2003 Edition

Administrative divisions

27 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Yogyakarta*; note - with the implementation of decentralization on 1 January 2001, the 357 districts (regencies) have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

note

following the 30 August 1999 provincial referendum for independence that was overwhelmingly approved by the people of Timor Timur and the October 1999 concurrence of Indonesia's national legislature, the name East Timor was adopted as the provisional name for the political entity formerly known as Propinsi Timor Timur; East Timor gained its formal independence on 20 May 2002

Age structure

0-14 years: 29.7% (male 35,437,274; female 34,232,824) 15-64 years: 65.4% (male 76,743,613; female 76,845,245) 65 years and over: 4.9% (male 5,086,465; female 6,548,032) (2003 est.)

Agriculture - products

rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Airports

631 (2002)

Airports - with paved runways

over 3,047 m

4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 12 914 to 1,523 m: 48

total

153

under 914 m

43 (2002) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 46

Airports - with unpaved runways

total

478 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 25

under 914 m

450 (2002)

Area

land

1,826,440 sq km

total

1,919,440 sq km

water

93,000 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Background

Indonesia is the world's largest archipelago; it achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1949. Current issues include: alleviating widespread poverty, implementing IMF-mandated reforms of the banking sector, effecting a transition to a popularly-elected government after four decades of authoritarianism, addressing charges of cronyism and corruption, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, and resolving growing separatist pressures in Aceh and Papua. Geography Indonesia

Birth rate

21.49 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Budget

expenditures

$30 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)

revenues

$26 billion

Capital

Jakarta

Climate

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline

54,716 km

Constitution

August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Country name

conventional long form

Republic of Indonesia

conventional short form

Indonesia

former

Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

local long form

Republik Indonesia

local short form

Indonesia

Currency

Indonesian rupiah (IDR)

Currency code

IDR

Death rate

6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Debt - external

$131 billion (2002 est.)

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Ralph L. BOYCE

embassy

Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110

mailing address

Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520

telephone

[62] (21) 3435-9000

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

chief of mission

Ambassador SOEMADI Brotodiningrat

consulate(s) general

Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco

Disputes - international

East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet regularly to survey and delimit land boundary; East Timor refugees delay return from camps in Indonesia; maritime delimitations with Australia and East Timor await further discussions; ICJ awarded Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002; Indonesian secessionists, squatters and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea

Distribution of family income - Gini index

31.7 (1999)

Economic aid - recipient

$43 billion from IMF program and other official external financing (1997-2000)

Economy - overview

Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, faces severe economic development problems stemming from secessionist movements and the low level of security in the regions; the lack of reliable legal recourse in contract disputes; corruption; weaknesses in the banking system; and strained relations with the IMF. Investor confidence will remain low and few new jobs will be created under these circumstances. In November 2001, Indonesia agreed with the IMF on a series of economic reforms in 2002, thus enabling further IMF disbursements. Negotiations with the IMF and bilateral donors continued in 2002. Keys to future growth remain internal reform, the build-up of the confidence of international donors and investors, and a strong comeback in the global economy.

Electricity - consumption

89.08 billion kWh (2001)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2001)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2001)

Electricity - production

95.78 billion kWh (2001)

Electricity - production by source

fossil fuel

86.9%

hydro

10.5%

nuclear

0%

other

2.5% (2001)

Elevation extremes

highest point

Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

lowest point

Indian Ocean 0 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires

Environment - international agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation

Ethnic groups

Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 9,311.19 (2002), 10,260.8 (2001), 8,421.77 (2000), 7,855.15 (1999), 10,013.6 (1998)

Executive branch

cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the president

chief of state

President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since 23 July 2001) and Vice President Hamzah HAZ (since 26 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

election results

MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri elected president, receiving 591 votes in favor (91 abstentions); Hamzah HAZ elected vice president, receiving 340 votes in favor (237 against)

elections

president and vice president elected separately by the People's Consultative Assembly or MPR for five-year terms; selection of president last held 23 July 2001; selection of vice president last held 26 July 2001; next election to be held in July 2004; in accordance with constitutional changes, the election of the president and vice president will be by direct vote of the citizenry

head of government

President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since 23 July 2001) and Vice President Hamzah HAZ (since 26 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

note

the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR) plus 195 indirectly selected members; it meets every five years to elect the president and vice president and to approve broad outlines of national policy and also has yearly meetings to consider constitutional and legislative changes; constitutional amendments adopted in 2001 and 2002 provide for the MPR to be restructured in 2004 and to consist entirely of popularly-elected members who will be in the DPR and the new House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD); the MPR will no longer formulate national policy

Exports

$52.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities

oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber

Exports - partners

Japan 21.1%, US 13.2%, Singapore 9.4%, South Korea 7.2%, China 5.1%, Taiwan 4.2% (2002)

FAX

[1] (202) 775-5365

[62] (21) 385-7189

consulate(s) general

Surabaya

telephone

[1] (202) 775-5200

Fiscal year

calendar year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March, but starting with 2001, has been changed to calendar year Communications Indonesia

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red Economy Indonesia

GDP

purchasing power parity - $714.2 billion (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture

17%

industry

41%

services

42% (2001 est.)

GDP - per capita

purchasing power parity - $3,100 (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

3.7% (2002 est.)

Geographic coordinates

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Geography - note

archipelago of more than 17,000 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean People Indonesia

Government type

republic

Heliports

9 (2002) Military Indonesia

Highways

paved

158,670 km

total

342,700 km

unpaved

184,030 km (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

4,600 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

120,000 (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

26.7% (1999)

lowest 10%

4%

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; possible growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

Imports

$32.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment; chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs

Imports - partners

Japan 14.1%, Singapore 13.1%, US 8.5%, China 7.8%, South Korea 5.3%, Taiwan 5.1%, Australia 5.1% (2002)

Independence

17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)

Industrial production growth rate

4.9% (2002 est.)

Industries

petroleum and natural gas; textiles, apparel, and footwear; mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood; rubber; food; tourism

Infant mortality rate

female

32.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)

male

43.5 deaths/1,000 live births

total

38.09 deaths/1,000 live births

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

11.9% (2002 est.)

International organization participation

APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNMOT, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Internet country code

.id

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

24 (2000)

Internet users

4.4 million (2002) Transportation Indonesia

Irrigated land

48,150 sq km (1998 est.)

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by the president from a list of candidates approved by the legislature); note - the Supreme Court is preparing to assume administrative responsibility for the lower court system, currently run by the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights; a separate Constitutional Court was invested by the president on 16 August 2003

Labor force

99 million (1999)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture 45%, industry 16%, services 39% (1999 est.)

Land boundaries

border countries

East Timor 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

total

2,830 km

Land use

arable land

9.9%

other

82.9% (1998 est.)

permanent crops

7.2%

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Legal system

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch

unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (500 seats; 462 elected by popular vote, 38 are appointed military representatives until 2004 election when military seats expire; members serve five-year terms)

election results

percent of vote by party - PDI-P 37.4%, Golkar 20.9%, PKB 17.4%, PPP 10.7%, PAN 7.3%, PBB 1.8%, other 4.5%; seats by party - PDI-P 154, Golkar 120, PPP 58, PKB 51, PAN 35, PBB 14, other 30; note - subsequent to the election, there has been a change in the distribution of seats; the new distribution is: PDI-P 153, Golkar 120, PPP 58, PKB 51, PAN 35, PBB 13, other 32

elections

last held 7 June 1999 (next to be held April 2004)

Life expectancy at birth

female

71.47 years (2003 est.)

male

66.54 years

total population

68.94 years

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

84.1% (2003 est.) Government Indonesia

male

92.9%

total population

88.5%

Location

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Map references

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims

measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

exclusive economic zone

200 NM

territorial sea

12 NM

Median age

female

26.2 years (2002)

male

25.4 years

total

25.8 years

Merchant marine

convenience

Greece 1, Hong Kong 2, India 1, Japan 2, Malaysia 1, Monaco 3, Panama 1, Philippines 1, Singapore 11, South Korea 1, Switzerland 1, UK 2, US 1 (2002 est.)

note

includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of

ships by type

bulk 42, cargo 400, chemical tanker 15, container 56, liquefied gas 3, livestock carrier 1, passenger 9, passenger/cargo 13, petroleum tanker 127, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 16, short-sea passenger 9, specialized tanker 11, vehicle carrier 6

total

710 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 3,045,673 GRT/4,106,508 DWT

Military branches

Army, Navy (including marines and naval air arm), Air Force

Military expenditures - dollar figure

$1 billion (FY98)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP

1.3% (FY98) Transnational Issues Indonesia

Military manpower - availability

males age 15-49

65,665,721 (2003 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service

males age 15-49

38,290,550 (2003 est.)

Military manpower - military age

18 years of age (2003 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually

males

2,213,727 (2003 est.)

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Nationality

adjective

Indonesian

noun

Indonesian(s)

Natural gas - consumption

36.2 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports

32.8 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - production

69 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

2.549 trillion cu m (37257)

Natural hazards

occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, forest fires

Natural resources

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)

Oil - consumption

1.045 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports

NA (2001)

Oil - imports

NA (2001)

Oil - production

1.451 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - proved reserves

7.083 billion bbl (37257)

Pipelines

condensate 672 km; condensate/gas 125 km; gas 8,183 km; oil 7,429 km; oil/gas/water 66 km; refined products 1,329 km; water 72 km (2003)

Political parties and leaders

Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA, chairman]; Federation of Functional Groups or Golkar [Akbar TANDJUNG, general chairman]; Indonesia Democracy Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri, chairperson]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Alwi SHIHAB, chairman]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman]; Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Hidayat NUR WAHID, chairman]; United Development Party or PPP (federation of former Islamic parties) [Hamzah HAZ, chairman]

Political pressure groups and leaders

NA

Population

234,893,453 (July 2003 est.)

Population below poverty line

27% (1999)

Population growth rate

1.52% (2003 est.)

Ports and harbors

Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Makassar, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya

Radio broadcast stations

AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)

Radios

31.5 million (1997)

Railways

narrow gauge

5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km electrified); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (2002)

total

6,458 km

Religions

Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1998)

Sex ratio

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

1 male(s)/female (2003 est.)

under 15 years

1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Telephone system

domestic

interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system

general assessment

domestic service fair, international service good

international

satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Telephones - main lines in use

5,588,310 (1998)

Telephones - mobile cellular

1.07 million (1998)

Television broadcast stations

41 (1999)

Televisions

13.75 million (1997)

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Total fertility rate

2.5 children born/woman (2003 est.)

Unemployment rate

10.6% (2002 est.)

Waterways

21,579 km total

note

Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km