1983 Edition

Agriculture

agriculture occupies a minor position in the economy; main products — rice, vegetables, dairy products; less than 20% self-sufficient; food shortages — rice, wheat, water

extensive irrigation; main crops — wheat, rice, sugarcane, and cotton

main crops — rice, rubber, fruits and vegetables; some corn, manioc, and sugarcane; major food imports — wheat, corn, dairy products

Aid

accurate data on aid since April 1975 unification unavailable; estimated annual economic aid on annual basis is — USSR, $500 million or more; East European countries, $150 million; non-Communist countries, $230 million; international institutions, $75 million; value of military aid deliveries since 1975 are not available

Airfields

2 total; 2 usable; 2 with permanentsurface runways; 1 with runways 2,4403,659 m

40 total, 36 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 11 with runways 1,2202,439 m Mali (continued) Malta

115 total, 94 usable; 67 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 29 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 38 with runways 1,200-2,439 m

242 total, 128 usable; 55 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 17 with runways 1,2202,439 m Defense Forces

Area

1,064 km2; 14% arable; 10% forest; 76% other (mainly grass, shrub, steep hill country)

236,804 km2; 60% forest; 8% agricultural; 32% urban, waste, or other; except in limited areas, soil is poor; most of forested area is not exploitable

803,943 km2 (excludes northern areas and Azad Kashmir, the Pakistani-controlled parts of the former state of Jammu and Kashmir); 40% arable, including 24% cultivated; 34%, probably mostly waste; 23% unsuitable for cultivation; 3% forested

329,707 km2; 50% forest; 14% cultivated; 36% urban, inland water, and other

Branches

Governor assisted by advisory Executive Council, legislates with advice and consent of Legislative Council; Executive Council composed of governor, five senior officials, and 12 unofficial members; Legislative Council composed of governor, three ex-officio members, 16 official members, and 29 unofficial members; Urban Council, which alone includes elected representatives, responsible for health, recreation, and resettlement; independent judiciary

Headquarters of Brit;sh Forces, Gurkha Field Forces, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force, Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force, Royal Kong Kong Police Force

Army, Air Force

executive, consisting of Prime Minister and Cabinet; unicameral legislature (65-member House of Representatives); independent judiciary

Army, Air Force, Navy, Civil Armed Forces, National Guard

bicameral legislature (Council of State, National Assembly); highly centralized executive nominally subordinate to National Assembly

Army, Navy, Air Force

Budget

(1983/84) $4.5 billion

(1982) revenues $154 million, expenditures and net lending $169 million

FY83 — current expenditures, $4.4 billion; development expenditures, $2.06 billion (reflects impact of rupee devaluation)

Capital

none

Valletta

Islamabad

Hanoi

Civil air

16 major transport aircraft

4 major transport aircraft

27 major transport aircraft

military controlled Vietnam (continued) Wallis and Futuna

Coastline

733 km People

140 km People

1,046km People

3,444 km (excluding islands) People

Communists

an estimated 2,000 cadres affiliated with Communist Party of China

less than 100 (est.)

party membership very small; sympathizers estimated at several thousand; party is outlawed

probably more than 1 million

Elections

every two years to select half of elected membership of Urban Council; other Urban Council members appointed by the Governor

at the discretion of the Prime Minister, but must be held before the expiration of a five-year electoral mandate; last election December 1981 Political parties and leaders: Nationalist Party, Edward Fenech Adami; Malta Labor Party, Dominic Mintoff

opposition agitation against rigging elections in March 1977 led to military coup; military promised to hold new national and provincial assembly elections in October 1977 but postponed them; in 1979 elections were postponed indefinitely; elections are now initially scheduled for late 1984 or early Political parties and leaders: Pakistan People's Party (PPP), pro-Bhutto wing, Mrs. Z. A. Bhutto, moderate wing, Ghulam Mustapha Jatoi; Tehrik-i-Istiqlal, Asghar Khan; National Democratic Party (NDP), Sherbaz Mazari (formed in 1975 by members of outlawed National Awami Party — NAP — of Abdul Wali Khan, who isde facto NDP leader); the above two are the main groups in the Movement for Restoration of Democracy (MRD), formed in February 1981; Pakistan National Party (PNP), Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo (Baluch elements of the former NAP); Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Pakistan (JUP), Maulana Shah Ahmed Noorani; Pakistan Muslim League (PML) — Pir of Pagaro group; Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), Tofail Mohammed; Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam (JUI), Fazlur Rahman; political activity banned but political discussion is permitted

pro forma elections held for national and local assemblies; latest election for National Assembly held on 25 April 1976 Political parties and leaders: Vietnam Communist Party (VCP), formerly known as the Vietnam Workers Party, headed by Le Duan

Electric power

4,574,000 kW capacity (1983); 14.0 billion kWh produced (1983), 2,655 kWh per capita

5,000,000 kW capacity (1983); 17.4 billion kWh produced (1983), 180 kWh per capita

1,787,000 kW capacity (1983);4.370billionkWhproduced(1983),77 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

98% Chinese, 2% other

48% Lao; 25% Phoutheung (Kha); 14% Tribal Tai; 13% Meo, Yao, and other

mixture of Arab, Sicilian, Norman, Spanish, Italian, English

Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushtan (Pathan), Baluchi

85-90% predominantly Vietnamese; 3% Chinese; ethnic minorities include Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man, Cham; other mountain tribes

Exports

$21.0billion(f.o.b., 1982), including $7.3 billion reexports; principal products — clothing, plastic articles, textiles, electrical goods, wigs, footwear, light metal manufactures

$2.5 billion (f.o.b., FY83); primarily rice, cotton (raw and manufactured)

$595 million (1982); agricultural and handicraft products, coal, minerals, ores

Fiscal year

1 April-31 March Communications

calendar year Communications

1 July-30 June Communications

calendar year Communications

Fishing

catch 301,000 metric tons (FY82 est.)

catch 445,000 metric tons (1982)

GDP

(1982 est.) $25.9 billion, $4,900 per capita; real growth, 2.4%

GNP

figures reflect impact of rupee devaluation in 1982; $27 billion (FY83 est); $300 per capita (FY83); real growth, 6.5% (FY83)

$10.7 billion, $189 per capita (1982)

Government leader

Sir Edward YOUDE, Governor and Commander in Chief

Gen. Mohammad ZIAUL-HAQ, President and Chief Martial Law Administrator

Government leaders

Agatha BARBARA, President; Dominic MINTOFF, Prime Minister

LE DUAN, party Secretary General; TRUONG CHINH, Chairman, Council of State

Highways

1,160 km total; 794 km paved, 306 km gravel and crushed stone, or earth

approximately 15,700 km total; 1,670 km bituminous, 3,670 km gravel and improved earth, 10,360 km unimproved earth

92,000 km total (1981); 40,000 km paved, 23,000 km gravel, improved earth, and unimproved earth roads and tracks

41,190 km total; 5,471 km bituminous, 27,030 km gravel or improved earth, 8,690 km unimproved earth

Imports

$23.5 billion (c.i.f., 1982)

$5.7 billion (f.o.b., FY83); petroleum (crude and products)

$1.438 billion (1982); petroleum, steel products, railroad equipment, chemicals, medicines, raw cotton, fertilizer, grain

Inland waterways

1,815 km navigable

negligible

about 17,702 km navigable; more than 5,149 km navigable at all times by vessels up to 1.8-m draft

Labor force

(September 1982) 2.40 million; 36.5% manufacturing; 21.6% commerce; 18% services; 8.7% construction; 8% transport and communications; 5.2% financing, insurance, and real estate; 1.4% agriculture, fishing, mining, and quarrying; 0.6% other; unemployment (seasonally adjusted) 4.0%; est. 1.7%

about 1-1.5 million; 80-90% agriculture

121,581 (September 1982); 32% services (except government), 26% manufacturing, 18% government (except job corps), 6% agriculture, 5% job corps, 5% utilities and drydocks; 7.5% registered unemployed

25.24 million (1982 est.) extensive export of labor; 52% agriculture, 21% industry, 8% services, 19% other

approximately 29 million, not including military Government

Land boundaries

24 km Water

5,053 km People

5,900 km Water

4,562 km Water

Language

Chinese (Cantonese), English

Lao (official), French, and English

Maltese and English (official)

Urdu and English (official); total spoken languages — 64% Punjabi, 12% Sindhi, 8% Pushtu, 7% Urdu, 9% Baluchi and other; English is lingua franca

Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)

Legal system

English common law

based on English common law; constitution adopted 1961, came into force 1964; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; President Zia's government has established Islamic Shariat courts paralleling the secular courts and has introduced Koranic punishments for criminal offenses; martial law courts also have jurisdiction to hear civil and criminal cases; common law procedures do not apply

based on Communist legal theory and French civil law system

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

3 nm

12 nm (fishing 25 nm)

12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone)

12 nm plus 12 nm contiguous customs and security zone (fishing 200 nm, economic 200 nm)

Literacy

75%

28%

83%

24%

78%

Major industries

textiles and clothing, tourism, electronics, plastics, toys, watches, and clocks

cotton textiles, food processing, tobacco, engineering, chemicals, natural gas

food processing, textiles, machine building, mining, cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires

Major trade partners

(1982) exports— 29% US, 9% China, 6% UK, 6% FRG; imports— 23% China, 22% Japan, 11% US

exports — Japan 8.2%, Saudi Arabia 7.3%, US 6.0%, UK 4.8%; imports—Saudi Arabia 16.2%, Japan 13.0%, US 10.1%, UK 6.3%, FRG 6.1%

exports — USSR, East European countries, Japan, other Asian markets; imports — USSR, East Europe, Japan

Member of

ADB, IMO, INTERPOL, Multifiber Arrangement, WMO Economy

Commonwealth, Council of Europe, FAO, G-77, GATT, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, IWC (International Wheat Council), NAM, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB — Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM, QIC, Regional Cooperation for Development, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy

ADB, CEMA, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, IRC, ITU, Mekong Committee, NAM, PAHO, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy

Military budget

est. for fiscal year ending 30 June 1983, $296.9 million; about 5.5% of central government budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $28.5 million; about 23% of central government budget Land 313 km2; 45% agricultural; negligible forest; remainder urban, waste, or other Water

for fiscal yeai ending 30 June 1984, $1.958 billion; about 29% of central government budget

no expenditure estimates are available; military aid from the USSR has been so extensive that actual allocation of Vietnam's domestic resources to defense has not been indicative of total military effort FUU *' . J WALLIS AND FUTUNA

Military manpower

males 15-49, 1,601,000; 1,259,000 fit for military service; about 52,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 84,000; 48,000 fit for military service

males 15-49, 1,654,000; 835,000 fit for military service; no conscription

males 15-49, 23,150,000; 15,754,000 fit for military service; 1,172,000 reach military age (17) annually

males 15-49, 13,759,000; 8,744,000 fit for military service; 672,000 reach military age (17) annually

Monetary conversion rate

7.798 Hong Kong dollars=US$l (February 1984)

794.9 Mali francs=US$l (October 1983)

13.45 rupees=US$l (August 1983); in January 1982, the rupee was delinked from the US dollar and floated

9.9717 dong= US$1 (February 1984)

National holiday

Freedom Day, 31 March

Pakistan Day, 23 March

2 September

Nationality

adjective — Hong Kong

noun — Lao (sing., Lao or Laotian); adjective — Lao or Laotian

noun — Maltese (sing, and pi.); adjective — Maltese

noun — Pakistani(s); adjective — Pakistani

noun — Vietnamese (sing, and pi.); adjective — Vietnamese

Official name

Hong Kong

Lao People's Democratic Republic

Republic of Malta

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Organized labor

15.7% of 1982 labor force Government

only labor organization is subordinate to the Communist Party Government

approximately 40% of labor force Government

negligible Government

Other political or pressure groups

Federation of Trade Unions (Communist controlled), Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union Council (Nationalist Chinese dominated), Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce, Chinese General Chamber of Commerce (Communist controlled), Federation of Hong Kong Industries, Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong

military remains dominant political force

Pipelines

250 km crude oil; 2, 195 km natural gas

57 km under survey

Political parties

no significant parties

Political subdivisions

Hong Kong, Kowloon, and New Territories

2 main populated islands, Malta and Cozo, divided into 13 electoral districts (divisions)

four provinces (Baluchistan, NorthWest Frontier, Punjab, Sind), 1 territory (federally administered tribal areas)

39 provinces

Population

5,394,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 1.5%

3,732,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.3%

356,000 (July 1984), average^nnual growth rate —0.5%

96,628,000, excluding northern areas and Azad Kishmir (July 1984); average annual growth rate 2.6%

59,030,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.4%

Ports

1 major (Hong Kong)

2 major, 4 minor

9 major, 23 minor

Railroads

35 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, government owned

642 km 1.000meter gauge

(December 1983) 8,822 km 1.676meter broad gauge, 535 km 1.000-meter gauge, and 610 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge; 1,037 km broad gauge double track and 286 km electrified; government owned

2,816 km total; 2,224 1.000-meter gauge, 130 km standard gauge, 230 km dual gauge, 212 km unoperable

Religion

90% eclectic mixture of local religions, 10% Christian

50% Buddhist, 50% animist and other

98% Roman Catholic

97% Muslim, 3% Christian, Hindu, and other

Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Roman Catholic, indigenous beliefs, Islamic, and Protestant

Shortages

industrial raw materials

foodgrains, petroleum, capital goods and machinery, fertilizer

Suffrage

limited to 200,000 to 300,000 professional or skilled persons

universal over age 18; registration required

universal from age 18

universal over age 18

Supply

dependent on the USSR and East European Communist countries for virtually all new equipment; produces negligible quantities of infantry weapons, ammunition and explosive devices (Vietnam possesses a huge inventory of US-manufactured weapons and equipment captured from the RVN)

Telecommunications

modern facilities provide excellent domestic and international services; 62 telephone exchanges, 1.5 million telephones; 5 AM and 9 FM radiobroadcast stations with 1 1 transmitters; 5 TV stations; 2.5 million radio and 1.1 million TV receivers; 10,100 Telex subscriber lines with direct connections to 47 countries; 2 INTELSAT ground stations with access to Pacific and Indian Ocean satellites; coaxial cable to Guangzhou (Canton), China; 3 international submarine cables; troposcatter to Taiwan available but inactive Defense Forces Defense is the responsibility of United Kingdom

domestic system poor and provides only minimal service; radiorelay, wire, and radiocommunications stations in use; expansion of radio relay in progress; 8,000 telephones; 2 AM, 2 FM, and no TV stations; 2 antennas for Atlantic and Indian Ocean INTELSAT satellite service Defense Forces

good international radiocommunication service over microwave and INTELSAT satellite; domestic radiocommunications poor; broadcast service good; 314,000 telephones (0.3 per 100 pop!.); 27 AM, no FM, 16 TV stations; 1 ground satellite station Defense Forces

Type

British colony

parliamentary democracy, independent republic within the Commonwealth since December 1974

parliamentary, federal republic; military seized power 5 July 1977 and suspended 1973 constitution; President Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq declared in August 1983 that he intends to reinstate civilian government by March 1985

Communist state

Voting strength

(1981 election) House of Representatives — Labor, 34 seats (49% of the vote); Nationalist, 31 seats (51% of the vote)