2020 Edition

Background

At the close of World War I, the Czechs and Slovaks of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire merged to form Czechoslovakia, a parliamentarian democracy. During the interwar years, having rejected a federal system, the new country's predominantly Czech leaders were frequently preoccupied with meeting the increasingly strident demands of other ethnic minorities within the republic, most notably the Slovaks, the Sudeten Germans, and the Ruthenians (Ukrainians). On the eve of World War II, Nazi Germany occupied the territory that today comprises Czechia, and Slovakia became an independent state allied with Germany. After the war, a reunited but truncated Czechoslovakia (less Ruthenia) fell within the Soviet sphere of influence when the pro-Soviet Communist party staged a coup in February 1948. In 1968, an invasion by fellow Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize communist rule and create "socialism with a human face," ushering in a period of repression known as "normalization." The peaceful "Velvet Revolution" swept the Communist Party from power at the end of 1989 and inaugurated a return to democratic rule and a market economy. On 1 January 1993, the country underwent a nonviolent "velvet divorce" into its two national components, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. The country formally added the short-form name Czechia in 2016, while also continuing to use the full form name, the Czech Republic.

Area

land

77,247 sq km

total

78,867 sq km

water

1,620 sq km

Area - comparative

about two-thirds the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than South Carolina

Climate

temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

highest point

Snezka 1,602 m

lowest point

Labe (Elbe) River 115 m

mean elevation

433 m

Geographic coordinates

49 45 N, 15 30 E

Geography - note

note 1: landlocked; strategically located on some of oldest and most significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe note 2: the Hranice Abyss in Czechia is the world's deepest surveyed freshwater cave at 519 m (1,703 ft); its survey is not complete, and it may be up to 800-1,200 m (2,625-3,937 ft) deep

Irrigated land

220 sq km (2022)

Land boundaries

border countries

Austria 402 km; Germany 704 km; Poland 699 km; Slovakia 241 km

total

2,046 km

Land use

agricultural land

45.8% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 32.7% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.5% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 12.5% (2023 est.)

forest

38.2% (2023 est.)

other

16% (2023 est.)

Location

Central Europe, between Germany, Poland, Slovakia, and Austria

Major rivers (by length in km)

Labe (Elbe) river source (shared with Germany [m]) - 1,252 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage

(Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

flooding

Natural resources

hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite, timber, arable land

Population distribution

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, but the northern and eastern regions tend to have larger urban concentrations

Terrain

Bohemia in the west consists of rolling plains, hills, and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; Moravia in the east consists of very hilly country

Age structure

0-14 years

15.7% (male 871,303/female 826,896)

15-64 years

63.8% (male 3,542,298/female 3,373,127)

65 years and over

20.5% (2024 est.) (male 922,136/female 1,302,130)

Alcohol consumption per capita

beer

6.77 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

3.24 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

12.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

2.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

9.56 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

53.7% (2021 est.)

Death rate

11.82 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

32.2 (2025 est.)

potential support ratio

3.1 (2025 est.)

total dependency ratio

56.5 (2025 est.)

youth dependency ratio

24.3 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 99.8% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 0.2% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP)

4.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

10% national budget (2022 est.)

Ethnic groups

Czech 57.3%, Moravian 3.4%, other 7.7%, unspecified 31.6% (2021 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.84 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

9.5% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

16.7% of national budget (2022 est.)

Hospital bed density

6.6 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate

female

2.4 deaths/1,000 live births

male

2.7 deaths/1,000 live births

total

2.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Languages

Czech (official) 88.4%, Slovak 1.5%, other 2.6%, unspecified 7.2% (2021 est.)

major-language sample(s)

World Factbook, nepostradatelný zdroj základních informací. (Czech) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

81.8 years

male

75.6 years

total population

78.6 years (2024 est.)

Major urban areas - population

1.323 million PRAGUE (capital) (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

3 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Median age

female

45.7 years

male

42.7 years

total

44.4 years (2025 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

28.5 years (2020 est.)

Nationality

adjective

Czech

noun

Czech(s)

Net migration rate

2.02 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

26% (2016)

Physician density

4.35 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Population

female

5,501,575

male

5,337,128

total

10,838,703 (2025 est.)

Population growth rate

-0.02% (2025 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 7%, other believers belonging to a church or religious society 6% (includes Evangelical United Brethren Church and Czechoslovak Hussite Church), believers unaffiliated with a religious society 9.1%, none 47.8%, unspecified 30.1% (2021 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 100% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

18 years (2022 est.)

male

16 years (2022 est.)

total

17 years (2022 est.)

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1.05 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.71 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

female

23% (2025 est.)

male

30.8% (2025 est.)

total

26.8% (2025 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.73 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

0.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

74.6% of total population (2023)

Administrative divisions

13 regions (kraje, singular - kraj) and 1 capital city* (hlavni mesto); Jihocesky (South Bohemia), Jihomoravsky (South Moravia), Karlovarsky (Karlovy Vary), Kralovehradecky (Hradec Kralove), Liberecky (Liberec), Moravskoslezsky (Moravia-Silesia), Olomoucky (Olomouc), Pardubicky (Pardubice), Plzensky (Pilsen), Praha (Prague)*, Stredocesky (Central Bohemia), Ustecky (Usti), Vysocina (Highlands), Zlinsky (Zlin)

Capital

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology

the name may derive from the old Slavic word "praga" or "prah," meaning "threshold;" it could also be related to the same Slavic root word as the modern Czech "pražiti," a term for woodland cleared by burning

geographic coordinates

50 05 N, 14 28 E

name

Prague

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Czechia

dual citizenship recognized

no

residency requirement for naturalization

5 years

Constitution

amendment process

passage requires at least three-fifths concurrence of members present in both houses of Parliament

history

previous 1960; latest ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993

Country name

conventional long form

Czech Republic

conventional short form

Czechia

etymology

name derives from the Czechs, a West Slavic tribe who rose to prominence in the late 9th century A.D.; the tribal name is said to come from an ancestral chief

local long form

Ceska republika

local short form

Cesko

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Nicholas MERRICK (since 23 October 2025)

email address and website

ACSPrg@state.gov https://cz.usembassy.gov/

embassy

Trziste 15, 118 01 Praha 1 - Mala Strana

FAX

[420] 257-022-809

mailing address

5630 Prague Place, Washington DC 20521-5630

telephone

[420] 257-022-000

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008-3803

chief of mission

Ambassador Miloslav STAŠEK (since 16 September 2022)

consulate(s) general

Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

email address and website

washington@embassy.mzv.cz https://www.mzv.cz/washington/

FAX

[1] (202) 966-8540

telephone

[1] (202) 274-9100

Executive branch

cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister

chief of state

President Petr PAVEL (since 9 March 2023)

election results

2023: Petr PAVEL elected in the second round; percent of vote in the first round - Petr PAVEL (independent) 35.4%, Andrej BABIS (ANO) 35%, Danuse NERUDOVA (Mayors and Independents) 13.9%, Pavel FISCHER (independent) 6.8%; percent of vote in the second round - Petr PAVEL 58.3%, Andrej BABIS 41.6% 2018: Milos ZEMAN reelected president in the second round; percent of vote - Milos ZEMAN (SPO) 51.4%, Jiri DRAHOS (independent) 48.6%

election/appointment process

president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (limited to 2 consecutive terms); prime minister appointed by the president for a 4-year term

expected date of next election

by January 2028

head of government

Prime Minister Andrej BABIS (since 9 December 2025)

most recent election date

13-14 January 2023, with a second round on 27-28 January 2023

Flag

description: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the left side

Government type

parliamentary republic

Independence

1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Court (organized into Civil Law and Commercial Division, and Criminal Division each with a court chief justice, vice justice, and several judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 justices); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 36 judges, including the court president and vice president, and organized into 6-, 7-, and 9-member chambers)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court judges proposed by the Chamber of Deputies and appointed by the president; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate; judges appointed for 10-year, renewable terms; Supreme Administrative Court judges selected by the president of the Court; unlimited terms

subordinate courts

High Court; regional and district courts

Legal system

new civil code enacted in 2014, replacing civil code of 1964 based on former Austro-Hungarian civil codes and socialist theory

Legislative branch

legislative structure

bicameral

legislature name

Parliament (Parlament)

Legislative branch - lower chamber

chamber name

Chamber of Deputies (Poslanecka Snemovna)

electoral system

proportional representation

expected date of next election

October 2029

most recent election date

10/3/2025 to 10/4/2025

number of seats

200 (all directly elected)

parties elected and seats per party

ANO (80); SPOLU (52); Mayors and independents (STAN) (22); Czech Pirate Party (18); Freedom and Direct Democracy (SPD) (15); Motoristé sobě (AUTO) (13)

percentage of women in chamber

33.5%

scope of elections

full renewal

term in office

4 years

Legislative branch - upper chamber

chamber name

Senate (Senat)

electoral system

plurality/majority

expected date of next election

September 2026

most recent election date

9/20/2024 to 9/28/2024

number of seats

81 (all directly elected)

parties elected and seats per party

Civic Democratic Party (ODS) (8); Christian Democratic Union - Czechoslovak People's Party (KDU - CSL) (7); TOP 09 (3); ANO 2011 (3); Independents (2); Other (4)

percentage of women in chamber

21.3%

scope of elections

partial renewal

term in office

6 years

National anthem(s)

history

adopted 1993; the anthem was originally written as incidental music for the play "Fidlovacka" (1834), but it soon became popular as an unofficial anthem of the Czech nation; its first verse served as the official Czechoslovak anthem beginning in 1918, and the second verse (Slovak) was dropped after Czechoslovakia was dissolved in 1993

lyrics/music

Josef Kajetan TYL/Frantisek Jan SKROUP

title

"Kde domov muj?" (Where is My Home?)

National color(s)

white, red, blue

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

Historic Prague (c); Historic Telč (c); Historic Český Krumlov (c); Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape (c); Historic Kutná Hora (c); Holy Trinity Column, Olomouc (c); Karlovy Vary Spa (c); Zatec and the Landscape of Saaz Hops; Žatec and the Landscape of Saaz Hops (n)

total World Heritage Sites

17 (16 cultural, 1 natural)

National holiday

Czechoslovak Founding Day, 28 October (1918)

National symbol(s)

silver (or white) double-tailed rampant lion

Political parties

Action of Dissatisfied Citizens or ANO (Akce nespokojených občanů) Christian and Democratic Union - Czechoslovak People's Party or KDU-ČSL Civic Democratic Party or ODS Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia or KSČM Czech Pirate Party or Piráti ForMOST or ProMOST Freedom and Direct Democracy or SPD Independents or NEZ Mayors and Independents or STAN Mayors for the Liberec Region or SLK Přísaha Senator 21 or SEN 21 Social Democracy SOCDEM Svobodni Tradition Responsibility Prosperity 09 or TOP 09 Tábor 2020 or T2020 United Democrats - Association of Independents or SD-SN

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

wheat, sugar beets, milk, barley, rapeseed, potatoes, maize, triticale, pork, chicken (2023)

Average household expenditures

on alcohol and tobacco

7.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

on food

15.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Budget

expenditures

$106.07 billion (2022 est.)

revenues

$94.01 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2022

-$13.644 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

-$432.727 million (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2024

$6.047 billion (2024 est.)

Economic overview

high-income, diversified EU economy; manufacturing-oriented exporter led by automotive industry; moderate growth driven by household consumption and investments, despite negative contribution from net exports; tight labor market with low unemployment; gained energy independence from Russian oil in April 2025

Exchange rates

Currency

koruny (CZK) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

23.21 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

21.678 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

23.357 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

22.198 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

23.217 (2024 est.)

Exports

Exports 2022

$219.419 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$236.103 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2024

$239.259 billion (2024 est.)

Exports - commodities

cars, vehicle parts/accessories, broadcasting equipment, computers, plastic products (2023)

Exports - partners

Germany 29%, Slovakia 7%, Poland 6%, France 5%, UK 5% (2023)

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

69% (2023 est.)

government consumption

19.7% (2023 est.)

household consumption

44% (2023 est.)

imports of goods and services

-64% (2023 est.)

investment in fixed capital

27.3% (2023 est.)

investment in inventories

0.7% (2023 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

1.5% (2024 est.)

industry

30.2% (2024 est.)

services

59.5% (2024 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$345.037 billion (2024 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022

25.9 (2022 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

21.8% (2022 est.)

lowest 10%

3.8% (2022 est.)

Imports

Imports 2022

$216.042 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$219.09 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2024

$216.741 billion (2024 est.)

Imports - commodities

broadcasting equipment, vehicle parts/accessories, cars, plastic products, computers (2023)

Imports - partners

Germany 22%, China 17%, Poland 8%, Slovakia 5%, Italy 4% (2023)

Industrial production growth rate

-1% (2024 est.)

Industries

motor vehicles, metallurgy, machinery and equipment, glass, armaments

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

15.1% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

10.7% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

2.4% (2024 est.)

Labor force

5.541 million (2024 est.)

Population below poverty line

10.2% (2021 est.)

Public debt

Public debt 2016

36.8% of GDP (2016 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$516.431 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$516.145 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$521.928 billion (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2022

2.8% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

-0.1% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

1.1% (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita

Real GDP per capita 2022

$48,400 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$47,500 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$48,000 (2024 est.)

Remittances

Remittances 2022

1.4% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

1.2% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2024

1.2% of GDP (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$139.981 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$148.379 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$146.281 billion (2024 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

12.6% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2022

2.3% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

2.6% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

2.6% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

8.6% (2024 est.)

male

8.2% (2024 est.)

total

8.4% (2024 est.)

Coal

consumption

33.239 million metric tons (2023 est.)

exports

2.128 million metric tons (2023 est.)

imports

4.09 million metric tons (2023 est.)

production

31.946 million metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves

3.595 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity

consumption

63.628 billion kWh (2023 est.)

exports

22.648 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports

13.465 billion kWh (2023 est.)

installed generating capacity

21.802 million kW (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

3.012 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Electricity generation sources

biomass and waste

7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

fossil fuels

45.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity

2.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

nuclear

40.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar

4.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

wind

0.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

136.306 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Natural gas

consumption

6.499 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports

6.812 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

production

163.333 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

proven reserves

3.964 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Nuclear energy

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors

3.96GW (2025 est.)

Number of operational nuclear reactors

6 (2025)

Percent of total electricity production

40% (2023 est.)

Petroleum

crude oil estimated reserves

15 million barrels (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption

219,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)

total petroleum production

4,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

38 (2023 est.)

total

4.1 million (2023 est.)

Broadcast media

22 national TV stations, with 17 privately owned; publicly operated Czech Television has 5 national channels; over 350 TV channels, many through cable, satellite, and IPTV subscription services; 63 radio broadcasters operate over 80 radio stations, including 7 multiregional radio stations or networks; publicly owned broadcaster Czech Radio operates 4 national, 14 regional, and 4 Internet stations; both Czech Radio and Czech Television are partly financed through a license fee (2019)

Internet country code

.cz

Internet users

percent of population

86% (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

11 (2024 est.)

total subscriptions

1.16 million (2024 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

127 (2024 est.)

total subscriptions

13.6 million (2024 est.)

Airports

252 (2025)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

OK

Heliports

107 (2025)

Railways

total

9,548 km (2020) 3,242 km electrified

Military - note

the Czech military is responsible for national and territorial defense, assisting civil authorities during natural disasters or other emergencies, boosting border security alongside the police, participating in international peacekeeping operations, and supporting its collective security commitments to the EU and NATO, both of which Czechia considers pillars of its national security strategy; Czechia is a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, contributes to UN peacekeeping operations, and actively participates in EU military and security missions under the EU Common Security and Defense Policy; the Czech military has been an active member of NATO since the country joined in 2009 and participates in a variety of NATO’s collective defense missions, including contributing to the Enhanced Forward Presence in Eastern Europe, Baltic Air Policing operations, rapid response forces, and operations in Kosovo; it also exercises regularly with NATO partners and maintains close bilateral ties to a number of militaries particularly partner members of the Visegrad Group (Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia) and Germany the military has commands for its land, air, cyber/information operations, and territorial forces, as well as a joint operations command and a separate special forces directorate; the Territorial Command is responsible for the active reserves and regional military commands that align with each of Czechia’s 13 regions and the capital, Prague (2025)

Military and security forces

Czech Armed Forces: Land Forces, Air Force, Special Forces (2025)

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 28,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)

Military deployments

up to 130 Lithuania (NATO); 130 Slovakia (NATO) (2024)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the Czech military has a mix of domestically produced, Soviet-era, and more recently acquired modern weapons and equipment from such suppliers as France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the US; its domestic defense industry produces such items as armored combat vehicles and light attack aircraft (2025)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2021

1.4% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

1.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2024

2.1% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military Expenditures 2025

2% of GDP (2025 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18-28 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription abolished 2004 (2025)

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs

5 (2024 est.)

refugees

392,198 (2024 est.)

stateless persons

588 (2024 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

41.667 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas

12.527 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

25.707 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

total emissions

79.901 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Environmental issues

air and water pollution (including acid rain) in areas of northwest Bohemia and in northern Moravia around Ostrava; pollution from industry, mining, and agriculture

Geoparks

global geoparks and regional networks

Bohemian Paradise (2023)

total global geoparks and regional networks

1

International environmental agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Particulate matter emissions

15 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Total renewable water resources

13.15 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

44 million cubic meters (2022)

industrial

776 million cubic meters (2022)

municipal

626 million cubic meters (2022)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

5.335 million tons (2024 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

37.3% (2022 est.)