1993 Edition
CIA World Factbook 1993 (Project Gutenberg)
Geography
Area
total area: 1,919,440 km2 land area: 1,826,440 km2 comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Texas
Climate
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Coastline
54,716 km
Environment
archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited); occasional floods, severe droughts, and tsunamis; deforestation
International disputes
sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal and not recognized by the UN; two islands in dispute with Malaysia
Irrigated land
75,500 km2 (1989 est.)
Land boundaries
total 2,602 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km
Land use
arable land: 8% permanent crops: 3% meadows and pastures: 7% forest and woodland: 67% other: 15%
Location
Southeast Asia, between Malaysia and Australia
Map references
Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World
Maritime claims
measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
Natural resources
petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
Note
straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean
Terrain
mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains
People and Society
Birth rate
24.84 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Death rate
8.73 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Ethnic divisions
Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%
Infant mortality rate
69.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)
Labor force
67 million by occupation: agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, transport and communications 3% (1985 est.)
Languages
Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official), English, Dutch, local dialects the most widely spoken of which is Javanese
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 60.26 years male: 58.28 years female: 62.34 years (1993 est.)
Literacy
age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 77% male: 84% female: 68%
Nationality
noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian
Net migration rate
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Population
197,232,428 (July 1993 est.)
Population growth rate
1.61% (1993 est.)
Religions
Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1985)
Total fertility rate
2.86 children born/woman (1993 est.)
Government
Administrative divisions
24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions*, (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya,, Jakarta Raya**,, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*, Independence: 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)
Capital
Jakarta
Chief of State and Head of Government
President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968); Vice President Gen. (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO (since 11 March 1993)
Constitution
August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959
Digraph
ID
Diplomatic representation in US
chief of mission: Ambassador Abdul Rachman RAMLY chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 775-5200 consulates general: Houston, New York, and Los Angeles consulates: Chicago and San Francisco
Executive branch
president, vice president, Cabinet
FAX
[62] (21) 360-644 consulates: Medan, Surabaya
Flag
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red
House of Representatives
last held on 8 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - GOLKAR 68%, PPP 17%, PDI 15%; seats - (500 total, 400 elected, 100 appointed) GOLKAR 282, PPP 62, PDI 56
Judicial branch
Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung)
Legal system
based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch
unicameral House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR); note - the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members who meet every five years to elect the president and vice president and, theoretically, to determine national policy
Member of
APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Names
conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia conventional short form: Indonesia local long form: Republik Indonesia local short form: Indonesia former name: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies
National holiday
Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
Political parties and leaders
GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on functional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.) WAHONO, general chairman; Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), SOERYADI, chairman; Development Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan METAREUM, chairman
Suffrage
17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age
Type
republic
US diplomatic representation
chief of mission: Ambassador Robert L. BARRY embassy: Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta mailing address: APO AP 96520 telephone: [62] (21) 360-360
Economy
Agriculture
accounts for almost 20% of GDP; subsistence food production; small-holder and plantation production for export; main products are rice, cassava, peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products, poultry, beef, pork, eggs
Budget
revenues $17.2 billion; expenditures $23.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $8.9 billion (FY91)
Currency
1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen (sen no longer used)
Economic aid
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $213 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175 million
Electricity
11,600,000 kW capacity; 38,000 million kWh produced, 200 kWh per capita (1990)
Exchange rates
Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 2,064.7 (January 1993), 2,029.9 (1992), 1,950.3 (1991), 1,842.8 (1990), 1,770.1 (1989), 1,685.7 (1988)
Exports
$29.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: petroleum and liquefied natural gas 40%, timber 15%, textiles 7%, rubber 5%, coffee 3% partners: Japan 37%, Europe 13%, US 12%, Singapore 8% (1991)
External debt
$50.5 billion (1992 est.)
Fiscal year
1 April - 31 March
Illicit drugs
illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not a major player; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting traffickers
Imports
$24.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: machinery 39%, chemical products 19%, manufactured goods 16% partners: Japan 25%, Europe 23%, US 13%, Singapore 5% (1991)
Industrial production
growth rate 11.6% (1989 est.); accounts for almost 40% of GDP
Industries
petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, rubber
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
8% (1992 est.)
National product
GDP - exchange rate conversion - $133 billion (1992 est.)
National product per capita
$680 (1992 est.)
National product real growth rate
6% (1992 est.)
Overview
Indonesia is a mixed economy with many socialist institutions and central planning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private enterprise. Indonesia has extensive natural wealth, yet, with a large and rapidly increasing population, it remains a poor country. Real GDP growth in 1985-92 averaged about 6%, quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slash underemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the labor force. Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is an important sector, accounting for almost 20% of GDP and over 50% of the labor force. The staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer, Indonesia is now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job generation. Industrial output now accounts for almost 40% of GDP and is based on a supply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, timber, metals, and coal. Of these, the oil sector dominates the external economy, generating more than 20% of the government's revenues and 40% of export earnings in 1989. However, the economy's growth is highly dependent on the continuing expansion of nonoil exports. Japan remains Indonesia's most important customer and supplier of aid. Rapid growth in the money supply in 1989-90 prompted Jakarta to implement a tight monetary policy in 1991, forcing the private sector to go to foreign banks for investment financing. Real interest rates remained above 10% and off-shore commercial debt grew. The growth in off-shore debt prompted Jakarta to limit foreign borrowing beginning in late 1991. Despite the continued problems in moving toward a more open financial system and the persistence of a fairly tight credit situation, GDP growth in 1992 is estimated to have stayed at 6%.
Unemployment rate
3% ; underemployment 45% (1991 est.)
Communications
Airports
total: 435 usable: 411 with permanent-surface runways: 119 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 67
Highways
119,500 km total; 11,812 km state, 34,180 km provincial, and 73,508 km district roads
Inland waterways
21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km
Merchant marine
401 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,766,201 GRT/2,642,529 DWT; includes 6 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 238 cargo, 10 container, 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 78 oil tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 7 specialized tanker, 1 livestock carrier, 26 bulk, 2 passenger
Pipelines
crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989)
Ports
Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Ujungpandang, Semarang, Surabaya
Railroads
6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; all government owned
Telecommunications
interisland microwave system and HF police net; domestic service fair, international service good; radiobroadcast coverage good; 763,000 telephones (1986); broadcast stations - 618 AM, 38 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station; and 1 domestic satellite communications system
Military and Security
Branches
Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police
Defense expenditures
exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, 1.5% of GNP (FY93/94 est.)
Manpower availability
males age 15-49 53,160,364; fit for military service 31,395,254; reach military age (18) annually 2,148,927 (1993 est.)