1996 Edition

Description

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Location

5 00 S, 120 00 E -- Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean Flag ----

Area

comparative area

slightly less than three times the size of Texas

land area

1,826,440 sq km

total area

1,919,440 sq km

Climate

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Coastline

54,716 km

Environment

current issues

deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas

international agreements

party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Marine Life Conservation

natural hazards

occasional floods, severe droughts, and tsunamis

Geographic coordinates

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Geographic note

archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

International disputes

sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal and not recognized by the UN; two islands in dispute with Malaysia

Irrigated land

75,500 sq km (1989 est.)

Land boundaries

border countries

Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

total

2,602 km

Land use

arable land

8%

forest and woodland

67%

meadows and pastures

7%

other

15%

permanent crops

3%

Location

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Map references

Southeast Asia

Maritime claims

measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural resources

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

highest point

Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

lowest point

Indian Ocean 0 m

Age structure

0-14 years: 32% (male 33,354,840; female 32,414,363) 15-64 years: 64% (male 66,385,852; female 66,827,085) 65 years and over: 4% (male 3,380,567; female 4,248,893) (July 1996 est.)

Birth rate

23.67 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate

8.38 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Ethnic divisions

Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%

Infant mortality rate

63.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Life expectancy at birth

female

63.88 years (1996 est.)

male

59.51 years

total population

61.64 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)

female

78%

male

89.6%

total population

83.8%

Nationality

adjective

Indonesian

noun

Indonesian(s)

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Population

206,611,600 (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate

1.53% (1996 est.)

Religions

Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1985)

Sex ratio

all ages

1 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years

1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female

Total fertility rate

2.7 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Administrative divisions

24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*

Capital

Jakarta

Constitution

August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Data code

ID

Diplomatic representation in US

chancery

2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

chief of mission

Ambassador Arifin Mohamad SIREGAR

telephone

[1] (202) 775-5200

Executive branch

cabinet

Cabinet

chief of state and head of government

President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968) and Vice President Gen. (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO (since 11 March 1993) were elected for five-year terms by the People's Consultative Assembly

FAX

[1] (202) 775-5365

[62] (21) 3862259

consulate(s) general

Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

consulate(s) general

Medan, Surabaya

Flag

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR)

elections last held 8 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - GOLKAR 68%, PPP 17%, PDI 15%; seats - (500 total, 400 elected, 100 military representatives appointed) GOLKAR 282, PPP 62, PDI 56

note

the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members who meet every five years to elect the president and vice president and, theoretically, to determine national policy

Independence

17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)

International organization participation

APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, Mekong Group, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCRO, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMIG, UNPREDEP, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung), the judges are appointed by the president

Legal system

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Legislative branch

unicameral

Name of country

conventional long form

Republic of Indonesia

conventional short form

Indonesia

former

Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

local long form

Republik Indonesia

local short form

Indonesia

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Political parties and leaders

GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on functional groups), HARMOKO, general chairman; Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), Megawati SUKARNOPUTRI, chairman; Development Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan METAREUM, chairman

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Type of government

republic

US diplomatic representation

chief of mission

Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY

embassy

Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta

mailing address

Box 1, APO AP 96520

telephone

[62] (21) 360360

Agriculture

rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products; poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Budget

expenditures

$38.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $14.5 billion (FY96/97 est.)

revenues

$38.1 billion

Currency

Indonesian rupiah (Rp)

Economic aid

recipient

ODA, $1.542 billion (1993)

Economic overview

Indonesia is a mixed economy with some central planning but with an emphasis on rapid deregulation and private enterprise. Real GDP growth in 1985-95 averaged about 7%, quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slash underemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the labor force. Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job generation. Industrial output is based on a supply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, timber, metals, and coal. Foreign investment has also boosted manufacturing output and exports in recent years. Indeed, the economy's growth is highly dependent on the continuing expansion of nonoil exports. Japan remains Indonesia's most important customer and supplier of aid. Like some other rapidly developing countries in Southeast Asia, Indonesia is struggling to keep the economy from overheating.

Electricity

capacity

12,100,000 kW

consumption per capita

207 kWh (1993)

production

44 billion kWh

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 2,306.3 (January 1996), 2,248.6 (1995), 2,160.8 (1994), 2,087.1 (1993), 2,029.9 (1992), 1,950.3 (1991)

Exports

$39.9 billion (f.o.b., 1994)

commodities

manufactures 51.9%, fuels 26.4%, foodstuffs 12.7%, raw materials 9.0%

partners

Japan 27.4%, US 14.6%, Singapore 10.1%, South Korea 6.5%, Taiwan 4.1%, Netherlands 3.3%, China 3.3%, Hong Kong 3.3%, Germany 3.2%

External debt

$97.6 billion (1995 est.)

Fiscal year

1 April - 31 March

GDP

purchasing power parity - $710.9 billion (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector

agriculture

17%

industry

32.6%

services

50.4%

GDP per capita

$3,500 (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate

7.5% (1995 est.)

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting traffickers; minor role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin

Imports

$32 billion (f.o.b., 1994)

commodities

manufactures 75.3%, raw materials 9.0%, foodstuffs 7.8%, fuels 7.7%

partners

Japan 24.2%, US 11.2%, Germany 7.7%, South Korea 6.8%, Singapore 5.9%, Australia 4.8%, Taiwan 4.5%, China 4.3%

Industrial production growth rate

13.9% (1995 est.)

Industries

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, rubber

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

8.6% (1995 est.)

Labor force

67 million

by occupation

agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, transport and communications 3% (1985 est.)

Unemployment rate

3% official rate; underemployment 40% (1994 est.)

Branches

Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police

Defense expenditures

exchange rate conversion - $2.7 billion, 1.4% of GNP (FY95/96)

Manpower availability

males age 15-49

57,222,025

males fit for military service

33,702,395

males reach military age (18) annually

2,280,360 (1996 est.)

Radio broadcast stations

AM 618, FM 38, shortwave 0

Radios

28.1 million (1992 est.)

Telephone system

domestic service fair, international service good

domestic

interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system

international

satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Telephones

1,276,600 (1993 est.)

Television broadcast stations

9

Televisions

11.5 million (1992 est.) Defense

Airports

total

414

with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m

35

with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m

9

with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m

41

with paved runways over 3 047 m

4

with paved runways under 914 m

299

with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m

3

with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m

23 (1995 est.)

Heliports

4 (1995 est.)

Highways

paved

125,051 km

total

283,516 km

unpaved

158,465 km (1995 est.)

Merchant marine

ships by type

bulk 30, cargo 265, chemical tanker 6, container 11, liquefied gas tanker 5, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 98, passenger 5, passenger-cargo 12, roll-on/roll-off cargo 7, short-sea passenger 6, specialized tanker 7, vehicle carrier 4 (1995 est.)

total

457 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,098,958 GRT/3,056,040 DWT

Pipelines

crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989)

Ports

Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya, Ujungpandang

Railways

narrow gauge

5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 km double track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (1995)

total

6,458 km

Waterways

21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km