2023 Edition

Background

As Europe's largest economy and second most populous nation (after Russia), Germany is a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany in two devastating world wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. With the advent of the Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic (GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key western economic and security organizations, the EC (now the EU) and NATO, while the communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The decline of the USSR and the end of the Cold War allowed for German reunification in 1990. Since then, Germany has expended considerable funds to bring eastern productivity and wages up to western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the euro.

Area

land

348,672 sq km

total

357,022 sq km

water

8,350 sq km

Area - comparative

three times the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Montana

Climate

temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind

Coastline

2,389 km

Elevation

highest point

Zugspitze 2,963 m

lowest point

Neuendorf bei Wilster -3.5 m

mean elevation

263 m

Geographic coordinates

51 00 N, 9 00 E

Geography - note

strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the Baltic Sea; most major rivers in Germany - the Rhine, Weser, Oder, Elbe - flow northward; the Danube, which originates in the Black Forest, flows eastward

Irrigated land

5,056 sq km (2020)

Land boundaries

border countries

Austria 801 km; Belgium 133 km; Czechia 704 km; Denmark 140 km; France 418 km; Luxembourg 128 km; Netherlands 575 km; Poland 447 km; Switzerland 348 km

total

3,694 km

Land use

agricultural land

48% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 34.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 13.3% (2018 est.)

forest

31.8% (2018 est.)

other

20.2% (2018 est.)

Location

Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s)

Lake Constance (shared with Switzerland and Austria) - 540 sq km

salt water lake(s)

Stettiner Haff/Zalew Szczecinski (shared with Poland) - 900 sq km

Major rivers (by length in km)

Donau (Danube) river source (shared with Austria, Slovakia, Czechia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km; Elbe river mouth (shared with Czechia [s]) - 1,252 km; Rhein (Rhine) (shared with Switzerland [s], France, and Netherlands [m]) - 1,233 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

continental shelf

200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

flooding

Natural resources

coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land

Population distribution

second most populous country in Europe; a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations, particularly in the far western part of the industrial state of North Rhine-Westphalia

Terrain

lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south

Age structure

0-14 years

13.75% (male 5,905,124/female 5,673,727)

15-64 years

62.97% (male 26,934,889/female 26,097,401)

65 years and over

23.28% (2023 est.) (male 8,784,872/female 10,824,171)

Alcohol consumption per capita

beer

5.57 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

1.97 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

10.56 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

3.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

9 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

0.5% (2014/17)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

67% (2018)

note

note: percent of women aged 18-49

Current health expenditure

12.8% of GDP (2020)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

54.4% (2023 est.)

Death rate

12 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

34.7

potential support ratio

2.9 (2021 est.)

total dependency ratio

56.4

youth dependency ratio

21.7

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 100% of population

improved: total

total: 100% of population

improved: urban

urban: 100% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 0% of population

unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population

Education expenditures

4.7% of GDP (2020 est.)

Ethnic groups

German 86.3%, Turkish 1.8%, Polish 1%, Syrian 1%, Romanian 1%, other/stateless/unspecified 8.9% (2020 est.)

note

note:  data represent population by nationality

Gross reproduction rate

0.77 (2023 est.)

Hospital bed density

8 beds/1,000 population (2017)

Infant mortality rate

female

2.8 deaths/1,000 live births

male

3.5 deaths/1,000 live births

total

3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)

Languages

Languages

German (official); note - Danish, Frisian, Sorbian, and Romani are official minority languages; Low German, Danish, North Frisian, Sater Frisian, Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian, and Romani are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

major-language sample(s)

Das World Factbook, die unverzichtbare Quelle für grundlegende Informationen. (German)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

84.2 years

male

79.4 years

total population

81.7 years (2023 est.)

Literacy

female

NA

male

NA

total population

NA

Major urban areas - population

3.574 million BERLIN (capital), 1.788 million Hamburg, 1.576 million Munich, 1.144 million Cologne, 796,000 Frankfurt (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

4 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Median age

female

48.2 years

male

45.4 years

total

46.7 years (2023 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

29.9 years (2020 est.)

Nationality

adjective

German

noun

German(s)

Net migration rate

1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

22.3% (2016)

Physicians density

4.44 physicians/1,000 population (2020)

Population

84,220,184 (2023 est.)

Population distribution

second most populous country in Europe; a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations, particularly in the far western part of the industrial state of North Rhine-Westphalia

Population growth rate

-0.12% (2023 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 26%, Protestant 23.7%, Muslim 3.6%, other 4.8%, none 41.9% (2021 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 100% of population

improved: total

total: 100% of population

improved: urban

urban: 100% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 0% of population

unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

17 years (2020)

male

17 years

total

17 years

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.81 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

0.98 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Tobacco use

female

19.9% (2020 est.)

male

24.1% (2020 est.)

total

22% (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.58 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

0.13% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

77.8% of total population (2023)

Administrative divisions

16 states (Laender, singular - Land); Baden-Wuerttemberg, Bayern (Bavaria), Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen (Hesse), Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania), Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony), Nordrhein-Westfalen (North Rhine-Westphalia), Rheinland-Pfalz (Rhineland-Palatinate), Saarland, Sachsen (Saxony), Sachsen-Anhalt (Saxony-Anhalt), Schleswig-Holstein, Thueringen (Thuringia); note - Bayern, Sachsen, and Thueringen refer to themselves as free states (Freistaaten, singular - Freistaat), while Bremen calls itself a Free Hanseatic City (Freie Hansestadt) and Hamburg considers itself a Free and Hanseatic City (Freie und Hansestadt)

Capital

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology

the origin of the name is unclear but may be related to the old West Slavic (Polabian) word "berl" or "birl," meaning "swamp"

geographic coordinates

52 31 N, 13 24 E

name

Berlin

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a German citizen or a resident alien who has lived in Germany at least 8 years

dual citizenship recognized

yes, but requires prior permission from government

residency requirement for naturalization

8 years

Constitution

amendments

proposed by Parliament; passage and enactment into law require two-thirds majority vote by both the Bundesrat (upper house) and the Bundestag (lower house) of Parliament; articles including those on basic human rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended many times, last in 2020; note - in early 2021, the German federal government introduced a bill to incorporate children’s rights into the constitution

history

previous 1919 (Weimar Constitution); latest drafted 10-23 August 1948, approved 12 May 1949, promulgated 23 May 1949, entered into force 24 May 1949

Country name

conventional long form

Federal Republic of Germany

conventional short form

Germany

etymology

the Gauls (Celts) of Western Europe may have referred to the newly arriving Germanic tribes who settled in neighboring areas east of the Rhine during the first centuries B.C. as "Germani," a term the Romans adopted as "Germania"; the native designation "Deutsch" comes from the Old High German "diutisc" meaning "of the people"

former

German Reich

local long form

Bundesrepublik Deutschland

local short form

Deutschland

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Amy GUTMANN (since 17 February 2022)

consulate(s) general

Dusseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich

email address and website

BerlinPCO@state.govhttps://de.usembassy.gov/

embassy

Pariser Platz 2, 10117 BerlinClayallee 170, 14191 Berlin (administrative services)

FAX

[49] (30) 8305-1215

mailing address

5090 Berlin Place, Washington DC  20521-5090

telephone

[49] (30) 8305-0

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007

chief of mission

Ambassador Andreas MICHAELIS (since 15 September 2023)

consulate(s) general

Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco

email address and website

info@washington.diplo.dehttps://www.germany.info/us-en

FAX

[1] (202) 298-4261

telephone

[1] (202) 298-4000

Executive branch

cabinet

Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) recommended by the chancellor, appointed by the president

chief of state

President Frank-Walter STEINMEIER (since 19 March 2017)

election results

2017: Frank-Walter STEINMEIER reelected president; Federal Convention vote count - Frank-Walter STEINMEIER (SPD) 1,045, Max OTTE (CDU) 140, Gerhard TRABERT (The Left) 96, Stefanie GEBAUER (Free Voters) 58, abstentions 86; Olaf SCHOLZ (SPD) elected chancellor; Federal Parliament vote - 395 to 3032012:  Joachim GAUCK elected president; Federal Convention vote count - Joachim GAUCK (Independent) 911, Beate KLARSFELD (The Left) 126, Olaf ROSE 3

elections/appointments

president indirectly elected by a Federal Convention consisting of all members of the Federal Parliament (Bundestag) and an equivalent number of delegates indirectly elected by the state parliaments; president serves a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 13 February 2022 (next to be held in February 2027); following the most recent Federal Parliament election, the party or coalition with the most representatives usually elects the chancellor who is appointed by the president to serve a renewable 4-year term; Federal Parliament vote for chancellor last held on 8 December 2021 (next to be held after the Bundestag election in 2025)

head of government

Chancellor Olaf SCHOLZ (since 8 December 2021)

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold; these colors have played an important role in German history and can be traced back to the medieval banner of the Holy Roman Emperor - a black eagle with red claws and beak on a gold field

Government type

federal parliamentary republic

Independence

18 January 1871 (establishment of the German Empire); divided into four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and France) in 1945 following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed on 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed on 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone; West Germany and East Germany unified on 3 October 1990; all four powers formally relinquished rights on 15 March 1991; notable earlier dates: 10 August 843 (Eastern Francia established from the division of the Carolingian Empire); 2 February 962 (crowning of OTTO I, recognized as the first Holy Roman Emperor)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CD, CDB, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNSOM, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Federal Court of Justice (court consists of 127 judges, including the court president, vice presidents, presiding judges, other judges and organized into 25 Senates subdivided into 12 civil panels, 5 criminal panels, and 8 special panels); Federal Constitutional Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht (consists of 2 Senates each subdivided into 3 chambers, each with a chairman and 8 members)

judge selection and term of office

Federal Court of Justice judges selected by the Judges Election Committee, which consists of the Secretaries of Justice from each of the 16 federated states and 16 members appointed by the Federal Parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 65; Federal Constitutional Court judges - one-half elected by the House of Representatives and one-half by the Senate; judges appointed for 12-year terms with mandatory retirement at age 68

subordinate courts

Federal Administrative Court; Federal Finance Court; Federal Labor Court; Federal Social Court; each of the 16 federated states or Land has its own constitutional court and a hierarchy of ordinary (civil, criminal, family) and specialized (administrative, finance, labor, social) courts; two English-speaking commercial courts opened in late 2020 in the state of Baden-Wuerttemberg - English-speaking Stuttgart Commercial Court and English-speaking Mannheim Commercial Court

Legal system

civil law system

Legislative branch

description

bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of:Federal Council or Bundesrat (69 seats statutory, 71 current; members appointed by each of the 16 state governments)Federal Diet or Bundestag (736 seats statutory, 736 for the 2021-25 term - total seats can vary each electoral term; currently includes 4 seats for independent members; approximately one-half of members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and approximately one-half directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; members' terms depend upon the states they represent)

election results

Bundesrat - composition - men 46, women 23, percent of women 33.3%Bundestag - percent of vote by party - SPD 28%, CDU/CSU 26.8%, Alliance '90/Greens 16%, FDP 12.5%, AfD 11%, The Left 5.3%, other .04%; seats by party - SPD 206, CDU/CSU 197, Alliance '90/Greens 118, FDP 92, AfD 81, The Left 39, other 3; composition - men 479, women 257, percent of women 34.9%; note - total Parliament percent of women 34.8%

elections

Bundesrat - none; determined by the composition of the state-level governments; the composition of the Bundesrat has the potential to change any time one of the 16 states holds an electionBundestag - last held on 26 September 2021 (next to be held in September 2025 at the latest); almost all postwar German governments have been coalitions

note

note: due to Germany's recognition of the concepts of "overhang" (when a party's share of the nationwide votes would entitle it to fewer seats than the number of individual constituency seats won in an election under Germany's mixed member proportional system) and "leveling" (whereby additional seats are elected to supplement the members directly elected by each constituency in order to ensure that each party's share of the total seats is roughly proportional to the party's overall shares of votes at the national level), the 20th Bundestag is the largest to date

National anthem

lyrics/music

August Heinrich HOFFMANN VON FALLERSLEBEN/Franz Joseph HAYDN

name

"Das Lied der Deutschen" (Song of the Germans)

note

note: adopted 1922; the anthem, also known as "Deutschlandlied" (Song of Germany), was originally adopted for its connection to the March 1848 liberal revolution; following appropriation by the Nazis of the first verse, specifically the phrase, "Deutschland, Deutschland ueber alles" (Germany, Germany above all) to promote nationalism, it was banned after 1945; in 1952, its third verse was adopted by West Germany as its national anthem; in 1990, it became the national anthem for the reunited Germany

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin (c); Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin (c); Speyer Cathedral (c); Upper Middle Rhine Valley (c); Aachen Cathedral (c); Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau, and Bernau (c); Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura (c); Mines of Rammelsberg, Historic Town of Goslar, and Upper Harz Water Management System (c); Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter, and Church of Our Lady in Trier (c); Hanseatic City of Lübeck (c); Old Town of Regensburg (c); Messel Pit Fossil Site (n)

total World Heritage Sites

52 (49 cultural, 3 natural)

National holiday

German Unity Day, 3 October (1990)

National symbol(s)

eagle; national colors: black, red, yellow

Political parties and leaders

Alliance '90/Greens [Ricarda LANG and Omid NOURIPOUR]Alternative for Germany or AfD [Alice WEIDEL and Tino CHRUPALLA]Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Friedrich MERZ]Christian Social Union or CSU [Markus SOEDER]Free Democratic Party or FDP [Christian LINDNER]Free Voters [Hubert AIWANGER]The Left or Die Linke [Janine WISSLER and Martin SCHIRDEWAN]Social Democratic Party or SPD [Saskia ESKEN and Lars KLINGBEIL]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal; age 16 for some state and municipal elections

Agricultural products

milk, pork, wheat, beef, potatoes, barley, rapeseeds, chicken, eggs, sugar beets

Average household expenditures

on alcohol and tobacco

3.2% of household expenditures (2018 est.)

on food

10.7% of household expenditures (2018 est.)

Budget

expenditures

$1.945 trillion (2020 est.)

revenues

$1.785 trillion (2020 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

1.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Credit ratings

Fitch rating

AAA (1994)

Moody's rating

Aaa (1986)

note

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained. Credit ratings prior to 1989 refer to West Germany.

Standard & Poors rating

AAA (1983)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2019

$294.407 billion (2019 est.)

Current account balance 2020

$274.2 billion (2020 est.)

Current account balance 2021

$313.754 billion (2021 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 2018

$5,751,408,000,000 (2018 est.)

Debt - external 2019

$5,671,463,000,000 (2019 est.)

Economic overview

leading EU service-based export-driven economy; highly skilled and educated labor force; fairly fiscally conservative; energy-related economic disruptions due to Russian gas cessations; increased defense spending and rising debts

Exchange rates

Currency

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2017

0.885 (2017 est.)

Exchange rates 2018

0.847 (2018 est.)

Exchange rates 2019

0.893 (2019 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

0.876 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

0.845 (2021 est.)

Exports

Exports 2019

$1.816 trillion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports 2020

$1.676 trillion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports 2021

$2.004 trillion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports - commodities

cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, medical cultures and vaccines, aircraft, industrial machinery, medical instruments (2021)

Exports - partners

United States 9%, China 8%, France 8%, Netherlands 6%, Italy 6% (2021)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

47.3% (2017 est.)

government consumption

19.5% (2017 est.)

household consumption

53.1% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services

-39.7% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital

20.4% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories

-0.5% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

0.7% (2017 est.)

industry

30.7% (2017 est.)

services

68.6% (2017 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$3,860,923,000,000 (2019 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018

31.7 (2018 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

24% (2000)

lowest 10%

3.6%

Imports

Imports 2019

$1.595 trillion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports 2020

$1.454 trillion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports 2021

$1.775 trillion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports - commodities

cars and vehicle parts, medical cultures/vaccines, packaged medicines, crude petroleum, natural gas, computers (2021)

Imports - partners

China 10%, Netherlands 10%, Poland 7%, Italy 6%, France 6% (2021)

Industrial production growth rate

3.61% (2021 est.)

Industries

automotive, mechanical engineering, chemicals, electrical and batteries, manufacturing, metals, finance and banking, telecommunications, healthcare, retail

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019

1.45% (2019 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020

0.51% (2020 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021

3.14% (2021 est.)

Labor force

43.968 million (2021 est.)

Population below poverty line

14.8% (2018 est.)

Public debt

note

note: general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA95): currency and deposits (AF.2), securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives (AF.3, excluding AF.34), and loans (AF.4); the general government sector comprises the sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government and social security funds; the series are presented as a percentage of GDP and in millions of euros; GDP used as a denominator is the gross domestic product at current market prices; data expressed in national currency are converted into euro using end-of-year exchange rates provided by the European Central Bank

Public debt 2016

67.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

Public debt 2017

63.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

note

note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019

$4.477 trillion (2019 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020

$4.311 trillion (2020 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021

$4.424 trillion (2021 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2019

1.06% (2019 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2020

-3.7% (2020 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2021

2.63% (2021 est.)

Real GDP per capita

note

note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2019

$53,900 (2019 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2020

$51,800 (2020 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2021

$53,200 (2021 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019

$224.028 billion (31 December 2019 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020

$268.409 billion (31 December 2020 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021

$295.736 billion (31 December 2021 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

10.55% (of GDP) (2020 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2019

3.14% (2019 est.)

Unemployment rate 2020

3.81% (2020 est.)

Unemployment rate 2021

3.54% (2021 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

6.6%

male

7.2%

total

7% (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

218.636 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from consumed natural gas

192.181 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

316.064 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

total emissions

726.881 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Coal

consumption

145.379 million metric tons (2020 est.)

exports

2.317 million metric tons (2020 est.)

imports

31.503 million metric tons (2020 est.)

production

114.86 million metric tons (2020 est.)

proven reserves

35.9 billion metric tons (2019 est.)

Electricity

consumption

500.35 billion kWh (2020 est.)

exports

66.931 billion kWh (2020 est.)

imports

48.047 billion kWh (2020 est.)

installed generating capacity

248.265 million kW (2020 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

25.97 billion kWh (2020 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population

100% (2021)

Electricity generation sources

biomass and waste

10.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

fossil fuels

40.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

geothermal

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

hydroelectricity

4.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

note

note: as of April 2023, Germany has closed its three remaining nuclear power plants

nuclear

11.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

solar

9.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

tide and wave

0.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

wind

23.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2019

161.174 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Natural gas

consumption

8.755 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

exports

0 cubic meters (2020 est.)

imports

83.12 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

production

5.129 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

proven reserves

23.39 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Nuclear energy

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors

0GW

Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down

33

Percent of total electricity production

0%

Percent of total energy produced

0%

Petroleum

crude oil and lease condensate exports

0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate imports

1,720,600 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves

115.2 million barrels (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption

2,346,500 bbl/day (2019 est.)

total petroleum production

135,000 bbl/day (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

494,000 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

883,800 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

2.158 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

43 (2020 est.)

total

36,215,303 (2020 est.)

Broadcast media

a mixture of publicly operated and privately owned TV and radio stations; 70 national and regional public broadcasters compete with nearly 400 privately owned national and regional TV stations; more than 90% of households have cable or satellite TV; hundreds of radio stations including multiple national radio networks, regional radio networks, and a large number of local radio stations

Internet country code

.de

Internet users

percent of population

91% (2021 est.)

total

75.53 million (2021 est.)

Telecommunication systems

domestic

46 per 100 for fixed-line and 128 per 100 for mobile-cellular subscriptions (2021)

general assessment

with one of Europe’s largest telecom markets, Germany hosts a number of significant operators which offer effective competition in the mobile and broadband sectors; the German mobile market is driven by mobile data, with the number of mobile broadband subscribers having increased rapidly in recent years; with LTE now effectively universally available, considerable progress has recently been made in building out 5G networks (2022)

international

country code - 49; landing points for SeaMeWe-3, TAT-14, AC-1, CONTACT-3, Fehmarn Balt, C-Lion1, GC1, GlobalConnect-KPN, and Germany-Denmark 2 & 3 - submarine cables to Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Southeast Asia and Australia; as well as earth stations in the Inmarsat, Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems (2019)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

46 (2021 est.)

total subscriptions

38.6 million (2021 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

128 (2021 est.)

total subscriptions

106.4 million (2021 est.)

Airports

539 (2021)

Airports - with paved runways

civil airports

49

joint use (civil-military) airports

6

military airports

21

note

note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)

other airports

242

total

318

Airports - with unpaved runways

221

note

note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

D

Heliports

23 (2021)

Merchant marine

by type

bulk carrier 1, container ship 72, general cargo 79, oil tanker 34, other 406

total

592 (2022)

National air transport system

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

7,969,860,000 (2018) mt-km

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

109,796,202 (2018)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

1,113

number of registered air carriers

20 (2020)

Pipelines

37 km condensate, 26,985 km gas, 2,400 km oil, 4,479 km refined products, 8 km water (2013)

Ports and terminals

container port(s) (TEUs)

Bremen/Bremerhaven (5,018,900), Hamburg (8,715,000) (2021)

LNG terminal(s) (import)

Hamburg; Brunsbuettel (FSRU); Lubmin (FSRU); Wilhelmshaven (FSRU)

major seaport(s)

Baltic Sea: Kiel, RostockNorth Sea: Bremerhaven, Brunsbuttel, Emden, Hamburg, Wilhelmshaven

oil terminal(s)

Brunsbuttel Canal terminals

river port(s)

Bremen (Weser); Bremerhaven (Geeste); Duisburg, Karlsruhe, Neuss-Dusseldorf (Rhine); Lubeck (Wakenitz); Brunsbuttel, Hamburg (Elbe)

Railways

note

15 km 0.900-mm gauge, 24 km 0.750-mm gauge (2015)

total

39,379 km (2020) 20,942 km electrified

Roadways

note

note: includes local roads

paved

830,000 km (2022) (includes 13,155 km of expressways)

total

830,000 km (2022) 830,000 km

Transportation - note

Germany operates one PC 5 or 6 class icebreaker based in the North Atlanticnote - PC indicates a Polar Class vessel: PC 5 - year-round operation in medium first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions (ice thickness up to 70-120 cm); PC 6 - summer/autumn operation in medium first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions (ice thickness up to 30-70 cm)

Waterways

7,300 km (2022) (Rhine River carries most goods; Main-Danube Canal links North Sea and Black Sea)

Military - note

the Bundeswehr’s core mission is the defense of Germany and its NATO partners; it has a wide range of peacetime duties, including crisis management, cyber security, deterrence, homeland security, humanitarian and disaster relief, and international peacekeeping and stability operations; as a key member of NATO and the EU, the Bundeswehr typically operates in a coalition environment, and its capabilities are largely based on NATO and EU planning goals and needs; it has participated in a range of NATO and EU missions in Europe, Africa, and Asia, as well as global maritime operations; the Bundeswehr has close bilateral defense ties with a number of EU countries, including the Czechia, France, the Netherlands, and Romania, as well as the UK and the US; it also contributes forces to UN peacekeeping missionsthe Bundeswehr was established in 1955; at the height of the Cold War in the 1980s, it had nearly 600,000 personnel, over 7,000 tanks, and 1,000 combat aircraft; in addition, over 400,000 soldiers from other NATO countries—including about 200,000 US military personnel—were stationed in West Germany; in the years following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the Bundeswehr shrank by more than 60% in size (over 90% in tanks and about 80% in aircraft), while funding fell from nearly 3% of GDP and over 4% of government spending in the mid-1980s to 1.2% and 1.6% respectively; by the 2010s,  Bundeswehr’s ability to fulfill its regional security commitments had deteriorated; the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014 and full-scale assault on Ukraine in 2022 led to renewed emphasis on Germany’s leadership role in European defense and NATO and efforts to boost funding for the Bundeswehr to improve readiness, modernize, and expandthe current Bundeswehr Army is comprised of two armored divisions and a rapid forces division; the armored divisions have multiple armored and mechanized infantry brigades, including a Dutch brigade and a bi-national Franco-German brigade; one of the divisions also has a mountain infantry brigade; the rapid forces division has airborne, special operations, and helicopter forces, as well as a Dutch air mobile infantry brigadethe Navy is organized into flotillas for high seas and coastal operations; the high seas flotilla has 12 frigates, while the coastal flotilla has five corvettes and six submarines, plus mine warfare vessels, special operations forces, and marines; the marines cooperate closely with their Dutch counterparts, the Corps Mariniers, and together form a bi-national amphibious group; the Navy also has an aviation command for missions such as maritime surveillance, anti-submarine, and anti-surface warfarethe Air Force has commands for air, transport/logistics, and space operations; it has about 200 combat aircraft, plus dozens of aircraft for other missions, such as transport, tankers, electronic warfare, and reconnaissance, as well as more than 80 helicopters of various types (2023)

Military and security forces

Federal Armed Forces (Bundeswehr): Army (Heer), Navy (Deutsche Marine, includes naval air arm), Air Force (Luftwaffe, includes air defense), Joint Support and Enabling Service (Streitkraeftebasis, SKB), Central Medical Service (Zentraler Sanitaetsdienst, ZSanDstBw), Cyber and Information Space Command (Kommando Cyber und Informationsraum, Kdo CIR) (2023)

note

note: responsibility for internal and border security is shared by the police forces of the 16 states, the Federal Criminal Police Office, and the Federal Police; the states’ police forces report to their respective interior ministries while the Federal Police forces report to the Federal Ministry of the Interior

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 185,000 active-duty armed forces personnel (62,000 Army; 16,000 Navy; 27,000 Air Force; 20,000 Medical Service, 14,000 Cyber and Information Space Command; 45,000 other, including central staff, support, logistics, etc.) (2023)

Military deployments

up to 500 Iraq (NATO); up to 1,400 Lithuania (NATO); 100 Niger; 280 Slovakia (NATO) (2023)

note

note: in response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, some NATO countries, including Germany, have sent additional troops and equipment to the battlegroups deployed in NATO territory in eastern Europe

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the German Federal Armed Forces inventory is comprised of weapons systems produced domestically or jointly with other European countries and Western imports, particularly from the US; in recent years, the US has been the leading foreign supplier; Germany's defense industry is capable of manufacturing the full spectrum of air, land, and naval military weapons systems, and is one of the world's leading arms exporters; it also participates in joint defense production projects with the US and European partners (2023)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2019

1.4% of GDP (2019)

Military Expenditures 2020

1.5% of GDP (2020)

Military Expenditures 2021

1.5% of GDP (2021)

Military Expenditures 2022

1.5% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

1.6% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military service age and obligation

17-23 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women (must have completed compulsory full-time education and have German citizenship); conscription ended July 2011; service obligation 7-23 months or 12 years; in July 2020, the government launched a new voluntary conscript initiative focused on homeland security tasks; volunteers serve for 7 months plus 5 months as reservists over a 6 year period (2023)

note

note: women have been eligible for voluntary service in all military branches and positions since 2001 and accounted for about 12% of the active-duty German military in 2023

Disputes - international

none identified

Illicit drugs

maritime transshipment point for cocaine heading for European drug; a major source of precursor or essential chemicals used in the production of illicit narcotics

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin)

664,238 (Syria), 183,631 (Afghanistan), 151,254 (Iraq), 64,496 (Eritrea), 47,658 (Iran), 38,755 (Turkey), 32,155 (Somalia), 13,334 (Russia), 12,155 (Nigeria), 9,250 (Pakistan), 6,257 (Serbia and Kosovo), 6,912 (Ethiopia), 5,532 (Azerbaijan) (mid-year 2022); 1,123,640 (Ukraine) (as of 24 November 2023)

stateless persons

28,941 (2022)

Space agency/agencies

German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, DLR; established 1997); predecessor organization, German Test and Research Institute for Aviation and Space Flight, was established in 1969; note – the Federal Republic of Germany was allowed to research space flight after gaining sovereignty in 1955 (2023)

Space launch site(s)

none; launched an initiative in 2020 with the aim of launching SLVs from a floating, mobile platform in the North Sea, with a logistics base in Bremerhaven (2023)

Space program overview

has one of Europe’s largest space programs; is a key member of the European Space Agency (ESA) and one of its largest contributors; builds and operates satellites, satellite/space launch vehicles (SLVs), space probes, unmanned orbiters, and reusable space planes; conducts research and develops a range of other space-related capabilities technologies, including satellite payloads (cameras, remote sensing, communications, optics, sensors, etc.), rockets and rocket propulsion, propulsion assisted landing technologies, and aeronautics; participates in ESA’s astronaut training program and human space flight operations and hosts the European Astronaut Center; participates in other international space programs, such as the International Space Station (ISS); hosts the mission control centers for the ISS and the ESA, as well as the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT); in addition to ESA/EU and their member states, has ties to a range of foreign space programs, including those of China, Japan, Russia, and the US; has a robust commercial space industry sector that develops a broad range of space capabilities, including satellite launchers, and cooperates closely with DLR, ESA, and other international commercial entities and government agencies (2023)

note

note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in Appendix S

Terrorist group(s)

Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); al-Qa'ida

note

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T

Air pollutants

carbon dioxide emissions

727.97 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions

49.92 megatons (2020 est.)

particulate matter emissions

10.73 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Climate

temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind

Environment - current issues

emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government established a mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power by 2022; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive

Environment - international agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Land use

agricultural land

48% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 34.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.6% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 13.3% (2018 est.)

forest

31.8% (2018 est.)

other

20.2% (2018 est.)

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s)

Lake Constance (shared with Switzerland and Austria) - 540 sq km

salt water lake(s)

Stettiner Haff/Zalew Szczecinski (shared with Poland) - 900 sq km

Major rivers (by length in km)

Donau (Danube) river source (shared with Austria, Slovakia, Czechia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km; Elbe river mouth (shared with Czechia [s]) - 1,252 km; Rhein (Rhine) (shared with Switzerland [s], France, and Netherlands [m]) - 1,233 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Revenue from coal

0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from forest resources

0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)

Total renewable water resources

154 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

400 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial

17.68 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

municipal

10.4 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

0.13% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

77.8% of total population (2023)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

51.046 million tons (2015 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually

24,415,302 tons (2015 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

47.8% (2015 est.)