1987 Edition

Boundary disputes

none; complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Turkey in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; Macedonia question with Bulgaria and Yugoslavia; Northern Epirus question with Albania

Climate

temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers

arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters

Coastline

13,676 km

Comparative area

about the size of New York State

about three times the size of Texas Coastline; 44,087 km

Contiguous zone

4 nm

Continental shelf

200 meters or to depth of exploitation

200 meters or to depth of exploitation

Environment

subject to severe earthquakes; archipelago of 2,000 islands; air pollution

sparse population confined to small settlements along coast

Exclusive fishing zone

200 nm

Land boundaries

1,191 km total

Land use

23% arable land; 8% permanent crops; 40% meadows and pastures; 20% forest and woodland; 9% other; includes 7% irrigated

0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures, NEGL% forest and woodland; 99% other

Special notes

strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach to Turkish Straits

dominates North Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe

Terrain

mostly mountains with ranges extending into sea as peninsulas or chains of islands

flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but narrow, barren, steep, rocky coast

Territorial sea

6 nm

8 nm

Total area

150 km Corfu @BLimnos Lesvos & Aegean Sea fonian . Rhodes . Maditerranean Saa ale eee f

131,940 km?; land area: 130,800 km?

2,175,600 km?; land area: 341,700 km? (ice free)

Ethnic divisions

97.7% Greek, 1.3% Turkish; 1.0% Vlach, Slav, Albanian, Pomach (note—the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in Greece)

86% Greenlander (Eskimos and Greenland-born whites), 14% Danish

Infant mortality rate

13.8/1,000 (1984)

Labor force

3.86 million (1985); 48% services, 27% agriculture, 20% manufacturing and mining, 7% construction; 8.3% unemployment

Language

Greek (official); English and French widely understood

Life expectancy

men 72, women 75

Literacy

95%

Nationality

noun—Greek(s); adjective— Greek

noun—Greenlander(s); adjective—Greenlandic

Organized labor

10-15% of total labor force, 20-25% of urban labor force

Population

9,987,785 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 0.28%

54,205 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 1.00%

Religion

98% Greek Orthodox, 1.8% Muslim, 0.7% other

Administrative divisions

51 departments (nomoi)

Branches

executive consisting of a President, elected by the Vouli (Parliament), a Prime Minister, and a Cabinet; unicameral legislature consisting of the 300-member Vouli; and an independent judiciary

Capital

Athens

Communists

an estimated 60,000 members and sympathizers

Elections

every four years; Papandreou’s Panhellenic Socialist Movement defeated the incumbent New Democracy government of George Rallis in elections held on 18 October 1981; PASOK was reelected in June 1985 Politica) parties and leaders: Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), Andreas Papandreou; New Democracy (ND), Constantine Mitsotakis; Democratic Renewal (DR), Constantine Stefanopoulos; Communist Party-Exterior (KKE-Ext), Harilaos Florakis; Communist Party-Interior (KKE-Int), Leonidas Kyrkos

Government leaders

Dr. Andreas PAPANDREOU, Prime Minister (since 1981); Christos SARTZETAKIS, President (since 1985)

Legal system

new constitution enacted in June 1975

Member of

EC, EIB (associate), EMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU, {WC—International Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO

National holiday

Independence Day, 25 March

Official name

Hellenic Republic

Suffrage

universal age 18 and over

Type

presidential parliamentary government; monarchy rejected by referendum 8 December 1974

Voting strength

Parliament—Panhellenic Socialist Movement, 157 seats; New Democracy, 111 seats; Democratic Renewal, 10 seats; Communists (Exterior), 10 seats; Communists (Interior), 1 seat; independents, 11 seats

Agriculture

wheat, olives, tobacco, cotton, raisins, fruit; nearly self-sufficient

Aid

US, including Ex-fm, $525 million (1970-81); other Western bilateral (ODA and OOF), $1.1 billion (1970-84); Communist countries (1970-85), $430 million

Budget

central government revenues, $12.4 billion; expenditures $15.8 billion; deficit, $3.4 billion (1986)

Crude steel

1.3 million metric tons produced (1984 est.), 132 ke per capita

Electric power

11,223,000 kW capacity; 29.580 million kWh produced, 2,970 kWh per capita

Exports

$8.5 billion (f.0.b., 1985); tobacco, minerals, fruits, textiles

Fiscal year

calendar year

GNP

$82.8 billion, $3,300 per capita; real growth rate 2.1% (1985)

Imports

$10.1 billion (c.i.f., 1985); machinery and automotive equipment, petroleum and petroleum products, manufactured consumer goods, chemicals, meat and live animals

Major industries

food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products

Major trade partners

(1985 est.) imports—18.0% FRG, 9.8% Italy, 8.5% Saudi Arabia, 6.7% France, 6.1% Netherlands; exports—20.0% FRG, 11.3% Italy, 8.1% US, 8.0% France, 4.1% Netherlands

Military transfers

US (FY70-85) $2.6 billion

Monetary conversion rate

135.0 Greek drachmas=US$1 (January 1987)

Natural resources

bauxite, lignite, magnesite, oil

Airfields

80 total, 78 usable; 58 with permanent-surface runways; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 21 with runways 1,220-2,489 m

Civil air

89 major transport aircraft

Highways

38,938 km total; 16,090 km paved, 18,676 km crushed stone and gravel, 5,632 km improved earth, 3,540 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways

system consists of three coastal canals and three unconnected rivers, which provide navigable length of just under 80 km

Pipelines

crude oil, 26 km; refined products, 547 km

Ports

4 major, 11 secondary, 42 minor

Railroads

2,476 km total; 1,565 km 1.435meter standard gauge, of which 36 km electrified and 100 km double track, 889 km 1.000-meter gauge; 22 km 0.750-meter narrow gauge; all government owned

Telecommunications

adequate, modern networks reach all areas on mainland islands; 3.52 million telephones (85.5 per 100 popl.); 29 AM, 37 FM, 361 TV stations; 7 submarine cables; 1 satellite station with 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas, 1 Indian Ocean antenna, 1 EUTELSAT antenna

Branches

Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy, Hellenic Air Force

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1986, $2.6 billion; 16.1% of central government budget Greenland Arctic Ocean Greenland Sea Danmark Havn & Battin Bay iteeqgortoormiit \a Qeqertaraua Davis Strait Ammaaaalik GODTHAB Oanmark Strait

Military manpower

males 15-49, 2,387,000; 1,837,000 fit for military service; about 80,000 reach military age (21) annually