1990 Edition
CIA World Factbook 1990 (Project Gutenberg)
Geography
Climate
temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers
Coastline
354 km
Comparative area
slightly larger than Tennessee
Contiguous zone
24 nm;
Disputes
Macedonia question with Greece and Yugoslavia
Environment
subject to earthquakes, landslides; deforestation; air pollution
Extended economic zone
200 nm;
Land boundaries
1,881 km total; Greece 494 km, Romania 608 km, Turkey 240 km, Yugoslavia 539 km
Land use
34% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 18% meadows and pastures; 35% forest and woodland; 10% other; includes 11% irrigated
Natural resources
bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land
Note
strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from Europe to Middle East and Asia
Terrain
mostly mountains with lowlands in north and south
Territorial sea
12 nm
Total area
110,910 km2; land area: 110,550 km2
People and Society
Birth rate
13 births/1,000 population (1990)
Death rate
12 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
Ethnic divisions
85.3% Bulgarian, 8.5% Turk, 2.6% Gypsy, 2.5% Macedonian, 0.3% Armenian, 0.2% Russian, 0.6% other
Infant mortality rate
13 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
Labor force
4,300,000; 33% industry, 20% agriculture, 47% other (1987)
Language
Bulgarian; secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown
Life expectancy at birth
69 years male, 76 years female (1990)
Literacy
95% (est.)
Nationality
noun--Bulgarian(s); adjective--Bulgarian
Net migration rate
- 4 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
Organized labor
all workers are members of the Central Council of Trade Unions (CCTU); Pod Krepa (Support), an independent trade union, legally registered in January 1990
Population
8,933,544 (July 1990), growth rate - 0.3% (1990)
Religion
religious background of population is 85% Bulgarian Orthodox, 13% Muslim, 0.8% Jewish, 0.7% Roman Catholic, 0.5% Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian, and other
Total fertility rate
1.9 children born/woman (1990)
Government
Administrative divisions
8 provinces (oblasti, singular--oblast) and 1 city* (grad); Burgas, Grad Sofiya*, Khaskovo, Lovech, Mikhaylovgrad, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Sofiya, Varna
Capital
Sofia
Communists
932,055 party members (April 1986)
Constitution
16 May 1971, effective 18 May 1971
Diplomatic representation
Ambassador Velichko Filipov VELICHKOV; Chancery at 1621 22nd Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-7969; US--Ambassador Sol POLANSKY; Embassy at 1 Alexander Stamboliski Boulevard, Sofia (mailing address is APO New York 09213); telephone [359] (2) 88-48-01 through 05
Elections
Chairman of the State Council--last held 17 June 1986 (next to be held 10 and 17 June 1990); results--Todor Zhivkov reelected but was replaced by Petur Toshev Mladenov on 11 November 1989; National Assembly--last held 8 June 1986 (next to be held 10 and 17 June 1990); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(400 total) BKP 276, BZNS 99, others 25
Executive branch
president, chairman of the Council of Ministers, four deputy chairmen of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers
Flag
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red with the national emblem on the hoist side of the white stripe; the emblem contains a rampant lion within a wreath of wheat ears below a red five-pointed star and above a ribbon bearing the dates 681 (first Bulgarian state established) and 1944 (liberation from Nazi control)
Independence
22 September 1908 (from Ottoman Empire)
Judicial branch
Supreme Court
Leaders
Chief of State--President Petur Toshev MLADENOV (chairman of the State Council since 11 November 1989; became president on 3 April 1990 when the State Council was abolished); Head of Government--Chairman of the Council of Ministers Andrey LUKANOV (since 3 February 1990); Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Chudomir Asenov ALEKSANDROV (since 8 February 1990); Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Belcho Antonov BELCHEV (since 8 February 1990); Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Konstantin Dimitrov KOSEV (since 8 February 1990); Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Nora Krachunova ANANIEVA (since 8 February 1990)
Legal system
based on civil law system, with Soviet law influence; judicial review of legislative acts in the State Council; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch
unicameral National Assembly (Narodno Sobranyie)
Long-form name
People's Republic of Bulgaria
Member of
CCC, CEMA, FAO, IAEA, IBEC, ICAO, ILO, ILZSG, IMO, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
National holiday
Anniversary of the Socialist Revolution in Bulgaria, 9 September (1944)
Other political or pressure groups
Union of Democratic Forces (umbrella organization for opposition groups); Ecoglenost, Podkrepa Independent Trade Union, Fatherland Front, Communist Youth Union, Central Council of Trade Unions, National Committee for Defense of Peace, Union of Fighters Against Fascism and Capitalism, Committee of Bulgarian Women, All-National Committee for Bulgarian-Soviet Friendship; Union of Democratic Forces, a coalition of about a dozen dissident groups; numerous regional and national interest groups with various agendas
Political parties and leaders
Bulgarian Communist Party (BKP), Aleksandur Lilov, chairman; Bulgarian National Agrarian Union (BZNS), Angel Angelov Dimitrov, secretary of Permanent Board; Bulgarian Social Democratic Party, Petur Dentlieu; Green Party; Christian Democrats; Radical Democratic Party; others forming
Suffrage
universal and compulsory at age 18
Type
Communist state, but democratic elections planned for 1990
Economy
Agriculture
accounts for 15% of GNP; climate and soil conditions support livestock raising and the growing of various grain crops, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits and tobacco; more than one-third of the arable land devoted to grain; world's fourth-largest tobacco exporter; surplus food producer
Aid
donor--$1.6 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries (1956-88)
Budget
revenues $26 billion; expenditures $28 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA billion (1988)
Currency
lev (plural--leva); 1 lev (Lv) = 100 stotinki
Electricity
11,500,000 kW capacity; 45,000 million kWh produced, 5,000 kWh per capita (1989)
Exchange rates
leva (Lv) per US$1--0.84 (1989), 0.82 (1988), 0.90 (1987), 0.95 (1986), 1.03 (1985)
Exports
$20.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--machinery and equipment 60.5%; agricultural products 14.7%; manufactured consumer goods 10.6%; fuels, minerals, raw materials, and metals 8.5%; other 5.7%; partners--Socialist countries 82.5% (USSR 61%, GDR 5.5%, Czechoslovakia 4.9%); developed countries 6.8% (FRG 1.2%, Greece 1.0%); less developed countries 10.7% (Libya 3.5%, Iraq 2.9%)
External debt
$10 billion (1989)
Fiscal year
calendar year
GNP
$51.2 billion, per capita $5,710; real growth rate - 0.1%
Imports
$21.0 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--fuels, minerals, and raw materials 45.2%; machinery and equipment 39.8%; manufactured consumer goods 4.6%; agricultural products 3.8%; other 6.6%; partners--Socialist countries 80.5% (USSR 57.5%, GDR 5.7%), developed countries 15.1% (FRG 4.8%, Austria 1.6%); less developed countries 4.4%
Industrial production
growth rate 0.9% (1988)
Industries
food processing, machine and metal building, electronics, chemicals
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
12% (1989)
Overview
Growth in the sluggish Bulgarian economy fell to the 2% annual level in the 1980s, and by 1989 Sofia's foreign debt had skyrocketed to $10 billion--giving a debt service ratio of more than 40% of hard currency earnings. The post-Zhivkov regime faces major problems of renovating an aging industrial plant, keeping abreast of rapidly unfolding technological developments, investing in additional energy capacity (the portion of electric power from nuclear energy reached 37% in 1988), and motivating workers, in part by giving them a share in the earnings of their enterprises. A major decree of January 1989 summarized and extended the government's economic restructuring efforts, which include a partial decentralization of controls over production decisions and foreign trade. The new regime promises more extensive reforms and eventually a market economy. But the ruling group cannot (so far) bring itself to give up ultimate control over economic affairs exercised through the vertical Party/ministerial command structure. Reforms have not led to improved economic performance, in particular the provision of more and better consumer goods. A further blow to the economy was the exodus of 310,000 ethnic Turks in mid-1989, which caused temporary shortages of skilled labor in glassware, aluminum, and other industrial plants and in tobacco fields.
Unemployment rate
NA%
Communications
Airports
380 total, 380 usable; about 120 with permanent-surface runways; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Civil air
65 major transport aircraft
Highways
37,397 km total; 33,352 km hard surface (including 228 km superhighways); 4,045 km earth roads (1986)
Inland waterways
470 km (1986)
Merchant marine
108 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,240,204 GRT/1,872,723 DWT; includes 2 short-sea passenger, 32 cargo, 2 container, 1 passenger-cargo training, 5 roll-on/roll-off, 16 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 railcar carriers, 48 bulk
Pipelines
crude, 193 km; refined product, 418 km; natural gas, 1,400 km
Ports
Burgas, Varna, Varna West; river ports are Ruse, Vidin, and Lom on the Danube
Railroads
4,294 km total, all government owned (1986); 4,049 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 245 km narrow gauge; 908 km double track; 2,342 km electrified
Telecommunications
stations--15 AM, 16 FM, 13 TV; 1 Soviet TV relay; 2,100,000 TV sets; 2,100,000 radio receivers; at least 1 satellite earth station
Military and Security
Branches
Bulgarian People's Army, Bulgarian Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Troops
Defense expenditures
1.6051 billion leva (1989); note--conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results
Military manpower
males 15-49, 2,177,404; 1,823,111 fit for military service; 66,744 reach military age (19) annually