2007 Edition

Age structure

0-14 years: 16.03% (male 37,608,010/female 35,632,351) 15-64 years: 67.17% (male 154,439,536/female 152,479,619) 65 years and over: 16.81% (male 31,515,921/female 45,277,821) (2006 est.)

Agriculture - products

wheat, barley, oilseeds, sugar beets, wine, grapes; dairy products, cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry; fish

Airports

3,393 (2006)

Airports - with paved runways

2,020 (2006)

Airports - with unpaved runways

1,373 (2006)

Area

total

4,324,782 sq km

Area - comparative

less than one-half the size of the US

Background

Following the two devastating World Wars of the first half of the 20th century, a number of European leaders in the late 1940s became convinced that the only way to establish a lasting peace was to unite the two chief belligerent nations - France and Germany - both economically and politically. In 1950, the French Foreign Minister Robert SCHUMAN proposed an eventual union of all Europe, the first step of which would be the integration of the coal and steel industries of Western Europe. The following year the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was set up when six members, Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, signed the Treaty of Paris. The ECSC was so successful that within a few years the decision was made to integrate other parts of the countries' economies. In 1957, the Treaties of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), and the six member states undertook to eliminate trade barriers among themselves by forming a common market. In 1967, the institutions of all three communities were formally merged into the European Community (EC), creating a single Commission, a single Council of Ministers, and the European Parliament. Members of the European Parliament were initially selected by national parliaments, but in 1979 the first direct elections were undertaken and they have been held every five years since. In 1973, the first enlargement of the EC took place with the addition of Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. The 1980s saw further membership expansion with Greece joining in 1981 and Spain and Portugal in 1986. The 1992 Treaty of Maastricht laid the basis for further forms of cooperation in foreign and defense policy, in judicial and internal affairs, and in the creation of an economic and monetary union - including a common currency. This further integration created the European Union (EU). In 1995, Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined the EU, raising the membership total to 15. A new currency, the euro, was launched in world money markets on 1 January 1999; it became the unit of exchange for all of the EU states except the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Denmark. In 2002, citizens of the 12 euro-area countries began using the euro banknotes and coins. Ten new countries joined the EU in 2004 - Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia - and in 2007 Bulgaria and Romania joined, bringing the current membership to 27. In order to ensure that the EU can continue to function efficiently with an expanded membership, the Treaty of Nice (in force as of 1 February 2003) set forth rules streamlining the size and procedures of EU institutions. An EU Constitutional Treaty, signed in Rome on 29 October 2004, gave member states two years to ratify the document before it was scheduled to take effect on 1 November 2006. Referenda held in France and the Netherlands in May-June 2005 rejected the proposed constitution. This development set back the ratification effort and left the longer-term political integration of the EU in limbo. Geography European Union

Birth rate

10 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Capital

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

geographic coordinates

50 50 N, 4 20 E

name

Brussels (Belgium), Strasbourg (France), Luxembourg

note

the Council of the European Union meets in Brussels, the European Parliament meets in Brussels and Strasbourg, France, and the Court of Justice of the European Communities meets in Luxembourg

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Climate

cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south

Coastline

65,992.9 km

Constitution

based on a series of treaties

the Treaty of Paris, which set up the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951; the Treaties of Rome, which set up the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in 1957; the Single European Act in 1986; the Treaty on European Union (Maastricht) in 1992; the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997; and the Treaty of Nice in 2003; note - a new draft Constitutional Treaty, signed on 29 October 2004 in Rome, gave member states two years for ratification either by parliamentary vote or national referendum before it was scheduled to take effect on 1 November 2006; defeat in French and Dutch referenda in May-June 2005 dealt a severe setback to the ratification process, though it has continued more slowly with Finland ratifying in December 2006; as of January 2007, 18 countries have ratified the Constitutional Treaty; Germany has made revival of the EU Constitution a goal of its EU Presidency in 2007

Currency (code)

euro, British pound, Bulgarian lev, Cypriot pound, Czech koruna, Danish krone, Estonian kroon, Hungarian forint, Latvian lat, Lithuanian litas, Maltese lira, Polish zloty, Romanian leu, Slovak koruna, Swedish krona; Romanian leu and Bulgarian lev added, beginning in 2007

Currency code

EUR

Current account balance

$NA

Death rate

10.1 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador C. Boyden GRAY

embassy

13 Zinnerstraat/Rue Zinner, B-1000 Brussels

mailing address

same as above

telephone

[32] (2) 508-2222

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2300 M Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037

chief of mission

Ambassador John BRUTON

telephone

[1] (202) 862-9500

Disputes - international

as a political union, the EU has no border disputes with neighboring countries, but Estonia and Latvia have no land boundary agreements with Russia, Slovenia disputes its land and maritime boundaries with Croatia, and Spain has territorial and maritime disputes with Morocco; the EU has set up a Schengen area - consisting of 13 EU member states that have signed the convention implementing the Schengen agreements (1985 and 1990) on the free movement of persons and the harmonization of border controls in Europe; the Schengen agreements ("acquis") became incorporated into EU law with the implementation of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam on 1 May 1999; member states are: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden; in addition, non-EU states Iceland and Norway (as part of the Nordic Union) have been included in the Schengen area since 1996 (full members in 2001), bringing the total current membership to 15; the UK (since 2000) and Ireland (since 2002) take part in some aspects of the Schengen area, especially with respect to police and criminal matters; the 12 new member states that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007 eventually are expected to participate in Schengen, following a transition period to upgrade their border controls and procedures This page was last updated on 8 February, 2007

Distribution of family income - Gini index

32 (2003 est.)

Economy - overview

Internally, the European Union attempts to lower trade barriers, adopt a common currency, and move toward convergence of living standards. Internationally, the EU aims to bolster Europe's trade position and its political and economic power. Because of the great differences in per capita income among member states (from $8,000 to $61,000) and historic national animosities, the European Union faces difficulties in devising and enforcing common policies. For example, since 2003 Germany and France have flouted the member states' treaty obligation to prevent their national budgets from running more than a 3% deficit. In 2004 and 2007, the EU admitted 10 and two countries, respectively, that are, in general, less advanced technologically and economically than the other 15. Twelve established EU member states introduced the euro as their common currency on 1 January 1999, but the UK, Sweden, and Denmark chose not to participate. Of the 12 most recent member states, only Slovenia has adopted the euro (1 January 2007); the remaining eleven are legally required to adopt the currency upon meeting EU's fiscal and monetary convergence criteria.

Electricity - consumption

2.77 trillion kWh (2004 est.)

Electricity - exports

278.7 billion kWh

Electricity - imports

277.1 billion kWh

Electricity - production

2.98 trillion kWh (2004 est.)

Elevation extremes

highest point

Mont Blanc 4,807 m; note - situated on the border between France and Italy

lowest point

Lammefjord, Denmark -7 m; Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands -7 m

Environment - current issues

NA

Environment - international agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 82, Tropical Timber 94

signed but not ratified

Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds People European Union

European Central Bank

BIS

European Community

Australian Group, CBSS, CERN, FAO, EBRD, G-10, NAM (observer), NSG (observer), OECD, UNRWA, ZC (observer)

European Investment Bank

EBRD, WADB (nonregional member)

European Union

ASEAN (dialogue member), ARF (dialogue member), IDA, OAS (observer), UN (observer), WTO

European Union industrial base includes

ferrous and non-ferrous metal production and processing, metal products, petroleum, coal, cement, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, rail transportation equipment, passenger and commercial vehicles, construction equipment, industrial equipment, shipbuilding, electrical power equipment, machine tools and automated manufacturing systems, electronics and telecommunications equipment, fishing, food and beverage processing, furniture, paper, textiles, tourism

Exchange rates

euros per US dollar - 0.79669 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)

Executive branch

cabinet

European Commission (composed of 27 members, one from each member country; each commissioner responsible for one or more policy areas)

chief of union

President of the European Commission Jose Manuel DURAO BARROSO (since 22 November 2004)

election results

European Parliament approved the European Commission by an approval vote of 449 to 149 with 82 abstentions

elections

the president of the European Commission is designated by member governments and is confirmed by the European Parliament; working from member state recommendations, the Commission president then assembles a "college" of Commission members; the European Parliament confirms the entire Commission for a five-year term; the last confirmation process was held 18 November 2004 (next to be held 2009)

note

the European Council brings together heads of state and government and the president of the European Commission and meets at least four times a year; its aim is to provide the impetus for the major political issues relating to European integration and to issue general policy guidelines

Exports

$1.33 trillion; note - external exports, excluding intra-EU trade (2005)

Exports - commodities

machinery, motor vehicles, aircraft, plastics, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals, fuels, iron and steel, nonferrous metals, wood pulp and paper products, textiles, meat, dairy products, fish, alcoholic beverages.

Exports - partners

US 23.3%, Switzerland 7.6%, Russia 5.2%, China 4.8% (2005)

FAX

[1] (202) 429-1766

[32] (2) 512-5720

Fiscal year

NA Communications European Union

Flag description

on a blue field, 12 five-pointed gold stars arranged in a circle, representing the union of the peoples of Europe; the number of stars is fixed Economy European Union

GDP - composition by sector

agriculture

2.1%

industry

27.3%

services

70.5% (2006 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$29,300 (2006 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

2.8% (2006 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$13.62 trillion (2006 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$12.82 trillion (2006 est.)

Heliports

100 (2006)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths

NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

25.4% (1995 est.)

lowest 10%

2.8%

Imports

$1.466 trillion; note - external imports, excluding intra-EU trade (2005)

Imports - commodities

machinery, vehicles, aircraft, plastics, crude oil, chemicals, textiles, metals, foodstuffs, clothing

Imports - partners

US 13.8%, China 13.4%, Russia 8.2%, Japan 6.2% (2005)

Independence

7 February 1992 (Maastricht Treaty signed establishing the EU); 1 November 1993 (Maastricht Treaty entered into force)

Industrial production growth rate

2.8% (2006 est.)

Industries

among the world's largest and most technologically advanced, the

Infant mortality rate

female

4.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

male

5.6 deaths/1,000 live births

total

5.1 deaths/1,000 live births

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

2.2% (2006 est.)

Internet country code

.eu (effective 2005); note - see country entries of member states for individual country codes

Internet hosts

50.5 million (2005); note - sum of individual country Internet hosts

Internet users

247 million (2006) Transportation European Union

Investment (gross fixed)

20.4% of GDP (2006 est.)

Irrigated land

168,050 sq km (2003 est.)

Judicial branch

Court of Justice of the European Communities (ensures that the treaties are interpreted and applied uniformly throughout the EU; resolve constitutional issues among the EU institutions) - 27 justices (one from each member state) appointed for a six-year term; note - for the sake of efficiency, the court can sit with 13 justices known as the "Grand Chamber"; Court of First Instance - 27 justices appointed for a six-year term

Labor force

221.5 million (2005 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

4.4%

industry

27.3%

note

the remainder is in miscellaneous public and private sector industries and services (2002 est.)

services

67%

Land boundaries

border countries

Albania 282 km, Andorra 120.3 km, Belarus 1,050 km, Croatia 999 km, Holy See 3.2 km, Liechtenstein 34.9 km, Macedonia 394 km, Moldova 450 km, Monaco 4.4 km, Norway 2,348 km, Russia 2,257 km, San Marino 39 km, Serbia 945 km, Switzerland 1,811 km, Turkey 446 km, Ukraine 1,257 km

note

data for European Continent only

total

12,440.8 km

Land use

arable land

NA%

other

NA%

permanent crops

NA%

Languages

Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, Gaelic, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish; note - only official languages are listed Government European Union

Legislative branch

Council of the European Union (27 member-state ministers having 345 votes; the number of votes is roughly proportional to member-states' population); note - the Council is the main decision-making body of the EU; European Parliament (785 seats (as of 1 January 2007); seats allocated among member states by proportion to population); members elected by direct universal suffrage for a five-year term

election results

percent of vote - NA%; seats by party - EPP-ED 268, PES 202, ALDE 88, Greens/EFA 42, EUL/NGL 41, IND/DEM 36, UEN 27, independents 28; note - seats by party as of 1 January 2007 - EPP-ED 277, PES 218, ALDE 106, UEN 44, Greens/EFA 42, EUL/NGL 41, IND/DEM 23, ITS 20, independents 14

elections

last held 10-13 June 2004 (next to be held June 2009)

Life expectancy at birth

female

81.6 years (2006 est.)

male

75.1 years

total population

78.3 years

Location

Europe between the North Atlantic Ocean in the west and Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine to the east

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

NA

Median age

NA

Member states

27 countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK; note - Canary Islands (Spain), Azores and Madeira (Portugal), French Guyana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Reunion (France) are sometimes listed separately even though they are legally a part of Spain, Portugal, and France; candidate countries: Croatia, Macedonia, Turkey

Military - note

In November 2004, the European Union heads of government signed a "Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe" that offers possibilities - with some limits - for increased defense and security cooperation. If ratified, in a process that may take some two years, this treaty will in effect make operational the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) approved in the 2000 Nice Treaty. Despite limits of cooperation for some EU members, development of a European military planning unit is likely to continue. So is creation of a rapid-reaction military force and a humanitarian aid system, which the planning unit will support. France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Italy continue to press for wider coordination. The five-nation Eurocorps - created in 1992 by France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, and Luxembourg - has already deployed troops and police on peacekeeping missions to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo and assumed command of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan in August 2004. Eurocorps directly commands the 5,000-man Franco-German Brigade, the Multinational Command Support Brigade, and EUFOR, which took over from SFOR in Bosnia in December 2004. Other troop contributions are under national command - commitments to provide 67,100 troops were made at the Helsinki EU session in 2000. Some 56,000 EU troops were actually deployed in 2003. In August 2004, the new European Defense Agency, tasked with promoting cooperative European defense capabilities, began operations. In November 2004, the EU Council of Ministers formally committed to creating thirteen 1,500-man "battle groups" by the end of 2007, to respond to international crises on a rotating basis. Twenty-two of the EU's 25 nations have agreed to supply troops. France, Italy, and the UK are to form the first three battle groups in 2005, with Spain to follow. In May 2005, Norway, Sweden, and Finland agreed to establish one of the battle groups, possibly to include Estonian forces. The remaining groups are to be formed by 2007. (2005) Transnational Issues European Union

National holiday

Europe Day 9 May (1950); note - a Union-wide holiday, the day that Robert SCHUMAN proposed the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community to achieve an organized Europe

Natural gas - consumption

507.4 billion cu m (2004)

Natural gas - exports

78.89 billion cu m

Natural gas - imports

347.7 billion cu m

Natural gas - production

238.1 billion cu m (2004)

Natural gas - proved reserves

3.219 trillion cu m (1 January 2005 est.)

Natural hazards

flooding along coasts; avalanches in mountainous area; earthquakes in the south; volcanic eruptions in Italy; periodic droughts in Spain; ice floes in the Baltic

Natural resources

iron ore, natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, lead, zinc, bauxite, uranium, potash, salt, hydropower, arable land, timber, fish

Net migration rate

1.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Oil - consumption

14.7 million bbl/day (2004)

Oil - exports

5.318 million bbl/day

Oil - imports

15.74 million bbl/day

Oil - production

3.172 million bbl/day (2004)

Oil - proved reserves

7.335 billion bbl (1 January 2002)

Political parties and leaders

Confederal Group of the European United Left-Nordic Green Left or EUL/NGL [Francis WURTZ]; European People's Party-European Democrats or EPP-ED [Joseph DAUL]; Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe or ALDE [Graham R. WATSON]; Group of Greens/European Free Alliance or Greens/EFA [Monica FRASSONI and Daniel Marc COHN-BENDIT]; Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty Group [Bruno GOLLNISCH]; Independence/Democracy Group or IND/DEM [Jens-Peter BONDE and Nigel FARAGE]; Socialist Group in the European Parliament or PES [Martin SCHULZ]; Union for Europe of the Nations Group or UEN [Brian CROWLEY and Cristiana MUSCARDINI]

Political structure

a hybrid intergovernmental and supranational organization

Population

486,642,177 (July 2006 est.)

Population below poverty line

see individual country listings

Population growth rate

0.15% (2006 est.)

Ports and terminals

Antwerp (Belgium), Barcelona (Spain), Braila (Romania), Bremen (Germany), Burgas (Bulgaria), Constanta (Romania), Copenhagen (Denmark), Galati (Romania), Gdansk (Poland), Hamburg (Germany), Helsinki (Finland), Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain), Le Havre (France), Lisbon (Portugal), London (UK), Marseille (France), Naples (Italy), Peiraiefs or Piraeus (Greece), Riga (Latvia), Rotterdam (Netherlands), Stockholm (Sweden), Talinn (Estonia), Tulcea (Romania), Varna (Bulgaria) Military European Union

Preliminary statement

The evolution of the European Union (EU) from a regional economic agreement among six neighboring states in 1951 to today's supranational organization of 27 countries across the European continent stands as an unprecedented phenomenon in the annals of history. Dynastic unions for territorial consolidation were long the norm in Europe. On a few occasions even country-level unions were arranged - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Austro-Hungarian Empire were examples - but for such a large number of nation-states to cede some of their sovereignty to an overarching entity is truly unique. Although the EU is not a federation in the strict sense, it is far more than a free-trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur, and it has many of the attributes

associated with independent nations

its own flag, anthem, founding date, and currency, as well as an incipient common foreign and security policy in its dealings with other nations. In the future, many of these nation-like characteristics are likely to be expanded. Thus, inclusion of basic intelligence on the EU has been deemed appropriate as a new, separate entity in The World Factbook. However, because of the EU's special status, this description is placed after the regular country entries.

Radio broadcast stations

AM 930, FM 13,655, shortwave 71 (1998); note - sum of individual country radio broadcast stations; there is also a European-wide station (Euroradio)

Railways

broad gauge

28,327 km

narrow gauge

7,936 km

other

23 km (2005)

standard gauge

198,913 km

total

235,199 km

Religions

Roman Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, Muslim, Jewish

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$NA

Roadways

paved

1,809,821 km

total

2,294,641 km (including 61,522 km of expressways)

unpaved

584,820 km (2005)

Sex ratio

at birth

NA

total population

0.96 male(s)/female

under 15 years

1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Telephone system

note - see individual country entries of member states

Telephones - main lines in use

238 million (2005)

Telephones - mobile cellular

466 million (2005)

Television broadcast stations

2,700 (1995); note - does not include repeaters; sum of individual country television broadcast stations; there is also a European-wide station (Eurovision)

Terrain

fairly flat along the Baltic and Atlantic coast; mountainous in the central and southern areas

Total fertility rate

1.47 children born/woman (2006 est.)

Unemployment rate

8.8% (2005 est.)

Union name

abbreviation

EU

conventional long form

European Union

Waterways

52,332 km (2006)