV networks; each with their own group of local, often low power, transmitters (2006)

Televisions

13.75 million (1997)

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Total fertility rate

2.4 children born/woman (2006 est.)

Trafficking in persons

current situation

Indonesia is a source, transit, and destination country for women, children and men trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labor; Indonesian victims are trafficked to Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore; a significant number of Indonesian women who go overseas each year to work as domestic servants or "cultural performers" are subjected to conditions of involuntary servitude and commercial sexual exploitation; to a minimal extent, Indonesia is a destination for women from East Asia, Europe, and South America who are trafficked for sexual exploitation; there is extensive trafficking within Indonesia from rural to urban metropolitan areas particularly for sexual exploitation and involuntary domestic servitude

tier rating

Tier 2 Watch List - Indonesia is placed on the Tier 2 Watch List for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat trafficking

Unemployment rate

12.5% (2006 est.)

Waterways

21,579 km (2005)