2020 Edition

Background

Once the seat of Viking raiders and later a major north European power, Denmark has evolved into a modern, prosperous nation that is part of the general political and economic integration of Europe. It joined NATO in 1949 and the EEC (now the EU) in 1973. The country has opted out of certain elements of the EU's Maastricht Treaty, including the European Economic and Monetary Union and justice and home affairs issues. a 2022 referendum resulted in the removal of Denmark's 30-year opt-out on defense issues, now allowing Denmark to participate fully in the EU's Common Security and Defense Policy.

Area

land

42,434 sq km

total

43,094 sq km

water

660 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly less than twice the size of Massachusetts; about two-thirds the size of West Virginia

Climate

temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers

Coastline

7,314 km

Elevation

highest point

Store Mollehoj 171 m

lowest point

Lammefjord -7 m

mean elevation

34 m

Geographic coordinates

56 00 N, 10 00 E

Geography - note

composed of the Jutland Peninsula and a group of more than 400 islands (Danish Archipelago); controls Danish Straits (Skagerrak and Kattegat) linking Baltic and North Seas; about one-quarter of the population lives in greater Copenhagen

Irrigated land

2,420 sq km (2022)

Land boundaries

border countries

Germany 140 km; Canada 1.3 km

total

141 km

Land use

agricultural land

65.5% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 59.1% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.7% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 5.6% (2023 est.)

forest

16% (2023 est.)

other

18.5% (2023 est.)

Location

Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, on a peninsula north of Germany (Jutland); also includes several major islands (Sjaelland, Fyn, and Bornholm)

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

contiguous zone

24 nm

continental shelf

200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

flooding is a threat in some areas of the country (e.g., parts of Jutland, along the southern coast of the island of Lolland) that are protected from the sea by a system of dikes

Natural resources

petroleum, natural gas, fish, arable land, salt, limestone, chalk, stone, gravel and sand

Population distribution

population centers tend to be along coastal areas, particularly in Copenhagen and the eastern side of the country's mainland

Terrain

low and flat to gently rolling plains

Age structure

0-14 years

16.2% (male 496,793/female 471,018)

15-64 years

62.9% (male 1,903,315/female 1,856,615)

65 years and over

20.8% (2024 est.) (male 575,153/female 670,242)

Alcohol consumption per capita

beer

3.42 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

1.66 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

9.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

4.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

9.81 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Child marriage

women married by age 18

0.7% (2021)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

54.3% (2024 est.)

Death rate

10.56 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

32.7 (2025 est.)

potential support ratio

3.1 (2025 est.)

total dependency ratio

57.2 (2025 est.)

youth dependency ratio

24.5 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 100% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP)

6.4% of GDP (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

14.2% national budget (2022 est.)

Ethnic groups

Danish (includes Greenlandic (who are predominantly Inuit) and Faroese) 84.2%, Turkish 1.1%, other 14.7% (largest groups are Polish, Romanian, Syrian, Ukrainian, German, and Iraqi) (2023 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.73 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

9.5% of GDP (2022)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

17.7% of national budget (2022 est.)

Hospital bed density

2.5 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Infant mortality rate

female

2.5 deaths/1,000 live births

male

3.4 deaths/1,000 live births

total

3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Languages

Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority); note - English is the predominant second language

major-language sample(s)

Verdens Faktabog, den uundværlig kilde til grundlæggende oplysninger. (Danish) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

84.1 years

male

80.2 years

total population

82.1 years (2024 est.)

Major urban areas - population

1.381 million COPENHAGEN (capital) (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

4 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Median age

female

43.4 years

male

41 years

total

42.2 years (2025 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

29.8 years (2020 est.)

Nationality

adjective

Danish

noun

Dane(s)

Net migration rate

7.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

19.7% (2016)

Physician density

7.24 physicians/1,000 population (2021)

Population

female

3,049,793

male

3,001,698

total

6,051,491 (2025 est.)

Population growth rate

0.64% (2025 est.)

Religions

Evangelical Lutheran (official) 71.4%, Muslim 4.3%, other/none/unspecified (denominations include Roman Catholic, Jehovah's Witness, Serbian Orthodox Christian, Jewish, Baptist, Buddhist, Church of Jesus Christ, Pentecostal, and nondenominational Christian) 24.3% (2024 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 100% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

19 years (2023 est.)

male

18 years (2023 est.)

total

18 years (2023 est.)

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.86 male(s)/female

at birth

1.07 male(s)/female

total population

0.99 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

female

14.3% (2025 est.)

male

14.4% (2025 est.)

total

14.3% (2025 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.5 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

88.5% of total population (2023)

Administrative divisions

metropolitan Denmark - 5 regions (regioner, singular - region); Hovedstaden (Capital), Midtjylland (Central Jutland), Nordjylland (North Jutland), Sjaelland (Zealand), Syddanmark (Southern Denmark)

Capital

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October; note - applies to continental Denmark only, not to its North Atlantic components

etymology

name derives from the Danish words køber (merchant or buyer) and havn (harbor or port)

geographic coordinates

55 40 N, 12 35 E

name

Copenhagen

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Denmark

dual citizenship recognized

yes

residency requirement for naturalization

7 years

Constitution

amendment process

proposed by the Folketing (Parliament) with consent of the government; passage requires approval by the next Folketing following a general election, approval by simple majority vote of at least 40% of voters in a referendum, and assent of the chief of state

history

several previous; latest adopted 5 June 1953

Country name

conventional long form

Kingdom of Denmark

conventional short form

Denmark

etymology

the name derives from the words Dane, a tribal name with unclear Germanic origins, and mark, a Danish word that refers to a march (borderland)

local long form

Kongeriget Danmark

local short form

Danmark

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Kenneth A. HOWERY (since 5 November 2025)

email address and website

CopenhagenACS@state.gov https://dk.usembassy.gov/

embassy

Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100 Kobenhavn 0

FAX

[45] 35-43-02-23

mailing address

5280 Copenhagen Place, Washington DC 20521-5280

telephone

[45] 33-41-71-00

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

3200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Jesper Møller SØRENSEN (since 15 September 2023)

consulate(s) general

Chicago, Houston, New York, Silicon Valley (CA)

email address and website

wasamb@um.dk https://usa.um.dk/en

FAX

[1] (202) 328-1470

telephone

[1] (202) 234-4300

Executive branch

cabinet

Council of State appointed by the monarch

chief of state

King FREDERIK X (since 14 January 2024)

election/appointment process

the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the monarch usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister

head of government

Prime Minister Mette FREDERIKSEN (since 27 June 2019)

Flag

description: red field with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the left history: referred to as the Dannebrog (Danish flag) and is one of the oldest national flags in the world; the origin of the design is unclear; one legend says that the banner fell from the sky during an early-13th-century battle and inspired the royal army to victory; in actuality, the flag may derive from a crusade banner

Government type

parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Independence

ca. 965 (unified and Christianized under Harald I GORMSSON); 5 June 1849 (became a parliamentary constitutional monarchy)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Court (consists of the court president and 18 judges)

judge selection and term of office

judges appointed by the monarch upon the recommendation of the Minister of Justice, with the advice of the Judicial Appointments Council, a 6-member independent body of judges and lawyers; judges appointed for life with retirement at age 70

subordinate courts

Special Court of Indictment and Revision; 2 High Courts; Maritime and Commercial Court; county courts

Legal system

civil law; judicial review of legislative acts

Legislative branch

chamber name

The Danish Parliament (Folketinget)

electoral system

proportional representation

expected date of next election

October 2026

legislative structure

unicameral

legislature name

Parliament (Folketinget)

most recent election date

11/1/2022

number of seats

179 (all directly elected)

parties elected and seats per party

Social Democratic Party (50); Liberal Party (Venstre) (23); Moderates (M) (16); Socialist People's Party (SF) (15); Danish Democrats (Æ) (14); Liberal Alliance (14); Conservative People's Party (10); Unity List-Red-Green Alliance (9); Other (24)

percentage of women in chamber

43.6%

scope of elections

full renewal

term in office

4 years

National anthem(s)

history

adopted 1780; one of the oldest royal anthems in the world; used for events when Danish royalty is present; anthem has equal status with the national anthem

lyrics/music

Johannes EWALD/unknown

title

“Kong Christian stod ved højen mast” (King Christian Stood by the Lofty Mast)

National coat of arms

Denmark’s King Frederick VI adopted the national coat of arms in 1819; the crown of King Christian V, who ruled Denmark and Norway from 1670 to 1699, sits atop the shield, symbolizing royal and national authority; the three lions represent a strong and powerful country, with red lily pads in the shape of hearts that stand for strength, valor, and joy

National color(s)

red, white

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

Denmark: Mounds, Runic Stones, and Church at Jelling (c); Roskilde Cathedral (c); Kronborg Castle (c); Wadden Sea (n); Stevns Klint (n); Christiansfeld, Moravian Church Settlement (c); Par force hunting landscape, North Zealand (c); Greenland: Ilulissat Icefjord (n); Kujataa, Norse and Inuit Farming (c); Aasivissuit–Nipisat, Inuit Hunting Ground (c); Viking-Age Ring Fortresses (c); Møns Klint (n)

total World Heritage Sites

12 (8 cultural, 4 natural)

National holiday

Constitution Day, 5 June (1849)

National symbol(s)

lion, mute swan

Political parties

The Alternative or AP  Conservative People's Party or DKF or C  Danish People's Party or DF or O  Denmark Democrats or E  Green Left or SF or F (formerly Socialist People's Party or SF or F) Liberal Alliance or LA or I  Liberal Party (Venstre) or V  Moderates or M  New Right Party or NB or D  Red-Green Alliance (Unity List) or EL  Social Democrats or SDP or A  Social Liberal Party or SLP or B 

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

milk, wheat, potatoes, barley, sugar beets, pork, rapeseed, rye, oats, chicken (2023)

Average household expenditures

on alcohol and tobacco

3.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on food

11.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Budget

expenditures

$136.662 billion (2023 est.)

revenues

$149.393 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2022

$46.488 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

$40.061 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2024

$55.901 billion (2024 est.)

Economic overview

high-income, EU-member, trade-oriented Nordic economy; growth driven by pharmaceuticals, energy, and services; large share of employment in public sector; fixed exchange rate pegged to euro; strong fiscal position and declining public debt; tight labor market mitigated by migrant workers and higher retirement age

Exchange rates

Currency

Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

6.542 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

6.287 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

7.076 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

6.89 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

6.894 (2024 est.)

Exports

Exports 2022

$283.37 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$276.646 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2024

$299.405 billion (2024 est.)

Exports - commodities

packaged medicine, fish, vaccines, refined petroleum, pork (2023)

Exports - partners

Germany 13%, USA 10%, Sweden 9%, Netherlands 7%, China 5% (2023)

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

68% (2023 est.)

government consumption

22.5% (2023 est.)

household consumption

45.5% (2023 est.)

imports of goods and services

-59.8% (2023 est.)

investment in fixed capital

22.6% (2023 est.)

investment in inventories

0.2% (2023 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

0.7% (2024 est.)

industry

24% (2024 est.)

services

64% (2024 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$429.457 billion (2024 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022

29.3 (2022 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

24.5% (2022 est.)

lowest 10%

3.6% (2022 est.)

Imports

Imports 2022

$245.07 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$243.478 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2024

$252.954 billion (2024 est.)

Imports - commodities

natural gas, cars, garments, packaged medicine, refined petroleum (2023)

Imports - partners

Germany 18%, Sweden 11%, Norway 10%, Netherlands 9%, China 7% (2023)

Industrial production growth rate

12% (2024 est.)

Industries

wind turbines, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment, shipbuilding and refurbishment, iron, steel, nonferrous metals, chemicals, food processing, machinery and transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, electronics, construction, furniture and other wood products

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

7.7% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

3.3% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

1.4% (2024 est.)

Labor force

3.21 million (2024 est.)

Population below poverty line

12.4% (2021 est.)

Public debt

Public debt 2017

35.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$414.592 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$424.937 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$440.558 billion (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2022

1.5% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

2.5% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

3.7% (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita

Real GDP per capita 2022

$70,200 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$71,500 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$73,700 (2024 est.)

Remittances

Remittances 2022

0.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

0.4% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2024

0.4% of GDP (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$96.073 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$109.371 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$108.405 billion (2024 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

31.4% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2022

4.5% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

5.1% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

5.6% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

11.9% (2024 est.)

male

12.3% (2024 est.)

total

12.1% (2024 est.)

Coal

consumption

1.135 million metric tons (2023 est.)

exports

124,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

imports

1.296 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity

consumption

35.253 billion kWh (2023 est.)

exports

16.698 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports

19.831 billion kWh (2023 est.)

installed generating capacity

20.794 million kW (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

1.825 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Electricity generation sources

biomass and waste

21.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

fossil fuels

11.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity

0.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar

9.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

wind

57.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

98.513 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Natural gas

consumption

2.309 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

exports

8.388 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports

8.612 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

production

2.021 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

proven reserves

29.534 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Petroleum

crude oil estimated reserves

441 million barrels (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption

151,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)

total petroleum production

63,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

44 (2023 est.)

total

2.65 million (2023 est.)

Broadcast media

strong public-sector TV presence, with Danmarks Radio (DR) operating 6 channels and TV2 operating roughly a half-dozen channels; private stations are available via satellite and cable feed; DR operates 4 FM radio stations, 10 digital audio stations, and 14 web-based radio stations; 140 commercial and 187 community (non-commercial) radio stations (2019)

Internet country code

.dk

Internet users

percent of population

100% (2024 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

12 (2024 est.)

total subscriptions

698,000 (2024 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

127 (2024 est.)

total subscriptions

7.57 million (2024 est.)

Airports

102 (2025)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

OY

Heliports

29 (2025)

Merchant marine

by type

bulk carrier 15, container ship 132, general cargo 69, oil tanker 107, other 392

total

715 (2023)

Ports

key ports

Abenra, Alborg, Arhus, Assens, Augustenborg, Bandholm, Esbjerg, Faborg, Fredericia, Frederikshavn, Haderslev, Holstebro-Stuer, Kalundborg, Kobenhavn, Kolding, Korsor, Marstal, Middelfart, Naestved, Nakskov, Nyborg, Nykobing, Odense, Randers, Ronne, Rudkobing, Sakskobing, Skagen Havn, Sonderborg, Stubbekobing, Studstrup, Svendborg, Vejle

large

1

medium

2

ports with oil terminals

33

small

30

total ports

69 (2024)

very small

36

Railways

total

2,682 km (2020) 876 km electrified

Military - note

the Danish Armed Forces (Forsvaret) have a variety of missions, including enforcing the country’s sovereignty, monitoring Danish waters and airspace, search and rescue, environmental protection, host nation support for alliance partners, international peacekeeping, fulfilling Denmark’s commitments to NATO, and providing assistance to the police for border control, guard tasks, air surveillance, and during national disasters and other emergencies NATO has been a cornerstone of Danish security and defense police since it joined in 1949 as one of the organization’s original members under the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty); the Forsvaret regularly exercises with NATO allies and participates in a number of NATO missions, including its Enhanced Forward Presence in Eastern Europe, air policing in the Baltics, naval operations in the Baltic Sea and North Atlantic, and an advisory mission in Iraq; the Forsvaret leads NATO’s Multinational Division – North (inaugurated 2019), a headquarters based in Latvia that supports the defense planning of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, and the coordination of regional military activities, including NATO’s forward deployed forces; it also takes part in other international missions for Europe and the UN ranging from peacekeeping in Africa to protecting Europe's external borders by patrolling the Mediterranean Sea in support of the European Border and Coast Guard Agency; Denmark is a member of the EU and voted to join the EU’s Common Defense and Security Policy in a 2022 referendum; the Forsvaret cooperates closely with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation (NORDEFCO; established 2009), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden in such areas as armaments, training and exercises, and operations; it also has a joint composite special operations command with Belgium and the Netherlands the Forsvaret has an Arctic Command to protect the sovereignty of Denmark in the Arctic region, including the Faroe Islands and Greenland, and conducts maritime pollution prevention, environmental monitoring, fishery inspections, search and rescue, and hydrographical surveys, plus support to governmental science missions; there is also a joint service Special Operations Command (SOKOM), which includes the Sirius Dog Sled Patrol, an elite unit that patrols the most remote parts of northeast Greenland (2025)

Military and security forces

Danish Armed Forces (Forsvaret): Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force (2025)

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 17,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)

Military deployments

Denmark contributes air, ground, and naval forces to a variety of international missions, including grounds troops to NATO's forward defenses in Latvia (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the Danish military inventory is comprised of modern European, Israeli, US, and domestically produced weapons and equipment; the Danish defense industry is active in the production of naval vessels, defense electronics, and subcomponents of larger weapons systems, such as the US F-35 fighter aircraft; the major warships of the Royal Danish Navy are produced domestically (2025)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2021

1.3% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

1.4% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

2% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2024

2.3% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military Expenditures 2025

3.2% of GDP (2025 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service for men and women; draftees serve 11 months, including five months of basic training, followed by six months in an operational unit (2025)

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees

100,832 (2024 est.)

stateless persons

8,566 (2024 est.)

Terrorist group(s)

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)/Qods Force

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

2.54 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas

4.841 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

22.535 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

total emissions

29.915 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Environmental issues

air pollution, principally from vehicle and power-plant emissions; nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of the North Sea; water pollution from animal wastes and pesticides

Geoparks

global geoparks and regional networks

Odsherred; South Fyn Archipelago; Vestjylland (2024)

total global geoparks and regional networks

3 (2024)

International environmental agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

Antarctic-Environmental Protection

Methane emissions

agriculture

236.5 kt (2019-2021 est.)

energy

49.7 kt (2022-2024 est.)

other

5.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)

waste

54.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Particulate matter emissions

10.1 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Total renewable water resources

6 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

506.487 million cubic meters (2022)

industrial

45.076 million cubic meters (2022)

municipal

382.787 million cubic meters (2022)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

4.911 million tons (2024 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

35.4% (2022 est.)