2016 Edition

Background

Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It gained complete independence in 1917. During World War II, Finland successfully defended its independence through cooperation with Germany and resisted subsequent invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory. In the subsequent half century, Finland transformed from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is among the highest in Western Europe. A member of the EU since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro single currency at its initiation in January 1999. In the 21st century, the key features of Finland's modern welfare state are high quality education, promotion of equality, and a national social welfare system - currently challenged by an aging population and the fluctuations of an export-driven economy.

Area

338,145 sq km 303,815 sq km 34,330 sq km

land

303,815 sq km

total

338,145 sq km

water

34,330 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly more than two times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Montana

Climate

cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes

Coastline

1,250 km

Elevation

164 m lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m highest point: Halti (alternatively Haltia, Haltitunturi, Haltiatunturi) 1,328 m

elevation extremes

lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m

highest point

Halti (alternatively Haltia, Haltitunturi, Haltiatunturi) 1,328 m

mean elevation

164 m

Environment - current issues

air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

Environment - international agreements

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling none of the selected agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates

64 00 N, 26 00 E

Geography - note

long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain

Irrigated land

690 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

2,563 km Norway 709 km, Sweden 545 km, Russia 1,309 km

border countries (3)

Norway 709 km, Sweden 545 km, Russia 1,309 km

total

2,563 km

Land use

7.5% arable land 7.4%; permanent crops 0%; permanent pasture 0.1% 72.9% 19.6% (2011 est.)

agricultural land

7.5%

forest

72.9%

other

19.6% (2011 est.)

Location

Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm) 24 nm 12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden, Estonia, and Russia 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation

contiguous zone

24 nm

continental shelf

200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive fishing zone

12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden, Estonia, and Russia

territorial sea

12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)

Natural hazards

NA

Natural resources

timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone

Population - distribution

the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely poplulated

Terrain

mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills

Age structure

16.42% (male 461,432/female 441,244) 11.6% (male 325,919/female 312,045) 37.9% (male 1,063,494/female 1,020,194) 13.42% (male 362,788/female 374,985) 20.66% (male 492,143/female 643,967) (2016 est.)

0-14 years

16.42% (male 461,432/female 441,244)

15-24 years

11.6% (male 325,919/female 312,045)

25-54 years

37.9% (male 1,063,494/female 1,020,194)

55-64 years

13.42% (male 362,788/female 374,985)

65 years and over

20.66% (male 492,143/female 643,967) (2016 est.)

Birth rate

10.7 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)

Death rate

9.9 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)

Dependency ratios

58.3% 25.9% 32.4% 3.1% (2015 est.)

elderly dependency ratio

32.4%

potential support ratio

3.1% (2015 est.)

total dependency ratio

58.3%

youth dependency ratio

25.9%

Drinking water source

urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2015 est.)

rural

0% of population

total

0% of population (2015 est.)

urban

0% of population

Education expenditures

7.2% of GDP (2013)

Ethnic groups

Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.6%, Russian 0.5%, Estonian 0.3%, Roma 0.1%, Sami 0.1% (2006)

Health expenditures

9.7% of GDP (2014)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths

NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

NA

Hospital bed density

5.5 beds/1,000 population (2011)

Infant mortality rate

2.5 deaths/1,000 live births 2.7 deaths/1,000 live births 2.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)

female

2.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)

male

2.7 deaths/1,000 live births

total

2.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Finnish (official) 89%, Swedish (official) 5.3%, Russian 1.3%, other 4.4% (2014 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

80.9 years 77.9 years 84 years (2016 est.)

female

84 years (2016 est.)

male

77.9 years

total population

80.9 years

Major urban areas - population

HELSINKI (capital) 1.18 million (2015)

Maternal mortality rate

3 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

Median age

42.4 years 40.8 years 44.3 years (2016 est.)

female

44.3 years (2016 est.)

male

40.8 years

total

42.4 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

28.5 (2012 est.)

Nationality

Finn(s) Finnish

adjective

Finnish

noun

Finn(s)

Net migration rate

3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

22.8% (2014)

Physicians density

2.91 physicians/1,000 population (2009)

Population

5,498,211 (July 2016 est.)

Population distribution

the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely poplulated

Population growth rate

0.38% (2016 est.)

Religions

Lutheran 73.8%, Orthodox 1.1%, other or none 25.1% (2014 est.)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 99.4% of population rural: 88% of population total: 97.6% of population urban: 0.6% of population rural: 12% of population total: 2.4% of population (2015 est.)

rural

12% of population

total

2.4% of population (2015 est.)

urban

0.6% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

19 years 18 years 20 years (2014)

female

20 years (2014)

male

18 years

total

19 years

Sex ratio

1.05 male(s)/female 1.05 male(s)/female 1.04 male(s)/female 1.04 male(s)/female 0.97 male(s)/female 0.76 male(s)/female 0.97 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

0-14 years

1.05 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.04 male(s)/female

25-54 years

1.04 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.76 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

0.97 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.75 children born/woman (2016 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

20.5% 22.8% 18.4% (2014 est.)

female

18.4% (2014 est.)

male

22.8%

total

20.5%

Urbanization

84.2% of total population (2015) 0.5% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

0.5% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

84.2% of total population (2015)

Administrative divisions

19 regions (maakunnat, singular - maakunta (Finnish); landskapen, singular - landskapet (Swedish)); Aland (Swedish), Ahvenanmaa (Finnish); Etela-Karjala (Finnish), Sodra Karelen (Swedish) [South Karelia]; Etela-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Sodra Osterbotten (Swedish) [South Ostrobothnia]; Etela-Savo (Finnish), Sodra Savolax (Swedish) [South Savo]; Kanta-Hame (Finnish), Egentliga Tavastland (Swedish); Kainuu (Finnish), Kajanaland (Swedish); Keski-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Mellersta Osterbotten (Swedish) [Central Ostrobothnia]; Keski-Suomi (Finnish), Mellersta Finland (Swedish) [Central Finland]; Kymenlaakso (Finnish), Kymmenedalen (Swedish); Lappi (Finnish), Lappland (Swedish); Paijat-Hame (Finnish), Paijanne-Tavastland (Swedish); Pirkanmaa (Finnish), Birkaland (Swedish) [Tampere]; Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Osterbotten (Swedish) [Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Karjala (Finnish), Norra Karelen (Swedish) [North Karelia]; Pohjois-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Norra Osterbotten (Swedish) [North Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Savo (Finnish), Norra Savolax (Swedish) [North Savo]; Satakunta (Finnish and Swedish); Uusimaa (Finnish), Nyland (Swedish) [Newland]; Varsinais-Suomi (Finnish), Egentliga Finland (Swedish) [Southwest Finland]

Capital

Helsinki 60 10 N, 24 56 E UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

geographic coordinates

60 10 N, 24 56 E

name

Helsinki

time difference

UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

no at least one parent must be a citizen of Finland yes 6 years

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Finland

dual citizenship recognized

yes

residency requirement for naturalization

6 years

Constitution

previous 1906, 1919; latest drafted 17 June 1997, approved by Parliament 11 June 1999, entered into force 1 March 2000; amended several times, last in 2012 (2016)

Country name

Republic of Finland Finland Suomen tasavalta/Republiken Finland Suomi/Finland name may derive from the ancient Fenni peoples who are first described as living in northeastern Europe in the first centuries A.D.

conventional long form

Republic of Finland

conventional short form

Finland

etymology

name may derive from the ancient Fenni peoples who are first described as living in northeastern Europe in the first centuries A.D.

local long form

Suomen tasavalta/Republiken Finland

local short form

Suomi/Finland

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador Charles C. ADAMS, Jr. (since 3 August 2015) Itainen Puistotie 14B, 00140 Helsinki APO AE 09723 [358] (9) 616250 [358] (9) 6162 5800

chief of mission

Ambassador Charles C. ADAMS, Jr. (since 3 August 2015)

embassy

Itainen Puistotie 14B, 00140 Helsinki

FAX

[358] (9) 6162 5800

mailing address

APO AE 09723

telephone

[358] (9) 616250

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Kirsti KAUPPI (since 17 September 2015) 3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 [1] (202) 298-5800 [1] (202) 298-6030 Los Angeles, New York

chancery

3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Kirsti KAUPPI (since 17 September 2015)

consulate(s) general

Los Angeles, New York

FAX

[1] (202) 298-6030

telephone

[1] (202) 298-5800

Executive branch

President Sauli NIINISTO (since 1 March 2012) Prime Minister Juha SIPILA (since 28 May 2015) Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 5 February 2012 (next to be held in February 2018); prime minister appointed by Parliament in 2015 percent of vote in first round - Sauli NIINISTO (Kok) 37%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 18.8%, Paavo VAYRYNEN (Kesk) 17.5%, Timo SOINI (TF) 9.4%, Paavo LIPPONEN (SDP) 6.7%, Paavo ARHINMAKI (Vas) 5.5%, Eva BIAUDET (SFP) 2.7%, Sari ESSAYAH (KD) 2.5%; Sauli NIINISTO elected president in second round held on 5 February 2012 - NIINISTO 62.6%, HAAVISTO 37.4%; Juha SIPILA appointed prime minister

cabinet

Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament

chief of state

President Sauli NIINISTO (since 1 March 2012)

election results

percent of vote in first round - Sauli NIINISTO (Kok) 37%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 18.8%, Paavo VAYRYNEN (Kesk) 17.5%, Timo SOINI (TF) 9.4%, Paavo LIPPONEN (SDP) 6.7%, Paavo ARHINMAKI (Vas) 5.5%, Eva BIAUDET (SFP) 2.7%, Sari ESSAYAH (KD) 2.5%; Sauli NIINISTO elected president in second round held on 5 February 2012 - NIINISTO 62.6%, HAAVISTO 37.4%; Juha SIPILA appointed prime minister

elections/appointments

president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 5 February 2012 (next to be held in February 2018); prime minister appointed by Parliament in 2015

head of government

Prime Minister Juha SIPILA (since 28 May 2015)

Flag description

white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the blue represents the thousands of lakes scattered across the country, while the white is for the snow that covers the land in winter

Government type

parliamentary republic

Independence

6 December 1917 (from Russia)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (consists of the court president and 18 judges); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 21 judges including the court president and organized into 3 chambers); note - Finland has a dual judicial system - courts with civil and criminal jurisdiction, and administrative courts with jurisdiction for litigation between individuals and administrative organs of the state and communities Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court judges appointed by the president of the republic; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 65 6 Courts of Appeal; 8 regional administrative courts; 27 district courts; special courts for issues relating to markets, labor, insurance, impeachment, land, tenancy, and water rights

highest court(s)

Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (consists of the court president and 18 judges); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 21 judges including the court president and organized into 3 chambers); note - Finland has a dual judicial system - courts with civil and criminal jurisdiction, and administrative courts with jurisdiction for litigation between individuals and administrative organs of the state and communities

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court judges appointed by the president of the republic; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 65

subordinate courts

6 Courts of Appeal; 8 regional administrative courts; 27 district courts; special courts for issues relating to markets, labor, insurance, impeachment, land, tenancy, and water rights

Legal system

civil law system based on the Swedish model

Legislative branch

unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; 199 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 1 member in the province of Aland directly elected by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms) last held on 19 April 2015 (next to be held by April 2019) percent of vote by party - Kesk 21.1%, PS 17.6%, Kok 18.2%, SDP 16.5%, Vihr 8.5%, Vas 7.1%, SFP 4.9%, KD 3.5%, other 2.6%; seats by party - Kesk 49, PS 38, Kok 37, SDP 34, Vihr 15, Vas 12, SFP 9, KD 5, other 1 (Aland Coalition)

description

unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; 199 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 1 member in the province of Aland directly elected by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)

election results

percent of vote by party - Kesk 21.1%, PS 17.6%, Kok 18.2%, SDP 16.5%, Vihr 8.5%, Vas 7.1%, SFP 4.9%, KD 3.5%, other 2.6%; seats by party - Kesk 49, PS 38, Kok 37, SDP 34, Vihr 15, Vas 12, SFP 9, KD 5, other 1 (Aland Coalition)

elections

last held on 19 April 2015 (next to be held by April 2019)

National anthem

"Maamme" (Our Land) Johan Ludvig RUNEBERG/Fredrik PACIUS in use since 1848; although never officially adopted by law, the anthem has been popular since it was first sung by a student group in 1848; Estonia's anthem uses the same melody as that of Finland

lyrics/music

Johan Ludvig RUNEBERG/Fredrik PACIUS

name

"Maamme" (Our Land)

note

in use since 1848; although never officially adopted by law, the anthem has been popular since it was first sung by a student group in 1848; Estonia's anthem uses the same melody as that of Finland

National holiday

Independence Day, 6 December (1917)

National symbol(s)

lion; national colors: blue, white

lion; national colors

blue, white

Political parties and leaders

Center Party or Kesk [Juha SIPILA] Christian Democrats or KD [Sari ESSAYAH] Finns Party or PS [Timo SOINI] Green League or Vihr [Ville NIINISTO] Left Alliance or Vas [Paavo ARHINMAKI] National Coalition Party or Kok [Petteri ORPO] Social Democratic Party or SDP [Antti RINNE] Swedish People's Party or SFP [Carl HAGLUND]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

barley, wheat, sugar beets, potatoes; dairy cattle; fish

Budget

$127.6 billion $134 billion Central Government Budget (2015 est.)

expenditures

$134 billion

note

Central Government Budget (2015 est.)

revenues

$127.6 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-2.8% of GDP (2015 est.)

Central bank discount rate

0.05% (31 December 2013) 0.3% (31 December 2010) this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area

note

this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area

Commercial bank prime lending rate

2% (31 December 2015 est.) 2.2% (31 December 2014 est.)

Current account balance

$272 million (2015 est.) -$2.566 billion (2014 est.)

Debt - external

$547.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) $571.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

26.8 (2008) 25.6 (1991)

Economy - overview

Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy with per capita GDP almost as high as that of Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, or Sweden. Trade is important, with exports accounting for over one-third of GDP in recent years. Finland is historically competitive in manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Finland excels in export of technology for mobile phones as well as promotion of startups in the information and communications technology, gaming, cleantech, and biotechnology sectors. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the cold climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export industry, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population. Finland had been one of the best performing economies within the EU before 2009 and its banks and financial markets avoided the worst of global financial crisis. However, the world slowdown hit exports and domestic demand hard in that year, causing Finland’s economy to contract from 2012-14. The recession affected general government finances and the debt ratio. Finland's main challenges will be reducing high labor costs and boosting demand for its exports. In the long term, Finland must address a rapidly aging population and decreasing productivity in traditional industries that threaten competitiveness, fiscal sustainability, and economic growth. The depreciating ruble and Russia’s general economic slowdown will dampen exports to Russia.

Exchange rates

euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.885 (2015 est.) 0.7525 (2014 est.) 0.7634 (2013 est.) 0.78 (2012 est.) 0.7185 (2011 est.)

Exports

$61.29 billion (2015 est.) $75.6 billion (2014 est.)

Exports - commodities

electrical and optical equipment, machinery, transport equipment, paper and pulp, chemicals, basic metals; timber

Exports - partners

Germany 13.9%, Sweden 10.1%, US 7%, Netherlands 6.6%, Russia 5.9%, UK 5.2%, China 4.7% (2015)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

55.3% 24.4% 20.4% 0.3% 36.6% -37.1% (2015 est.)

exports of goods and services

36.6%

government consumption

24.4%

household consumption

55.3%

imports of goods and services

-37.1% (2015 est.)

investment in fixed capital

20.4%

investment in inventories

0.3%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

2.5% 26.8% 70.6% (2015 est.)

agriculture

2.5%

industry

26.8%

services

70.6% (2015 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$41,100 (2015 est.) $41,100 (2014 est.) $41,600 (2013 est.) data are in 2015 US dollars

note

data are in 2015 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

0.4% (2015 est.) -0.7% (2014 est.) -0.8% (2013 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$229.7 billion (2015 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$225 billion (2015 est.) $224 billion (2014 est.) $225.6 billion (2013 est.) data are in 2015 US dollars

note

data are in 2015 US dollars

Gross national saving

21.2% of GDP (2015 est.) 19.9% of GDP (2014 est.) 19.8% of GDP (2013 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

3.6% 24.7% (2007)

highest 10%

24.7% (2007)

lowest 10%

3.6%

Imports

$58.5 billion (2015 est.) $74.43 billion (2014 est.)

Imports - commodities

foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, computers, electronic industry products, textile yarn and fabrics, grains

Imports - partners

Germany 17%, Sweden 16%, Russia 11%, Netherlands 9.1%, Denmark 4.1% (2015)

Industrial production growth rate

-1.8% (2015 est.)

Industries

metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

-0.2% (2015 est.) 1.2% (2014 est.)

Labor force

2.689 million (2015 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

4.4% 15.5% 7.1% 21.3% 13.3% 9.9% 28.5% (2011)

agriculture and forestry

4.4%

commerce

21.3%

construction

7.1%

finance, insurance, and business services

13.3%

industry

15.5%

public services

28.5% (2011)

transport and communications

9.9%

Market value of publicly traded shares

$158.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $143.1 billion (31 December 2011 est.) $118.2 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Population below poverty line

NA%

Public debt

62.5% of GDP (2015 est.) 59.3% of GDP (2014 est.) data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

note

data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$10.02 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $10.67 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Stock of broad money

$179.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) $195.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$141.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $155.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$135.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $131.7 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$357.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $410.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$121.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $118.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders

note

see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders

Taxes and other revenues

55.6% of GDP (2015 est.)

Unemployment rate

9.3% (2015 est.) 8.7% (2014 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

48 million Mt (2013 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - imports

226,100 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2016 es)

Electricity - consumption

81 billion kWh (2014 est.)

Electricity - exports

3.7 billion kWh (2014 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

51.6% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

18.9% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

16.2% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

13.3% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)

Electricity - imports

22 billion kWh (2014 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

16 million kW (2014 est.)

Electricity - production

66 billion kWh (2014 est.)

Electricity access

100% (2016)

electrification - total population

100% (2016)

Natural gas - consumption

3.063 billion cu m (2014 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2014 est.)

Natural gas - imports

3.063 billion cu m (2014 est.)

Natural gas - production

4 million cu m (2014 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2014 es)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

192,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

134,900 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

109,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

257,700 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Broadcast media

a mix of publicly operated TV stations and privately owned TV stations; in 2008, the 2 publicly owned TV stations expanded services and the largest private TV station has introduced several special-interest pay-TV channels; cable and satellite multi-channel subscription services are available; all TV signals have been broadcast digitally since September 2007; analog broadcasts via cable networks were terminated in February 2008; public broadcasting maintains a network of 13 national and 25 regional radio stations; a large number of private radio broadcasters (2008)

Internet country code

.fi; note - Aland Islands assigned .ax

Internet users

5.074 million 92.6% (July 2015 est.)

percent of population

92.6% (July 2015 est.)

total

5.074 million

Telephone system

modern system with excellent service digital fiber-optic, fixed-line network and an extensive mobile-cellular network provide domestic needs country code - 358; submarine cables provide links to Estonia and Sweden; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) (2015)

domestic

digital fiber-optic, fixed-line network and an extensive mobile-cellular network provide domestic needs

general assessment

modern system with excellent service

international

country code - 358; submarine cables provide links to Estonia and Sweden; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) (2015)

Telephones - fixed lines

537,000 10 (July 2015 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

10 (July 2015 est.)

total subscriptions

537,000

Telephones - mobile cellular

7.399 million 135 (July 2015 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

135 (July 2015 est.)

total

7.399 million

Airports

148 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

14 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

10

2,438 to 3,047 m

26

914 to 1,523 m

21

over 3,047 m

3

total

74

under 914 m

14 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

71 (2013)

914 to 1,523 m

3

total

74

under 914 m

71 (2013)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

OH (2016)

Merchant marine

bulk carrier 2, cargo 25, carrier 1, chemical tanker 6, container 3, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 16, petroleum tanker 5, roll on/roll off 31, vehicle carrier 3 5 (Cyprus 1, Estonia 2, Iceland 1, Sweden 1) 47 (Bahamas 8, Germany 3, Gibraltar 2, Malta 3, Netherlands 13, Panama 2, Sweden 16) (2010)

by type

bulk carrier 2, cargo 25, carrier 1, chemical tanker 6, container 3, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 16, petroleum tanker 5, roll on/roll off 31, vehicle carrier 3

foreign-owned

5 (Cyprus 1, Estonia 2, Iceland 1, Sweden 1)

registered in other countries

47 (Bahamas 8, Germany 3, Gibraltar 2, Malta 3, Netherlands 13, Panama 2, Sweden 16) (2010)

total

97

National air transport system

9,972,333 713.484 million mt-km (2015)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

713.484 million mt-km (2015)

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

9,972,333

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

73

number of registered air carriers

3

Pipelines

gas 1,689 km (2010)

Ports and terminals

Helsinki, Kotka, Naantali, Porvoo, Raahe, Rauma

major seaport(s)

Helsinki, Kotka, Naantali, Porvoo, Raahe, Rauma

Railways

5,919 km 5,919 km 1.524-m gauge (3,067 km electrified) (2014)

broad gauge

5,919 km 1.524-m gauge (3,067 km electrified) (2014)

total

5,919 km

Roadways

454,000 km 78,000 km (50,000 paved, including 700 km of expressways; 28,000 unpaved) 26,000 km 350,000 km (2012)

highways

78,000 km (50,000 paved, including 700 km of expressways; 28,000 unpaved)

private and forest roads

350,000 km (2012)

total

454,000 km

urban roads

26,000 km

Waterways

8,000 km (includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased from Russia; water transport used frequently in the summer and widely replaced with sledges on the ice in winter; there are 187,888 lakes in Finland that cover 31,500 km); Finland also maintains 8,200 km of coastal fairways (2013)

Military branches

Finnish Defense Forces (FDF): Army (Puolustusvoimat), Navy (Merivoimat; includes Coastal Defense Forces), Air Force (Ilmavoimat) (2013)

Finnish Defense Forces (FDF)

Army (Puolustusvoimat), Navy (Merivoimat; includes Coastal Defense Forces), Air Force (Ilmavoimat) (2013)

Military expenditures

1.37% of GDP (2016 est.) 1.29% of GDP (2015) 1.3% of GDP (2014) 1.41% of GDP (2013) 1.47% of GDP (2012) 1.42% of GDP (2011)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for male voluntary and compulsory - and female voluntary - national military and nonmilitary service; service obligation 6-12 months; military obligation to age 60 (2012)

Disputes - international

various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the former Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands

Refugees and internally displaced persons

2,427 (2015)

stateless persons

2,427 (2015)