1998 Edition

Area

total: 1,919,440 sq km land: 1,826,440 sq km water: 93,000 sq km

Area-comparative

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Climate

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline

54,716 km

Elevation extremes

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

Environment-current issues

deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas

Environment-international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Desertification, Marine Life Conservation

Geographic coordinates

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Geography-note

archipelago of 17,000 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

Irrigated land

45,970 sq km (1993 est.)

Land boundaries

total: 2,602 km border countries: Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Land use

arable land: 10% permanent crops: 7% permanent pastures: 7% forests and woodland: 62% other: 14% (1993 est.)

Location

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Map references

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims

measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm

Natural hazards

occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes

Natural resources

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Age structure

0-14 years: 31% (male 33,311,867; female 32,361,468) 15-64 years: 65% (male 69,215,722; female 69,578,527) 65 years and over: 4% (male 3,744,314; female 4,729,912) (July 1998 est.)

Birth rate

23.1 births/1,000 population (1998 est.)

Death rate

8.22 deaths/1,000 population (1998 est.)

Ethnic groups

Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%

Infant mortality rate

59.23 deaths/1,000 live births (1998 est.)

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 62.49 years male: 60.28 years female: 64.81 years (1998 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 83.8% male: 89.6% female: 78% (1995 est.)

Nationality

noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1998 est.)

Population

212,941,810 (July 1998 est.)

Population growth rate

1.49% (1998 est.)

Religions

Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1985)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female (1998 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.61 children born/woman (1998 est.)

Administrative divisions

24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular-propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular-daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*

Constitution

August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia conventional short form: Indonesia local long form: Republik Indonesia local short form: Indonesia former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

Data code

ID

Executive branch

note: on 21 May 1998-less than three months after being reelected to a seventh five-year term-President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO resigned from office; immediately following his resignation he announced that Vice President HABIBIE would assume the presidency for the remainder of the term which expires in 2003; on 28 May 1998, HABIBIE and legislative leaders announced an agreement to hold a new presidential election in 1999 chief of state: President Bacharuddin J. HABIBIE (since 21 March 1998); note-the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Bacharuddin J. HABIBIE (since 21 March 1998); note-the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet elections: president and vice president elected by consensus by the People's Consultative Assembly for five-year terms; election last held 10 March 1998 (next to be held NA 1999) election results: Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO elected president by consensus by the People's Consultative Assembly; Bacharuddin J. HABIBIE elected vice president by consensus by the People's Consultative Assembly; note-Vice President HABIBIE assumed the presidency after SOEHARTO's resignation

FAX

[1] (202) 775-5365 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY embassy: Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta mailing address: Box 1, APO AP 96520 telephone: [62] (21) 344-2211

[62] (21) 386-2259 consulate(s) general: Surabaya

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Government type

republic

Independence

17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)

International organization participation

APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNPREDEP, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador DORODJATUN Kuntoro-Jakti chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung), the judges are appointed by the president Political parties and leaders: Golkar (de facto ruling political party based on functional groups), HARMOKO, general chairman; Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI, federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), SOERJADI, chairman; Development Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan METAREUM, chairman

Legal system

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch

unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (500 seats; 425 elected by popular vote, 75 are appointed military representatives; members serve five-year terms) elections: last held 29 May 1997 (next to be held NA 2002) election results: percent of vote by party-Golkar 74.5%, PPP 22.43%, PDI 3.07%; seats by party-Golkar 325, PPP 89, PDI 11 note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly selected members; it meets every five years to elect the president and vice president and to approve the broad outlines of national policy

National capital

Jakarta

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Agriculture-products

rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products; poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Budget

revenues: $42.8 billion expenditures: $42.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $14.4 billion (FY97/98 est.)

Currency

Indonesian rupiah (Rp)

Debt-external

$136 billion (yearend 1997 est.)

Economic aid

recipient: IMF program, $42 billion (1998 est.)

Economy-overview

While Indonesia was long touted for its sound macroeconomic management and spectacular growth, the Asian financial crisis in 1997/98 revealed the weak underpinnings of the economy: an unhealthy banking sector, untenable levels of private foreign debt, and uncompetitive practices that favored the financial interests of former President SOEHARTO's family and friends. Indonesia sought IMF assistance early in the crisis and eventually brokered a $42 billion bailout package; but Jakarta jeopardized the program by resisting strict IMF reforms, partly in response to the rupiah's collapse, which lost as much as 80% of its value at one point. Economic prospects look bleak for 1998: the economy probably will shrink between 4% to 10%, unemployment top historic highs-in excess of 15%-and inflation move toward hyper levels.

Electricity-capacity

16.265 million kW (1995)

Electricity-consumption per capita

297 kWh (1995)

Electricity-production

60.4 billion kWh (1995)

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1-8,000 (April 1998), 2,909.4 (1997), 2,342.3 (1996), 2,248.6 (1995), 2,160.8 (1994), 2,087.1 (1993)

Exports

total value: $53.4 billion (f.o.b., 1997) commodities: textiles/garments 20.6%, wood products 15.7%, electronics 9.9%, footwear 6.1% partners: Japan 27.1%, US 13.9%, Singapore 8.3%, South Korea 6.4%, Taiwan 3.9%, China 3.8%, Hong Kong 3.6% (1995)

Fiscal year

1 April-31 March Communications

GDP

purchasing power parity-$960 billion (1997 est.)

GDP-composition by sector

agriculture: 16% industry: 43% services: 41% (1996)

GDP-per capita

purchasing power parity-$4,600 (1997 est.)

GDP-real growth rate

4% (1997 est.)

Imports

total value: $41.6 billion (f.o.b., 1997) commodities: manufactures 75.3%, raw materials 9.0%, foodstuffs 7.8%, fuels 7.7% partners: Japan 22.7%, US 11.7%, Germany 6.9%, South Korea 6.0%, Singapore 5.8%, Australia 5.0%, Taiwan 4.5% (1995)

Industrial production growth rate

10.5% (1996 est.)

Industries

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, rubber; tourism

Inflation rate-consumer price index

50% (1998 est.)

Labor force

total: 67 million by occupation: agriculture 44%, manufacturing 13%, construction 5%, transport and communications 4%, other 34% (1995 est.)

Radio broadcast stations

AM 618, FM 38, shortwave 0

Radios

28.1 million (1992 est.)

Telephone system

domestic service fair, international service good domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system international: satellite earth stations-2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Telephones

1,276,600 (1993 est.)

Television broadcast stations

9

Televisions

11.5 million (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate

15%; underemployment 50% (1998 est.)

Airports

442 (1997 est.) Airports-with paved runways: total: 124 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 11 1,524 to 2,437 m: 40 914 to 1,523 m: 41 under 914 m: 28 (1997 est.) Airports-with unpaved runways: total: 318 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 32 under 914 m: 281 (1997 est.)

Heliports

4 (1997 est.)

Highways

total: 393,000 km paved: 178,815 km unpaved: 214,185 km (1996 est.)

Merchant marine

total: 503 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,433,857 GRT/3,510,818 DWT ships by type: bulk 35, cargo 291, chemical tanker 8, container 11, liquefied gas tanker 5, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 105, passenger 8, passenger-cargo 12, roll-on/roll-off cargo 10, short-sea passenger 6, specialized tanker 6, vehicle carrier 5 (1997 est.)

Pipelines

crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989) Ports and harbors: Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya, Ujungpandang

Railways

total: 6,458 km narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 km double track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (1995)

Waterways

21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km

Military branches

Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police

Military expenditures-dollar figure

$3.3 billion (FY97/98)

Military expenditures-percent of GDP

1.3% (FY97/98)

Military manpower-availability

males age 15-49: 59,862,854 (1998 est.) Military manpower-fit for military service: males: 35,148,486 (1998 est.)

Military manpower-military age

18 years of age

Military manpower-reaching military age annually

males: 2,286,098 (1998 est.)

Disputes-international

sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal and not recognized by the UN; two islands in dispute with Malaysia

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; possible growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin